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ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÖËÔÖÒÖËÉ ÌÄÌÊÅÉÃÒÄÏÁÀ Afxazeti ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÊÖËÔÖÒÖËÉ ÌÄÌÊÅÉÃÒÄÏÁÀ afxazeTi 1 2 saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreoba afxazeTi Культурное наследие Грузии абхазия GEORGIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE ABKHAZETI 3 4 5 saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreoba afxazeTi Культурное наследие Грузии абхазия GEORGIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE ABKHAZETI ISBN 6 saqarTvelossaqarTvelos kulturulikulturuli memkvidreobamemkvidreoba afxazeTiafxazeTi tomi I КультурноеКультурное наследиенаследие ГрузииГрузии абхазияабхазия ЧАСТЬ I GEORGIAN CULTURAL GEORGIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE ABKHAZETI ABKHAZETI BOOK I 7 afxazeTi Sav zRvasa da kavkasions Sorisaa ic datova. aq uamravi naSTi Tu Zveli nagebobaa moqceuli. saqarTvelos am regions SesaniSna- _ brinjaos xanis akldamebi, naqalaqarebi, vi geografiuli ganlageba aqvs _ igi zRvispi- cixeebi, xidebi, nasasaxlarebi, taZrebi. afx- racaa da mTagorianic. adamianebi aq ZvelTa- azeTis zogierTma taZarma mqandakeblobis, ganve saxloben, meurneobas ewevian, aSeneben... freskuli da mozaikuri mxatvrobis Sesani- Zveli welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaswleuli- Snavi nimuSebi Semogvinaxa, maT Soris, mTels dan mokidebuli afxazeTSi mcxovrebi tomebi amierkavkasiaSi qristianuli xelovnebis ua- da xalxebi erTad monawileobdnen dasavlur- dresi qmnilebanic. saepiskoposo saydrebsa qarTuli saxelmwifoebis (kolxeTi, egrisi- da monastrebSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da- lazika...) CamoyalibebaSi, erTad igeriebdnen grovda adgilobriv skriptoriumebsa (mag. mo- momxvdurT, erTad Tanamyofobdnen berZnul qvis, bediis...) da saxelosnoebSi damzadebuli, savaWro axalSenebTan Tu maT kvalze mosul saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebidan Tu qveynebi- romaelebTan. ufro mogvianebiT, rodesac bi- dan Camotanili xelnawerebi, jvar-xatebi, zantielebma moSales aq adgilobrivi saxelm- saeklesio nivTebi, romelnic damkveTTa da wifoebrioba, swored afxazTa erisTavma SemsrulebelTa daxvewil gemovnebas gvimow- leonma iTava dasavlur-qarTuli samefos mebs. aRdgena (mas ,,afxazeTis samefo~ amitomac istoriuli nagebobebis fasadebsa da ewoda), misma memkvidre STamomavlebma ki IX-X moxatulobebSi SemorCenili warwerebi (ber- saukuneebSi bevri iRvawes istoriuli saqarT- Znuli, umetesad ki-qarTuli), mraval sagu- velos gasaerTianeblad da maTi mecadineo- lisxmo movlenas gvatyobineben, gvacnoben biT gaCnda TviT cnebac ,,saqarTvelo~, xolo eriskacTa, sasuliero pirTa qveynis sasike- saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi samuda- Tosa Tu RvTiur saTno moRvaweobas, maT mis- mod darCa pirvel adgilze _ ,,mefe afxaz- wrafebebsa da suliskveTebas. Ta...~ yvelaferi, rac afxazeTis miwam Semoi- jer kidev I saukuneSi afxazeTi wm. andria naxa, erT rames gvicxadebs da gvidasturebs: pirvelwodebulisa da wm. svimon kananelis mezobeli xalxebis miRwevaTa gaziarebiT, sa- qadagebis asparezi, misi CrdiloeTi ki wm. svi- kuTari TaosnobiTa da mxatvruli gancdiT, monis gansasvenebelic gaxda. III-IV saukuneSi aqauri mkvidrni, ganurCevlad gvar-tomisa, aq berZnuli saepiskoposoebic dafuZnda. Sem- Sinaganad mravalferovani, magram mTliani dgom isini kostantinopolis msoflio patri- qarTuli kulturis TanaSemoqmedni iyvnen arqs daeqvemdebara, magram afxaz Ta mefeebma maSinac ki, rodesac mraval mizezTa gamo Tavisad, mTeli Tavisi xalxisTvis mSobli- Cveni saerTo patara samSoblo danawilebul- urad mcxeTis samociqulo saydari, saqarT- dayofili yofila... velos eklesia CaTvales da X saukuneSi Tavisi qveyana misi kaTolikos-patriarqis sabrZa- amis TvalsaCino maCvenebelia winamdebare nisad aqcies, sulierad gaamTlianes istoriu- albomSi warmodgenili xuroTmoZRvrebis, mx- li saqarTvelo, rasac misi politikuri gaer- atvrobis, reliefuri skulpturis, Weduri Tianeba moyva. xelovnebisa da warwerebis nimuSebic. rogorc mudam xdeba xolme, adamianTa cx- dimitri TumaniSvili ovrebam afxazeTis miwa-wyalze nivTieri kval- 8 абхазия находится между Черным морем и Кавка- гильники бронзовой поры, городища, замки, мосты, двор- зом. Этот регион Грузии имеет прекрасное географическое цовые руины, храмы… некоторые храмы абхазии сохра- положение. он – и прибрежный, и гористый. люди живут нили нам прекрасные произведения рельефной скуль- здесь с древнейших времен, ведут хозяйство, строят… на- птуры, фресковой и мозаичной живописи, в том числе чиная с первого тысячелетия до н.э. живущие в абхазии и самые ранние образцы христианского искусства всего племена и народы вместе участвовали в формировании за- закавказья. В епископских храмах и монастырях в тече- падногрузинских государств (Колхида, Эгрис-лазика…), ние веков накопились изготовленные в местных скрипто- вместе отражали вторжения врагов, вместе сосущество- риях (например, в Мокви, бедиа…) и мастерских, а также вали с греческими торговыми колониями или по их сле- привезенные из других уголков Грузии или других стран ду пришедшими римлянами. Позже, когда византийцы рукописи, кресты и иконы, церковные предметы, свиде- упразднили здесь местную государственность, именно тельствующие об утонченном вкусе их заказчиков и ис- абхазский эристави (владетель) леон взял на себя восста- полнителей. новление западногрузинского царства (поэтому и называ- сохранившиеся на фасадах зданий или в росписях ют его «абхазским царством»), его же наследники в Iх-х исторические надписи (греческие, преимущественно же веках немало потрудились для объединения исторической – грузинские), сообщают о многих важных событиях, зна- Грузии, их стараниями появилось и само понятие «сакар- комят нас с угодной для страны и озаренной божьим ми- твело» (Грузия), а в титулатуре грузинских царей навсегда лосердием деятельностью светских и духовных лиц, с их осталось на первом месте – «царь абхазов…» стремлениями и порывами. еще в I веке абхазия стала ареной проповедей Все, что сохранила нам абхазская земля, свиде- св.андрея Первозванного и св.симона Кананита, её же тельствует об одном: разделяя опыт соседних народов, по север – и местом вечного покоя св.симона. В III-IV веках собственному почину и художественному переживанию здесь обосновались и греческие епископства. Впоследс- здешние коренные жители, невзирая на род и племя, сов- твии они подчинились вселенскому патриарху Константи- местно творили внутренне разнообразную, однако единую нополя, но абхазские цари сочли своей, родной для всего грузинскую культуру, даже и тогда, когда по многим и мно- своего народа, Мцхетскую апостольскую грузинскую цер- гим причинам, наша общая маленькая страна бывала раз- ковь и в х веке подчинили свою страну ее католикос-пат- дроблена…наглядным примером этого являются образцы риарху, духовно объединили историческую Грузию, что зодчества, живописи, рельефной скульптуры, чеканного повлекло за собой и их политическое единение. искусства и надписей, представленные в предлежащем Жизнь людей на абхазской земле, как это обычно альбоме. бывает, оставляет и вещественный след. здесь огромное количество древних построений или их развалин – мо- димитрий туманишвили 9 Abkhazeti, located between the Black Sea and the are preserved here – Bronze Age tombs, city-sites, fortresses, Caucasus ridge, spread over the seacoast and mountainous bridges, palace-sites, churches... Some churches of Abkhazeti areas... From the time immemorial it was inhabited by people, had brought to us splendid works of sculpture, mural and who kept farming, built... From the I Mill. B.C. onwards, tribes mosaic painting, among them, the earliest samples of the and peoples living in Abkhazeti took part in the establishment Christian art in the entire South Caucasus. Over the centuries, of the western Georgian kingdoms (Kolkheti, Egrisi-Lazika...), numerous manuscripts, crosses, icons, ecclesiastical objects, together opposed the invaders, together lived side by side with either produced in the local scriptoria (e.g. in Mokvi, Bedia... the Greek trade settlements and Romans, who had followed. ) and workshops or donated and brought from other regions of Later, when the Byzantians had abolished local statehood, Georgia or other countries were gathered in the cathedrals and Leon, eristav (local ruler) of Abkhazs, initiated and succeeded monasteries of Abkhazeti, testifying to the refined taste of their in the restoration of the western Georgian kingdom (that was donors and authors. why it was called “Abkhazeti kingdom”), while in the 9th-10th Inscriptions (Greek, but on the greatest part – Georgian) cc., his successors and heirs had greatly contributed to the preserved on the walls of historic buildings or in the mural unification of Georgia and it was due to their efforts (together decorations bear evidence of many noteworthy historic events, with others) that the notion “Georgia” had emerged and “King mention secular persons and clergy, revealing their activity for of Abkhazs...“ forever remained on the first place in the title of the welfare of the country or in piety to the Lord, their strivings Georgian kings. and aspirations. As early as the 1st c. Abkhazeti was the area of preaching Everything preserved on the territory of Abkhazeti states of St. Apostle Andrew and St. Simeon Canaanite and its north and confirms one major message: sharing achievements of the border became the burial place of St. Simeon. In the 3rd-4th cc. neighbouring peoples, combined with their own initiatives and Greek Episcopal Sees were established here. Further on, they artistic feeling, local inhabitants, despite their provenance, were subjected to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, were co-creators of the intrinsically diverse, but homogeneous but kings of Abkhazs considered Mtskheta Apostolic Church, Georgian culture, even when, due to various reasons, our little Georgian Church as their own and in the 10th c. made their motherland was disintegrated and torn into pieces... kingdom a realm of its
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