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Technology Options for the European Electronic Toll Service

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Technology Options for the European Electronic Toll Service DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC TOLL SERVICE STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism. AUTHORS Steer Davies Gleave - Francesco Dionori, Lucia Manzi, Roberta Frisoni Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - José Manuel Vassallo, Juan Gómez Sánchez, Leticia Orozco Rendueles José Luis Pérez Iturriaga – Senior Consultant Nick Patchett - Pillar Strategy RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Marc Thomas Policy Department Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Nóra Révész LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in April 2014. © European Union, 2014. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES TRANSPORT AND TOURISM TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR THE EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC TOLL SERVICE STUDY Abstract This study has been prepared to review current and future technological options for the European Electronic Toll Service. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each of the six technologies currently in existence. It also assesses on-going technological developments and the way forward for the European Union. IP/B/TRAN/FWC/2010-006/LOT1/C1/SC7 2014 PE 529.058 EN Technology options for the European Electronic Toll Service _______________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF TABLES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1. THE EUROPEAN ELECRONIC TOLL SERVICE 15 1.1. Road charging in Europe 15 1.2. The European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) 15 1.3. Legislative framework 17 2. REVIEW OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY 19 2.1. Video tolling (ANPR) 20 2.2. Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) 25 2.3 Radio-frequency (RFID) 34 2.4 Satellite positioning (GNSS) 38 2.5 Tachograph 45 2.6 Mobile communications (GSM and smartphones) 51 3. REVIEW OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 57 3.1 Obsolescence 57 3.2 Cost reduction 59 3.3 Improvements in interoperability 59 3.4 Emerging related technologies 60 3.5 Improvements in function, performance and accuracy 61 4. THE WAY FORWARD 69 4.1 Purpose of this chapter 69 4.2 How can technological developments contribute to progress in non- technical areas? 69 4.3 Case studies on current and recent tolling schemes 71 4.4 Technology and scheme “fit” 72 4.5 Implementation of a harmonised ETC approach 74 4.6 Framework for progress 75 4.7 Policy recommendations on a European EFC strategy 76 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4 Technology options for the European Electronic Toll Service _______________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1G First generation mobile phone technology, see Table 9 2G Second generation mobile phone technology, see Table 9 3G Third generation mobile phone technology, see Table 9 4G Fourth generation mobile phone technology, see Table 9 5G Fifth generation mobile phone technology, see Table 9 ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition ASECAP Association Européenne des Concessionnaires d'Autoroutes C2C-CC Car 2 Car Communication Consortium CALM Communications Access Land Mobile CAPEX Capital Expenditure CCD Charge Coupled Device CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation CN Cellular Network CVIS Co-operative Vehicle Information System DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication EC European Commission EDR Event Data Recorder EETS European Electronic Toll Service EFC Electronic Fee Collection ETC Electronic Toll Collection ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EU European Union 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies _______________________________________________________________________________________ GBPS Gigabytes per second GIS Geographical Information System GLONASS Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GSM Global System for Mobile HOT High Occupancy Tolling ISO International Standards Organisation ITS Intelligent Transport Systems KBPS Kilobytes per second LTE Long Term Evolution MBPS Megabytes per second MLFF Multi-Lane Freeflow MNO Mobile Network Operator NFC Near field communication OBD On-Board Diagnostics OBE On-Board Equipment (alternative to OBU) OBU On-Board Unit OCR Optical Character Recognition OPEX Operational Expenditure ORT Open Road Tolling PAYG Pay As You Go R&D Research & Development RF Radio Frequency RFID Radio Frequency Identification 6 Technology options for the European Electronic Toll Service _______________________________________________________________________________________ RSE Roadside equipment SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats TDP Time Distance Place TEN Trans European Network TOID Topographic Identifier UBI Usage Based Insurance UHF Ultra-High Frequency Italian Standards Organisation, Ente Nazionale Italiano di UNI Unificazione V2I Vehicle to Infrastructure V2V Vehicle to Vehicle VES Violation Enforcement System WAVE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8 Technology options for the European Electronic Toll Service _______________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF TABLES Table 1 SWOT analysis of the ANPR tolling technology 25 Table 2 Road capacity depending on the DSRC technology applied 29 Table 3 Key figures of the Austrian truck-tolling scheme 32 Table 4 SWOT analysis of the DSRC tolling technology 34 Table 5 Comparison of DSRC/RFID technologies 36 Table 6 GNSS technology components 38 Table 7 Key figures of GNSS-based systems in Germany and Slovakia 43 Table 8 SWOT analysis of the GNSS-based tolling technology 45 Table 9 Key figures of the Swiss truck-tolling scheme 49 Table 10 SWOT analysis of the tachograph-based tolling technology 50 Table 11 Mobile phones and smartphones integration with ETC technologies 53 Table 12 SWOT analysis of the Mobile phone- and smartphone-based tolling technology 55 Table 13 Summary of Mobile Communications Technology Evolution 58 Table 14 Indicative impact/benefits of technology developments 68 Table 15 Indicative Impact/Benefits of Technology Developments 69 Table 16 Illustration of typical ETC technologies suited to tolling contexts 73 9 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies _______________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Main stakeholders and proposed EETS architecture according to the CESARE III project 16 Figure 2 Schematic of an ANPR scheme performance 21 Figure 3 Examples of DSRC tolling technology 26 Figure 4 DSRC in toll plazas 28 Figure 5 Functioning of enforcement gantries in a DSRC tolling approach 30 Figure 6 RFID approaches: I-Pass mixed ORT/Cash toll plazas (Illinois) and EZ-Pass specific lanes in toll booths 36 Figure 7 Schematic use of GNSS systems 39 Figure 8 Process of the recorded trip data and transmission to the authorities in the Swiss tachograph-based system 47 Figure 9 Functioning of the C2S System 52 Figure 10 Functioning of the GeoToll System 52 Figure 11 Functioning of the m-Toll system 53 Figure 12 Functional evolution of 5.9 GHz technology 67 Figure 13 Suitability of ANPR, DSRC and GNSS 74 10 Technology options for the European Electronic Toll Service _______________________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE EUROPEAN ELECRONIC TOLL SERVICE In 2012, road user charges were levied on private vehicles in twelve Member States and on heavy goods vehicles in twenty-two. In total, the tolled road network was approximately 72,000 kilometres long of which 60% was equipped with electronic toll systems. These systems are, at best, interoperable at a national level but not at EU level. This creates barriers to the operation of the internal market. Directive 2004/52/EC was adopted to remedy this fragmentation by creating a European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) to enable road users to pay tolls and charges throughout the EU through a contract with a single EETS Service Provider and with a single on-board unit. Commission Decision 2009/750/EC set the general requirements necessary to achieve interoperability between the EETS providers and the toll chargers’ equipment and procedures. Pursuant to the above Directive, EETS should have been available to heavier vehicles from October 2012 at the latest, and should be offered all other types of vehicles by October 2014. It appears however that EETS deployment remains an issue. CURRENT TECHNOLOGY Six main electronic fee collection systems are currently
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