DOCSLIB.ORG

A Life-Course Approach to Hygiene: Understanding Burden and Behavioural Changes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Life-Course Approach to Hygiene: Understanding Burden and Behavioural Changes A life-course approach to hygiene: understanding burden and behavioural changes Written by Table of Contents About this report Foreword Executive summary Introduction Chapter 1: Childhood and hygiene: a focus on diarrhoea Chapter 2: Adolescence and hygiene: a focus on menstrual hygiene Chapter 3: Adults and hygiene: a focus on slums Chapter 4: Older people and hygiene: a focus on respiratory hygiene Conclusion and policy takeaways References About this report A life-course approach to hygiene: understanding burden and This research covers the factors that need to be considered Extensive evidence was gathered from the literature and 11 behavioural changes is a report produced by The Economist to establish good hygiene practices and behaviour, with a expert interviews were conducted to help inform our research Intelligence Unit and sponsored by the Reckitt Global particular focus on four areas: diarrhoea, slums, menstrual and this report. Our thanks are due to the following for their Hygiene Institute. hygiene and respiratory hygiene. time and insights (listed alphabetically): Kelly Alexander Poornima Prabhakaran Julie Hennegan Senior learning and influencing advisor, Additional professor, head (environmental Research fellow, Maternal, Child and Water+, CARE, Atlanta, Georgia, US health) and deputy director, Centre for Adolescent Health Programme, Burnet Environmental Health, Public Health Institute, Melbourne, Australia; adjunct Foundation of India, India research associate, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, US Jason Corburn Karin Leder Ian Ross Professor at the School of Public Health and Professor of clinical epidemiology and head Economist and PhD student (health Department of City and Regional Planning, of the infectious diseases epidemiology economics), London School of Hygiene and and director of the Institute of Urban unit at the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, UK and Regional Development, University of Preventive Medicine, Monash University, California, Berkeley, US Melbourne, Australia David Duncan Stephen Luby Joy Ruwodo Chief of WASH, UNICEF, Laos Professor of medicine (Infectious Diseases Director, public affairs for the Ending & Geographic Medicine) and director of Neglected Diseases (END) Fund Africa research at the Center for Innovation Region in Global Health, Stanford University, California, US Samayita Ghosh David Nabarro This report was led and edited by Elizabeth Sukkar of Senior research associate at the Centre Co-director of the Imperial College Institute for Environmental Health, Public Health of Global Health Innovation, London, The Economist Intelligence Unit and written by Ingrid Foundation of India, India UK; special envoy to the World Health Torjesen. It follows an initial phase of research—namely, Organisation (WHO) director-general a literature review, conducted by Bettina Redway and on covid-19; and strategic director of Alicia White with oversight by Rob Cook, looking at the 4SD (Skills, Systems and Synergies for burden of disease associated with hygiene practices. The Sustainable Development) findings and views expressed in this report are those of The Economist Intelligence Unit and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. February 2021 Hygiene has been brought sharply to the front of languished as a minority scientific and political interest our minds in 2020, as the world has grappled with for decades. Hygiene now deserves its rightful position Foreword the covid-19 pandemic. Never before have so many back at the centre, as the preventive component of the people been manoeuvred so quickly into new global fight against infectious disease. hygiene behaviours in the direct interest of public There are many gaps in our understanding: What are health. Although the efforts from governments, non- the key hygiene behaviours that are most effective in governmental organisations, the media and healthcare different settings? How can we best convince people to systems to create that behaviour change have been adopt and sustain them? Despite the ‘basic principle’ unprecedented, it has been far from universally above being intuitively true, what is the real cost- adopted, and its effectiveness continues to be debated. effectiveness of a given behaviour change in hygiene? The basic principle is rather simple: reduce the chance Wider society needs to recognise that practical, high- of transmission, and the burden of the disease on the quality scientific research will support the adoption population decreases. The cost and effort of treating of globally sustainable hygienic practices and achieve people declines, and fewer people perish. enduring behaviour change. How can it be done? By For most infectious diseases, particularly in high- expanding the body of research around and advance income countries, therapeutic options have burgeoned the understanding of the links between hygiene and through the 20th century and into the 21st, and florid health; enhancing the understanding of hygiene science cases rarely present to front-line healthcare. This has to encourage new hygiene standards; promoting allowed a degree of complacency to develop. However, behaviour change to improve global hygiene and we have gradually started to recognise that antibiotics health; and informing the global public health agenda. have a limited lifecycle before resistance renders them If these things can be done, policymakers can more Peter Piot useless; and effective treatments for viral infections successfully drive locally relevant and effective hygiene FCMG FRCP FMedSci have often proved elusive. We have seen heroic efforts policies that improve community and individual health Director, London School of Hygiene in vaccine development – necessarily after the fact and development outcomes. & Tropical Medicine – to battle epidemics and pandemics of emerging This Report is the first commissioned by RGHI. It Chair, RGHI Expert Panel infections, including the present one. And so far, each highlights the burden created by deficits in hygienic time, we have enjoyed the feeling that the panic is over. practice and examines the behavioural and societal But just as good diet and lifestyle function to reduce challenges that need to be addressed in key settings. the chance of developing diabetes and heart disease, We are grateful to Rob Cook, Elizabeth Sukkar and their Simon Sinclair we need to recognise the truth that ‘prevention is team at the Economist Intelligence Unit, and the many better than cure’ in infectious disease too. Hygiene researchers and experts who brought their expertise to PhD MB BChir Executive director, RGHI has historically contributed enormously in this regard, this project. from the Romans’ great aqueducts to Semmelweis’ handwashing efforts against puerperal fever. But it has Executive Summary Hygiene refers to the practices that help to maintain health Life stage Influencers and prevent the spread of diseases. While good hygiene is primarily about behaviours, the ability to practise them well Parents/caregivers Childhood and hygiene: is supported by having the appropriate infrastructure in Nursery and school a focus on diarrhoea place, such as access to clean water and soap. Wider family and friends Maternal and healthcare services Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) increases Childhood Public health initiatives death rates and ill health, creates greater demand for Society and media Every year diarrhoeal diseases kill around 0.5m healthcare interventions, widens social inequalities, and children under five,1,2 with the majority of deaths has repercussions for quality of life and the wider economy. in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. 3,4 The There are two main transmission routes for infection— majority of diarrhoeal deaths in low- and middle- the faecal-oral and respiratory pathways—and hygiene Parents/caregivers income countries (LMICs) across all age groups measures work by disrupting them. School and university can be attributed to WASH.5 Handwashing with Wider family and friends soap can reduce transmission of diarrhoeal Attaining good hygiene is complex, and it is becoming Healthcare services and public health initiatives Adolescence diseases and, to a lesser extent, respiratory increasingly clear that a more holistic approach is needed Society and media infections.6 It is estimated that handwashing with that engages and empowers local populations, and is locally soap after faecal contact only occurs in about sensitive and sustainable. 26% of events globally7,8 and the frequency of The life-course approach, which has its origins in preventing handwashing was lowest in regions with poor access to handwashing facilities. In 2017 the or reducing the impact of non-communicable diseases Work environment UN estimated that 3bn people lacked basic through encouraging good behaviours while recognising the Wider family and friends 9 contribution of other factors, including environmental ones, Healthcare services and public health initiatives handwashing facilities at home. Furthermore almost half (47%) of schools worldwide lack could provide a useful framework for communicable disease Adulthood Society and media and hygiene. Looking at hygiene through a life-course handwashing facilities with available soap and 10 lens could form part of a smarter approach that embeds water, and one in four health care facilities lack 11 good hygiene behaviour from childhood (to gain the most basic water services. cumulative benefit), and then reinforces it throughout a Experience from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Global Governance, International Health Law and WHO: Looking Towards the Future Allyn L
    Global governance, international health law and WHO: looking towards the future Allyn L. Taylor1 Abstract The evolving domain of international health law encompasses increasingly diverse and complex concerns. Commentators agree that health development in the twenty-first century is likely to expand the use of conventional international law to create a framework for coordination and cooperation among states in an increasingly interdependent world. This article examines the forces and factors behind the emerging expansion of conventional international health law as an important tool for present and future multilateral cooperation. It considers challenges to effective international health cooperation posed for intergovernmental organizations and other actors involved in lawmaking. Although full consolidation of all aspects of future international health lawmaking under the auspices of a single international organization is unworkable and undesirable, the World Health Organization (WHO) should endeavour to serve as a coordinator, catalyst and, where appropriate, platform for future health law codification. Such leadership by WHO could enhance coordination, coherence and implementation of international health law policy. Keywords Treaties; International law; Legislation, Health; World health; International cooperation; Intersectoral cooperation; World Health Organization (source: MeSH, NLM). Mots cle´s Traite´ s; Droit international; Le´gislation sanitaire; Sante´ mondiale; Coope´ration internationale; Coope´ration intersectorielle; Organisation mondiale de la Sante´(source: MeSH, INSERM). Palabras clave Tratados; Derecho internacional; Legislacio´ n sanitaria; Salud mundial; Cooperacio´ n internacional; Cooperacio´n intersectorial; Organizacio´ n Mundial de la Salud (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002;80:975-980. Voir page 979 le re´sume´ en franc¸ais. En la pa´ gina 980 figura un resumen en espan˜ ol.
    [Show full text]
  • Global SDG Baseline for WASH in Health Care Facilities Practical Steps to Achieve Universal WASH in Health Care Facilities
    Global SDG baseline for WASH in health care facilities Practical steps to achieve universal WASH in health care facilities Questions and Answers What is meant by WASH in health care facilities? The term “WASH in health care facilities” refers to the provision of water, sanitation, health care waste, hygiene and environmental cleaning infrastructure and services across all parts of a facility. “Health care facilities” encompass all formally-recognized facilities that provide health care, including primary (health posts and clinics), secondary, and tertiary (district or national hospitals), public and private (including faith-run), and temporary structures designed for emergency contexts (e.g., cholera treatment centers). They may be located in urban or rural areas. Why is WASH in health care facilities so important? WASH services are fundamental to providing quality care. Without such services, health goals, especially those for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance and preventing and containing disease outbreaks will be not met. WASH is also critical to the experience of care. Services such as functional and accessible toilets with menstrual hygiene facilities and safe drinking-water support patient and staff dignity and fulfill basic human rights. With a renewed focus on primary health care services through the Astana Declaration and a renewed focus on preventing early childhood deaths through the Every Child Alive Campaign the opportunity to address WASH in health systems strengthening has never been greater. What are the current global estimates for WASH in health care facilities? The WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2019 SDG baseline report establishes national, regional and global baseline estimates that contribute towards global monitoring of SDG 6, universal access to WASH.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalization and Infectious Diseases: a Review of the Linkages
    TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 SPECIAL TOPICS NO.3 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) The "Special Topics in Social, Economic and Behavioural (SEB) Research" series are peer-reviewed publications commissioned by the TDR Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research. For further information please contact: Dr Johannes Sommerfeld Manager Steering Committee for Social, Economic and Behavioural Research (SEB) UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Globalization and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages Lance Saker,1 MSc MRCP Kelley Lee,1 MPA, MA, D.Phil. Barbara Cannito,1 MSc Anna Gilmore,2 MBBS, DTM&H, MSc, MFPHM Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,1 D.Phil. 1 Centre on Global Change and Health London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK 2 European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST) London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK TDR/STR/SEB/ST/04.2 Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2004 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergence, Hegemonic Trends and Biomedical Reductionism Jens Holst
    Holst Globalization and Health (2020) 16:42 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00573-4 DEBATE Open Access Global Health – emergence, hegemonic trends and biomedical reductionism Jens Holst Abstract Background: Global Health has increasingly gained international visibility and prominence. First and foremost, the spread of cross-border infectious disease arouses a great deal of media and public interest, just as it drives research priorities of faculty and academic programmes. At the same time, Global Health has become a major area of philanthropic action. Despite the importance it has acquired over the last two decades, the complex collective term “Global Health” still lacks a uniform use today. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to present the existing definitions of Global Health, and analyse their meaning and implications. The paper emphasises that the term “Global Health” goes beyond the territorial meaning of “global”, connects local and global, and refers to an explicitly political concept. Global Health regards health as a rights-based, universal good; it takes into account social inequalities, power asymmetries, the uneven distribution of resources and governance challenges. Thus, it represents the necessary continuance of Public Health in the face of diverse and ubiquitous global challenges. A growing number of international players, however, focus on public- private partnerships and privatisation and tend to promote biomedical reductionism through predominantly technological solutions. Moreover, the predominant Global Health concept reflects the inherited hegemony of the Global North. It takes insufficient account of the global burden of disease, which is mainly characterised by non- communicable conditions, and the underlying social determinants of health.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Can International Health Take You?
    Where can International Health Take You? DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH The Department of International Health Since 1961, our mission has been to protect the lives of underserved populations across the globe. We achieve this by understanding health problems and developing efficient, affordable means of preventing and treating disease. To serve the world’s most vulnerable populations, we draw on all public health disciplines. We conduct research, educate scientists and health professionals, guide health policy and public health practice, and build institutional capacity that can result in sustained, improved health for all. International Health Graduates For over 50 years, the Department of International Health has trained global health leaders. Our alumni hold principal roles at international agencies, ministries of health, research institutions, foundations, and volunteer organizations. To help prospective students see the opportunities available to our graduates, we have highlighted alumni from each of our program areas and degree programs. Program Areas Degrees Offered • Global Disease Epidemiology and Control • Master of Science in Public Health (MSPH) • Health Systems • Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) • Human Nutrition • Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) • Social and Behavioral Interventions • Master of Health Science (MHS) in Health Economics Additional master’s programs • MSPH/Peace Corps • MSPH/Registered Dietitian Program • MSPH/MA Dual Degree with School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) www.jhsph.edu/InternationalHealth Global Disease Epidemiology GLOBAL DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL Global Disease Epidemiology & Control (GDEC) PROGRAM trains students to be future & Control leaders in identifying disease etiologies, and in the design, implementation and evaluation of biomedical interventions to prevent, mitigate or treat diseases of James Fuller, MSPH ’11 Kriti Jain, MSPH ’11 global public health importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities: Driving Transformational Change for Women and Girls Wateraid/ James Kiyimba Wateraid
    Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: driving transformational change for women and girls WaterAid/ James Kiyimba WaterAid/ 1 Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: driving transformational change for women and girls Access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in healthcare facilities is a fundamental component of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and underpins the delivery of safe, quality health services for all, especially women and girls. As the main users of health services and the primary caregivers for family members in many countries around the world, the burden of poor WASH in healthcare facilities falls disproportionately on women. Improving access to WASH in healthcare settings, designed with gender considerations, can contribute to sustainable improvements in the quality of healthcare services, supporting core aspects of UHC including equity and dignity, and ultimately, to positive health and empowerment outcomes for women and their families. Despite being a fundamental component of health systems, WASH services are too often neglected and under-prioritised by governments and development partners. In 2018, the United Nations Secretary General issued a Global Call to Action to elevate the importance of, and prioritize action on, WASH in healthcare facilities. This is in line with the SDGs WaterAid/ James Kiyimba WaterAid/ on health (SDG 3) and clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), and supports a long-term vision that all healthcare facilities provide quality care in a safe, clean environment
    [Show full text]
  • Vaccinating the World in 2021
    Vaccinating the World in 2021 TAMSIN BERRY DAVID BRITTO JILLIAN INFUSINO BRIANNA MILLER DR GABRIEL SEIDMAN DANIEL SLEAT EMILY STANGER-SFEILE MAY 2021 RYAN WAIN Contents Foreword 4 Executive Summary 6 Vaccinating the World in 2021: The Plan 8 Modelling 11 The Self-Interested Act of Vaccinating the World 13 Vaccinating the World: Progress Report 17 Part 1: Optimise Available Supply in 2021 19 Part 2: Reduce Shortfall by Boosting Vaccine Supply 22 The Short Term: Continue Manufacturing Medium- and Long-Term Manufacturing Part 3: Ensure Vaccine Supply Reaches People 37 Improving Absorption Capacity: A Blueprint Reducing Vaccine Hesitancy Financing Vaccine Rollout Part 4: Coordinate Distribution of Global Vaccine Supply 44 Conclusion 47 Endnotes 48 4 Vaccinating the World in 2021 Foreword We should have recognised the warning signs that humanity’s international response to Covid-19 could get bogged down in geopolitical crosscurrents. In early March 2020, a senior Chinese leader proclaimed in a published report that Covid-19 could be turned into an opportunity to increase dependency on China and the Chinese economy. The following month, due in part to the World Health Organisation’s refusal to include Taiwan in its decision- making body, the Trump administration suspended funding to the agency. In May 2020, President Trump announced plans to formally withdraw from it. Quite naturally, many public-health experts and policymakers were discouraged by the growing possibility that global politics could overshadow efforts to unite the world in the effort to fight the disease. However, this report from the Global Health Security Consortium offers hope. It recommends a strategic approach to “vaccine diplomacy” that can help the world bring the pandemic under control.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Progress Report on WASH in Health-Care Facilities 2020
    GLOBAL PROGRESS REPORT ON WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES Fundamentals first Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: fundamentals first ISBN 978-92-4-001754-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-001755-9 (print version) © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Global progress report on water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: fundamentals first. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Agency Transformation: Bureau for Global Health
    AGENCY TRANSFORMATION BUREAU FOR GLOBAL HEALTH ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ VISION The global health and development landscape is rapidly changing due to new technologies, expansions in data, digital health, and knowledge, and private sector engagement, as well as the changing disease and development landscape. The current Bureau for Global Health (USAID/GH)mays not have the optimal structure to fully address these opportunities and complexities. In addition, USAID is already in the process of reorganizing most of its headquarters. Many of the well-reasoned changes proposed for other parts of the USAID structure need to be implemented in the context of the Agency's largest technical bureau, USAID/GH. USAID will focus on empowering people and communities, promoting preventive and primary care, building optimal health systems and identify innovative and blended financing opportunities to use our capital more effectively and catalytically, while also managing challenges and crises. USAID/GH will reform in order to better support integrated strategies for global health, while continuing to provide targeted assistance to disease-elimination efforts. PROPOSAL To enable USAID/GH to better respond to emerging global health needs, support partner countries in their Journey to Self-Reliance, and ensure that overseas staff have the strategic direction and support that they need, USAID/GH will explore reforms to its programs, processes, workforce and structure. The Bureau will assess ways to align its authorities and staff to key functions and priorities. The Bureau will also look to elevate its key sectoral priorities to ensure they have leadership attention and a stronger voice in the interagency. Building the USAID/GH of the future will require the Bureau to better utilize cross-cutting operating units, bridge existing technical silos, continue its focus on the field, and enhance global technical leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • Deworming on Literacy and Numeracy: Evidence from Uganda
    The long run effects of early childhood deworming on literacy and numeracy: Evidence from Uganda Kevin Croke Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health [email protected] This version July 17, 2014 Acknowledgements: Thanks to Owen Ozier, for suggesting the Uganda deworming project as a candidate for long run follow up and for providing the list of treatment and control parishes; to Harold Alderman and Günther Fink for valuable feedback; and to seminar participants at the Harvard School of Public Health. 1 Abstract: This paper analyzes the long run impact of a cluster-randomized trial in eastern Uganda that provided mass deworming treatment to a sample of preschool aged children from 2000 to 2003. An early impact evaluation of this intervention found that the treatment group, comprised of children aged 1-7, showed increased weight gain compared to controls (Alderman et al. 2007). Since there is now a large literature linking early life health, often proxied by weight, to long run outcomes (including cognitive, educational, health, and labor market outcomes), I use data collected in these communities 7-8 years after the end of the deworming trial to see whether children in treatment communities have higher scores than children in control communities on simple numeracy and literacy tests. I find that children who lived in treatment communities during the period in question have test scores 0.2-0.4 standard deviations higher than those in control parishes. Effects are larger for math than for English literacy scores. The effect is robust to a wide range of alternate specifications and inclusion of socioeconomic control variables, and to a placebo treatment test.
    [Show full text]
  • Investing in Our Future
    113th Congress GLOBAL HEALTH: Investing in Our Future InterAction I A United Voice for Global Change 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 210 Washington, D.C. 20036 InterAction is the largest alliance of U.S.-based nongovernmental international organizations, with more than 180 members. Our members operate in every developing country, working with local communities to overcome poverty and suffering by helping to improve their quality of life. Visit www.interaction.org. The following individuals contributed to the development of this briefing book: Danielle Heiberg, InterAction Erin Jeffery, InterAction Ashley Bennett, Global Health Technologies Coalition Lisa Brandt, InterAction Michelle Brooks, Sabin Vaccine Institute David Bryden, RESULTS Amanda Carroll, PATH Catherine Connor, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Erin Fry Sosne, PATH Filmona Hailemichael, Management Sciences for Health Tom Harmon, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Marielle Hart, Stop AIDS Alliance Caitlin Horrigan, Population Action International Jennifer Katz, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative Crystal Lander, Management Sciences for Health Katie Lapides Coester, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Jeff Meer, Public Health Institute Mike O’Brien, American Refugee Committee Loyce Pace Bass, LIVESTRONG Foundation Mary Pack, International Medical Corps Lauren Reliford, PATH Mannik Sakayan, 1,000 Days Cover photo: Cameron Calabrese Global Health Briefing Book Contents Introduction to Global Health 3 HIV/AIDS 7 Malaria 11 Tuberculosis 15 Neglected Tropical Diseases 19 Non-Communicable Diseases 23 Maternal and Child Health 27 Nutrition 31 Family Planning and Reproductive Health 35 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) 39 Health in Humanitarian Response 43 Vaccination 47 Health Research and Development 51 Millennium Development Goals & Post-2015 55 Health Systems Strengthening 59 Many organizations, governments and private donors devote significant resources and expertise to improving the health and well-being of individuals worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Epidemiology for Global Health
    REQUIREMENTS ELIGIBILITY Introduction to Epidemiology The course is offered exclusively online. All course The course is appropriate for individuals with participants must have access to a computer with experience in a health-related field with interest in internet connection in order to view recorded understanding epidemiologic principles and research for Global Health lectures, access course materials and activities, submit methods. assignments, and participate in discussion forums. Successful applicants will have achieved a Bachelor’s There will be multiple weekly opportunities for real- AN ONLINE COURSE level degree (or equivalent) and have experience in a time tutoring with instructors and teaching assistants health-related field. at the University of Washington using web-based Department of Global Health at the University of Washington conferencing tools that facilitate typed-chat and voice The course is taught in English. Participants must interaction. For a complete list of minimum technical be comfortable comprehending written and spoken specifications, please visit the website. English. All course participants must be available to devote 6-9 Proficiency in algebra is required. hours to course work each week for 10 weeks for the duration of the course. University of Washington (UW) academic credit is not available to students enrolled online, but a Certificate For more information visit of Completion with be issued by UW to those http://edgh.washington.edu/course/introduction- participants who meet course expectations. epidemiology-global-health Introduction to Epidemiology for Global Health provides an in-depth orientation to the field of epidemiology for those seeking to conduct research or work on research studies in a global health context.
    [Show full text]