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Wolf Calls Are One of the Sounds of the Wilderness, Which Some Fear and Some Love Because It Brings Them Into Contact with Nature

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Wolf Calls Are One of the Sounds of the Wilderness, Which Some Fear and Some Love Because It Brings Them Into Contact with Nature Wolf calls are one of the sounds of the wilderness, which some fear and some love because it brings them into contact with nature. Wolves Removed from the Endangered Species Act - Sucq~~~ or Failure in the Conservation of an Endangered Species? SITO'( Aced,rcling to zoologist Susan Crockford, at the Umversjfy; o(Yktoria, British Columbia, Canada, who is-an autfu;©rlt;y on the evolution ofdogs from wolves, . "wolves ~'~tiack and killlivestock and dogs, arid they w#~' kiJ} pe@ile/under the right conditions," so people do ~ave/:i g()0d¥tr<'1~on to fear them. Md s_Reaking more generally, people have always loved the gn~at.. <iliv ~r:§ity of life and have admired its wonderful animals, including the big predators. But nature also has been.somethiag. to fear, and wolves somehow bring out that fear in people, as we know from children's stories and folk: stories, like "Peter and the Wolf." With this strong duality of feelings about wolves, we confront the basic questions about biological diversity: What does it mean to us, what role does diversity play in sustaining life on Earth, and how can that diversity be conserved? The chapter is an introduction to these issues.' CHAPTER 7 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY people ever since nature and its diversity have been writ• 7.1 What Is Biological ten about, an uplifting often perceived as a religious expe• Diversity? rience. Creative refers to the fact that artists, writers, and musicians find stimulation for their creativity from nature Biological diversity refers to the variety of life-forms, and its diversity. commonly expressed as the number of species in an area, Science helps us directly in determining what are utili• or the number of genetic types in an area. The conser• tarian and public service functions of biological diversity. vation of biological diversity gets lots of attention these Scientific research can lead to discoveries that provide days. One day we hear about polar bears on the news, the new: utilitarian benefits from biological diversity. For next day something about wolves or salmon or elephants example, medical research led to the development of or whales. What should we do to protect these species chemotherapy to treat cancer. Taxol, a chemical found that mean so much to people? What do we need to do in western cedar, was discovered to have chemotherapy about biological diversity in general - all the life-forms, properties, which led to harvest of the cedar-an endan• whether people enjoy them or not? gered species. And is this a scientific issue or not? Or is it even par• And interestingly, the rise of the scientific and indus• tially scientific? That's what this chapter is about. It intro• trial age was accompanied by a great change in the way duces the scientific concepts concerning biological diver• that people valued nature. For example, before that time, sity, explains the aspects of biological diversity that have a when travel through mountains was difficult, moun• scientific base, distinguishes the scientific aspects from the tains were considered ugly. But around the time of the nonscientific ones, and thereby provides a basis for you to Romantic poets, travel through the Alps became easier, evaluate the biodiversity issues you read about. and suddenly poets began to appreciate the "terrible joy" Qf p1OilUlt'ain s~en~ry. ;rp,U;s ,~d~ntifk ~ow.:ledge indirectly Why Do People Value Nature? iP.fll1enC!~s';':th~' 'rihil,m~~etiaf 'wa.ys( tliat people', value bi6'~ The Eight Reasons l?,gi~ . _'¥c~~l~. "., -" '", '< Co' ,.' Before we discuss the scientific basis of biodiversity, and . ·/f ~ the role of science in its conservation, it is necessary to ~~e S < .' ti~j9·.,Basi$, ~o~ ·.ynd$~S~t;1~i~9 consider why people value biological diversity. There ~j9~ivet~ity: , . /t~<h< .'., I;\ are eight reasons that people value biological diversity: ",~< . YV." '}Yi' . I, . ,{ ',.i:. utilitarian; public service; moral; theological; aesthetic; Bis~~~~~~ '"Q?t . oi~lp~i~al ~ve~sity ar.~ ~d~ptl;:ar~eq,;by recreational; spiritual; and creative. ~~e,;J~~~" ,', ,,~9P~~i}P~~~v.~iou~ :~·~s ...'Yll ~I\:tbet L aDout ·It,.,~ . ft.~y·cmay nrCaJ:\,.,c€)nservatlork<Jf,a 'smgle~ , . e Utilitarian means that a species or group of species " _,_ "',' ",.,C« • .> . <', ~,. ' ,'~ <'..~. ~ ....• provides a product that is of direct value to people. Public sp'ecies, of a 'T,aDiety ofhabitats, 'of tl:lel nUI11q<;~< of ge;l}ftic {1_ . _ . $ .:,. .. ~ ',' -it, '" ~}' . 'iI','- • >. :. ~~'.'~ ';>,. < -', "".v _:1... .e- service means that nature and its diversity provide some :V:34ivtie~; ·'c>f.tn~ "number of species., or :of the' relative service, such as the taking up of carbon dioxide or the ~~ti~,d~~t~·;<' ~t\~p'ecies. These concep.t~; ~e;:i1~€ir~lated, ,,-if, ~. i!. h' !),~, di , . , ~ pollination of flowers by bees, birds, and bats, that is b til ·eae.U" as·3.' stmct meamng. ,:. r'\> ". ,~. / ,"i~ ~... '. ; '9," • essential or valuable to human life and would be expen• ,),;Nk%s:p'\J!'.e:rs' and television-frequently cover the prob- sive or impossible to replace by direct human action. l~ht,.;~Qf.&sa~p¢arirtg species around the ~~dd and tM Public service also refers to the idea that species have P'S~lio, ~9n~er!ye these- species. BefOl:e:w~,:cahjr'lt~mgent'• roles in their ecosystems, and that some of these are nec• ly' di~cu~S "the issues involved in conserving-the ~iversity @f·11ti,·;We. mustunderstand how this diversity' ~~e to essary for the persistence of their ecosystems, perhaps for , .'~ /"', ,'~ ~ ~_ / '~" ~_ . ~:: • ,.t . "~ .\:; ,'~~'\;.' the persistence of all life. Scientific research tells us which b.. e , ;!hi~,chapt;¥f. first aci<;lresses ~<:;. principles bf ~i9~~'gr· species have such ecosystem roles. Moral means the belief eah¥~lp:tiop. arret then turns to biolQgi~ai·d.iversity:i,~~df: .' "-;~L. ," ~. _ .- < • - "" . • ' t • c.. f' . 't. ". that species have a right to exist, independent of their its 'vari'eu~ meaflipgs," how interactions· 'among~ £pec,ies value to people. Theological means that some religions iq'C.t~3:se C?1: ciecr-ease ~versiCY, W:d ~o:w the ~nvj¥.ofimieri~ value nature and its diversity directly, and a person who aff~cts' diY,etsicy.. ·. '. ' . ~ r-. >:.., subscribes to that religion supports this belief. j, .~',~" Aesthetic, recreational, spiritual, and creative have to . "'. '\ , . ~,. , '. _ i(.\ ~ , do with the nonmaterial ways that nature and its diversity 7.:.'~,':'8ii'9:1Q9i,~aJl:J:;vQI;~tion , '. benefit people. These are often lumped together, but we separate them here. ~lle flf~tr\l:)ig ~l!esii?'n ;~b(;mt ,?i~n):lSibll di~e~~ity i§\"~I.:6w Aesthetic refers to the beauty of nature, including the aid,~,~t :atl.··c~.rtte about? ''T9is ~s' a' g:t.restion' p~ople have variety of life. Recreational is what it seems - that people asketi as' lorlg as they have written. Before moa.ern sci• enjoy getting out into nature not just because it is beau• ence' the diversity of life and the adaptations of living tiful to look at, but because it provides us with activities things to their environment seemed too amazing to that we enjoy and that are healthy. Spiritual refers to the have come about by chance. The only possible expla• way that contact with nature and its diversity has moved nation seemed to be that this diversity was created by 7.2 • BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION God (or gods). People were fascinated by this diversity, from generation to generation. It can result in new spe• and were familiar with it, as illustrated by the famous cies-populations that can no longer reproduce with medieval tapestry The Hunting of the Unicorn. In the members of the original species. Along with self-repro• example shown here (Figure 7.2), a great variety of duction, biological evolution is one of the features that plants and animals (including frogs and insects) is rep• distinguish life from everything else in the universe. resented accurately and with great detail. Except for the The word evolution in the term biological evolution imaginary unicorn in the center, the tapestry's drawings has a special meaning. Outside biology, evolution is are familiar to naturalists today. The great Roman phi• used broadly to mean the history and development of losopher and writer Cicero put it succinctly: "Who can• something. For example, book reviewers talk about the not wonder at this harmony of things, at this symphony evolution of the plot of a novel, meaning how the story of nature which seems to will the well-being of the unfolds. Geologists talk about the evolution of Earth, world?" He concluded that "everything in the world is which simply means Earth's history and the geologic marvelously ordered by divine providence and wisdom changes that have occurred over that history. Within biol• for the safety and protection of us all."? ogy, however, the term has a more specialized meaning. With the rise of modern science, however, other Biological evolution is a one-way process. Once a species explanations became possible, In the nineteenth century, is extinct, it is gone forever. You can run a machine, such Charles Darwin found an explanation that became known as a mechanical grandfather "clock, forward and backward. as biological evolution. Biological evolution refers to But when a new species evolves, it cannot evolve back• the change in inherited characteristics of a. population ward into its parents. According to the theory of biological evolution, new species arise as a result of competition for resources and the difference among individuals in their adaptations. to environmental conditions. Since the environment contin• ually changes, which individuals are best adapted changes too. As Charles Darwin wrote, "Can it be doubted, from the struggle each individual has to obtain subsistence, that anY minute variation in structure, habits, or instincts, adapting that individual better to the new [environmen• tal] conditions, would tell upon its vigor and health? In ~ the struggle it would have a better chance of surviving; , and those of its offspring that inherited the variation, be it ever so slight, would also have a better chance." Sounds plausible, but how does this evolution occur? Four pro• cesses lead to evolution: mutation, natural selection, migration, and genetic drift.
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