DOCSLIB.ORG

Ennabli, Abdelmajid. "North Africa's Roman Art

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ennabli, Abdelmajid. Ennabli, Abdelmajid. "North Africa's Roman art. Its future." in World Heritage No. 16, September 2000, pp. 18-29. © UNESCO – San Marcos http://whc.unesco.org/en/review/ ~IIYmilitary, su~ ne was more clea. , of influence unc El jem's listing i amphitheatre. nd Leptis Magna maritime citit rich in olive groves. Leptis Magna, home town of Emperc Severus, benefited from imperial generosity that endoweu it with imposing architectural decoration. Buried beneath the sands, it escaped pillage; having been gradually cleared, tl s remains arc and er ' ~ced. El Jem ( a great amphit surrounding town. This is the most striking sign of the pro! perity of a town whose archaeological riches, particularly the mosaics, are still being uncovered. It owed its prosper- ity to a location in the centre of an olive-growing regior and it was enc 1 a net\ < of roads reachin to many different i the Sahel -:' was export--' Dougga (fc not built : ~rdingto an orthogonal plan; instl adapted to the nature of the terrain with traffic 1 smoothly channelled and with the monuments arr3nn enhance the Capitol. The four grooved pillars su the pediment of this monu nt still domin, ribution networks - to the exclusion tage survival arouses at the moment of all other considerations, as is al- and the excess of zeal that one day ready the case with other products. threatens to become out-and-out ex- Sites on the World Heritage List ploitation, the future of world cultur- already represent an attractive, high al heritage remains uncertain. To- . quality and extremely varied selec- day, things are moving at an ever- tion of 'quality-controlled products' faster pace. This is more than suffi- 'hat need only to be taken in hand. cient reason for UNESCO and the .'his sort of management threatens to World Heritage Committee, guided turn into an actual domination of by the principles commanding their heritage which, once it becomes a foundation, to remain attentive to commercial product, is in danger .of the fate of the only area that has not losing its soul. Heritage is not mer- yet been absorbed into the world chandise. It embodies the identity of economic system. a country and a people and remains a vehicle for precious values whose ideological and emotional content is r\dTHOR: ABDELMAJID ENNABLl diffuse. It is obvious Curator of the Carthage site and its Museum e scant interest heri- OST NORTHAFRICAN towns list- and Mauritania when Rome's empire veying, storing and distributing wa- ed as part of the World Heri- extended across all of the territories ter, public squares, triumphal arches, tage predate the Roman Con- bordering the Mediterranean. paved roads and an underground quest. They nonetheless display a Rome imposed its own image of sewage system. strong Roman imprint that can be the city, which was to be adminis- These sites, whose diversity re- seen in the remarkable remains tered quite independently following sulted from their geographical and found in so many places today. Most the example of the capital of the Em- topographical situations, were all of these towns were abandoned in pire. Governing administrations re- modelled on the city par excellence favour of other sites at the end of An- cruited from among the leading citi- that was Rome. This is apparent in tiquity, but this actually helped pre- zens exercised prerogatives and at- the town planning, the diversity of serve the Afro-Roman urban and tributes within an urban framework buildings, the architectural tech- niques, the frequent use of marble and mosaics, the lavish decoration with statues and the common use of inscriptions commemorating the gen- he excavati~nsrevealed the erosity of the donors and the majesty of the emperors who presided over extraordinary wealth of the site the peace and prosperity of the in- hage as well as the density of the habitants. lev ation over the centuries CARTHAGE, of destruction THE IDEAL MODEL ORE SO THAN Tim- A- Mgad, created by Emperor architectural character now ac- that reproduced the Roman model. Trajan knowledged by their inclusion on the At the town centre stood the forum ' World Heritage List. with the temples of the gods and, of Djemila, Tipasa and Timgad in Al- course, the Capitol, the political as- geria, Leptis Magna, Sabratha and sembly halls including basilicas and Cyrene in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, curiae, the public baths and build- Carthage, Kerkuane, Dougga and the ings for games and entertainment (theatres, amphitheatres, cir- amphitheatre at El Jem in Tunisia and A Volubilis in Morocco are all listed sites. cus-hippodromes). , They are merely the most remarkable There were also li- sites among dozens of others, more braries, popular and modest or as yet unexplored, dotting aristocratic private the former Roman provinces of North homes, an elaborate Africa, pre-consular Africa, Numidia water supply system with structures for con- I for his veterans with all the austerity - On the preceding double page, of a military camp, Carthage offers . - the ideal model of a Roman city. Es- a Roman road at the Carthage tablished on the ruins of the razed archaeological site, and an im~ressive Punic city, this colony was a new view of the amphitheatre at El ]ern, I capital conceived by imperial archi- both in Tunisia. tects in accordance with Hellenistic Above, the ruins of the amphitheatre and Middle Eastern theories. The so- at Carthage. called Upper City comprised a vast Left, the Triumphal forum at the intersection of the De- Arch of Caracalla at the site cumanus Maximus and Kardo Max- of Volubilis (Morocco). I imus on the summit of Byrsa Hill, which had been reshaped at tremen- dous cost in labour. The four major t divisions were arranged around it and these were divided into small city blocks. All religious and politi- cal monuments, buildings con- ceived for games and entertainment along with public and private baths in Carthage since there was a com- found their place in this network plete break between the original and, according to their importance, Punic city and the later Roman city - they formed part of a single insula or a break spanning a full century covered several blocks. (146-44 BC) during which the site This strict application of the prin- was closed to any form of human oc- cupation. LTHOUGH THE ARABconquest did A not follow this identical pattern, there was nonetheless a break be- tween old and new. The establish- ment of the new civilization in the former Romano-Byzantine province did not occur in a context of conti- nuity. Through transformation in the Arab empire - Omayyad and later Abbassyd -the cities adopted anoth- er religion and a different political system, which resulted in a new so- cial organization and a different kind of economy. The entire system of small cities de- , pendent on agriculture gradually de- In the other sites, Romanization able for the exceptional state of con- clined and the towns eventually disap- was a continuous process. In Leptis servation of their monuments. They peared. Only a few cities survived, but Magna and Sabratha, El Jem and are generally found further inland. In at the cost of total transformation; they Dougga, Djemila and Tipasa, Volu- El Jem, Tipasa, Djemila and Volubilis, were also well situated geographically, bilis and all the Phoenician trading the monuments strike one by the it should be noted. Sousse, Gabes, B6- posts along the coast, where the Nu- scope of their conception, the quali- ja, Le Kef, Gafsa, for example, sur- midian and Libyan cities and locali- ty of their architecture and the beau- vived because they continued to func- ties had been subject to Carthaginian ty of their decoration. tion as places of passage and refuge. influence, the Roman model was im- In most cases, this model did not But other towns such as Al Qal'a of posed on the inhabitants who aspired appear suddenly but developed grad- Beni Hammad and Mahdia came into to citizenship. In order to become ually during the second and third being only to disappear later along citizens of the empire, they had to centuries as the cities grew and their with their short-lived dynasties. create an urban landscape in the im- status rose from civitas to that of mu- Conquered and abandoned at the age of Rome. Fora were built, along nicipality or colony - making them end of Antiquity, Carthage gave way with their Capitols, curiae and specific even more like Rome, which always monuments embodying the ideal of a remained the model of the city. With city and its comforts. The cities, thanks the growth of the empire and the tri- to the generosity of com- umph of Christianity, the urban lay- peting benefactors, out was continually changing, ex- vied with one an- panding or contracting as the monu- other in con- ments were restored or renovated structing and put to a variety of uses. New ar- buildings chitectural forms appeared such as and decorat- the Christian basilicas, the architec- ing public ar- ture of which was derived from the 1 eas. This model judicial basilicas, though they were r of a civilization occasionally installed in pagan tem- t devoted to the ples or even in former public baths. Above, the Punic ruins on Birsa Hill well-being of its Many monuments whose functions at the archaeological site of Carthage- inhabitants is ap- had become obsolete disappeared. and, left, a magnificent column parent in the ves- The Christian city gradually replaced excavated at the site. tiges of the Roman the pagan, transforming the monu- Above right, the great row of columns towns which, al- ments while at the same time con- of the Temple of Apollo in Cyrene though less impos- serving the urban structure, which (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), and below, ing than Carthage, gradually deteriorated and lost its for- an overall view of the coastal city are more remark- mer splendour.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Revisiting Byzantine Africa Historical Geography Through Medieval Arabic Sources
    ABSTRACTS ____________________________________________________________________________ Revisiting Byzantine Africa historical geography through medieval Arabic sources Mohamed Benabbès This paper will revisit Byzantine Africa from the perspective of historical geography, and focus on the contribution of medieval Arabic sources to our understanding of the province’s history in this period. Since Charles Diehl’s publication more than a hundred years ago, few new textual sources have been made available. It is true that archaeological research has led to considerable progress that must be acknowledged. However in most cases these data cannot be interpreted outside the framework provided by literary sources. Today a major approach that can overhaul our vision of Byzantine Africa is historical geography. It can combine and superimpose multiple data from the various available sources. As regards Africa, it requires expertise in several complementary fields: sources about Ancient Africa (Latin and Greek texts, inscriptions, church documents and archaeological data), Arabic medieval sources considered through philological and palaeographical approaches, as well as the historical cartography of North Africa. Associating these various elements allows us to throw light on several still obscure or ambiguous aspects in the history of Byzantine Africa, especially in its last phase in the seventh century. Although considerable progress has been achieved in the use of ancient sources, the contribution of medieval Arabic sources to the history of Byzantine Africa has long been systematically disparaged, suffering from prejudice like the hagiographical sources for western medieval history. In fact when submitted to scientific critical scrutiny, they can yield information that other sources do not always provide. Most of these texts have been known and partially translated, notably into French, since the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • In Tunisia Policies and Legislations Related to the Democratic Transition
    Policies and legislations The constitutional and legal framework repre- sents one of the most important signs of the related to the democratic transition in Tunisia. Especially by establishing rules, procedures and institutions in order to achieve the transition and its goals. Thus, the report focused on further operatio- nalization of the aforementioned framework democratic while seeking to monitor the events related to, its development and its impact on the transi- tion’s path. Besides, monitoring the difficulties of the second transition, which is related to the transition and political conflict over the formation of the go- vernment and what’s behind the scenes of the human rights official institutions. in Tunisia The observatorypolicies and rightshuman and legislation to democratic transition related . 27 Activating the constitutional and legal to submit their proposals until the end of January. Then, outside the major parties to be in the forefront of the poli- the committee will start its action from the beginning of tical scene. framework for the democratic transition February until the end of April 2020, when it submits its outcome to the assembly’s bureau. The constitution of 2015 is considered as the de facto framework for the democratic transition. And all its developments in the It is reportedly that the balances within the council have midst of the political life, whether in texts or institutions, are an not changed numerically, as it doesn’t witness many cases The structural and financial difficulties important indicator of the process of transition itself. of changing the party and coalition loyalties “Tourism” ex- The three authorities and the balance cept the resignation of the deputy Sahbi Samara from the of the Assembly Future bloc and the joining of deputy Ahmed Bin Ayyad to among them the Dignity Coalition bloc in the Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Timgad) , Founded at the Sunrise of Trajan’S Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna
    Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna To cite this version: Amelia Carolina Sparavigna. Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday. 2019. hal-02004922v2 HAL Id: hal-02004922 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02004922v2 Preprint submitted on 2 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Archaeoastronomical analysis of the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad) , founded at the sunrise of Trajan’s Birthday Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Politecnico di Torino Written 2 February 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2555783 Revised 1 May 2019. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2656658 It was told that the Roman Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi (Timgad in Algeria), founded in 100 AD, had been oriented to the sunrise on the day of Trajan’s birthday, given as September 18. This Gregorian date corresponds to September 17 of the Julian Calendar. Here we use software such as CalSKY and Stellarium to investigate the sunrise azimuth and compare it to the direction of the decumanus of the Roman town.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts." American Jl of Archaeology, Vol
    CHANSON, H. (2000). "Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts." American Jl of Archaeology, Vol. 104, No. 1, Jan., pp. 47-72 (ISSN 0002-9114). Hydraulics of Roman Aqueducts : Steep Chutes, Cascades and Dropshafts H. CHANSON Abstract This paper examines the archaeological evidence for steep chutes, cascades and drop shafts in Roman aqueducts. It also presents comparative data on steep descent water flow in aqueducts based on physical model tests. It is suggested that the Romans were aware of the hydraulic problems posed by supercritical water flows, and that the technological solutions they imposed were rudimentary but sound. For example, they understood the need for energy dissipation devices such as stilling basin and dropshaft.* The Roman aqueduct remains one of the best examples of hydraulic expertise in antiquity. Many aqueducts were used, repaired and maintained for centuries and some, such as the aqueduct of Carthage (Tunisia), are still partly in use today.1 Most aqueducts consisted of long, flat sections interspersed by shorter steep drops. Despite arguments suggesting that Roman aqueducts maintained a fluvial flow regime 2, the present study suggests that these steep drops produced supercritical flows requiring a technical response to ensure normal water flow. It is argued that the Romans employed three methods to address this problem: chutes followed by stilling basins, stepped channels, and dropshafts. STEEP CHUTES AND STEPPED CASCADES : HYDRAULIC CONSIDERATIONS A chute is characterized by a steep bed slope associated with torrential flow (fig. 1 and 2). This chute flow may be either smooth (fig. 2A) or stepped (fig. 2B). Roman designers used both designs as well as single drops along aqueducts (Tables 1 and 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Villas and Agriculture in Republican Italy
    CHAPTER 20 Villas and Agriculture in Republican Italy Jeffrey A. Becker 1 Introduction The iconicity of the “Roman villa” affords it a rare status in that its appeal easily cuts across the boundaries of multiple disciplines. This is perhaps because the villa has always stimulated our imagination about the ancient world and cultivated a longing for that realm of convivial, pastoral bliss that the villa conjures up for us. Just as Seneca contem- plated Roman virtues in the context of the villa of Scipio Africanus (Sen. Ep. 86), mod- ern (and post-modern) thinkers continue to privilege the villa both as place and space, often using its realm as one in which to generate reconstructions and visions of the ancient past. In the nineteenth century the Roman villa appealed to the Romantics and the exploration of Vesuvian sites, in particular, fueled a growing scholarly interest in the architecture and aesthetics of the Roman villa (most recently, Mattusch, 2008). Often guided by ancient texts, villas were divided into typological groups, as were the interior appointments from wall paintings to floor mosaics. Villas seemed to be a homogeneous type, representative of a “Roman” cultural norm. The fascination with villa life began in antiquity, not only with the likes of Seneca but also poets and scholars such as Virgil and Varro. In spite of the iconic status of the villa from antiquity to modernity, a good deal of uncertainty remains with respect to the archaeology of Roman villas of the latter half of the first millennium. The scholarly approach to the Roman villa finds itself at something of a crossroads, particularly with respect to the villas of the Republican period in Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'zab Valley 2022
    Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M’Zab Valley 2022 13 MAR – 2 APR 2022 Code: 22203 Tour Leaders Tony O’Connor Physical Ratings Explore Ottoman kasbahs, Roman Constantine, Timgad & Djemila, mud-brick trading towns of the Sahara, Moorish Tlemcen, & the secret world of the Berber M'Zab valley. Overview Join archaeologist Tony O'Connor on this fascinating tour which explores Roman Algeria, the Sahara & the M'Zab Valley. Explore the twisting streets, stairs, and alleys of the Ottoman Kasbah of Algiers and enjoy magnificent views across the city from the French colonial Cathedral of Notre-Dame d'Afrique. Wander perfectly preserved streets at the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Roman Djémila and Timgad, empty of visitors and complete with stunning mosaics, full-size temples, triumphal arches, market places, and theatres. At Sétif gaze upon one of the most exquisite mosaics in all of the Roman world – The Triumph of Dionysus. Engage with Numidian Kings at the extraordinary tombs of Medracen and the 'Tomb of the Christian' along with the ambitions of Cleopatra and Mark Antony at their daughter’s former capital of Caesarea/Cherchell. Explore the Roman 'City of Bridges', Constantine, encircled by the dramatic gorge of Wadi Rummel. Wander the atmospheric ruins of the Roman towns of Tipaza and Tiddis: Tipaza overlooks the Mediteranean, while Tiddis perches on a hillside, overlooking the fertile lands of Constantine. Walk the Algerian 'Grand Canyon' at El Ghoufi: a centre of Aures Berber culture, Algerian resistance to French colonial rule, inscriptions left behind by the engineers of Emperor Hadrian himself, and photogenic mud-brick villages clustering along vertiginous rocky ledges.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflecting on the Theory and Practice of Mosaic Conservation
    Cyan Magenta Yellow Black PART TWO Caring for Mosaics in Museums TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) EX Gold East M/A 115g 200L X H:11” TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” 67 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 67 3/3/08 11:28:32 AAMM Cyan Magenta Yellow Black TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” X H:11” 200L 115g EX Gold East M/A Magenta(S) EX Gold East M/A 115g 200L X H:11” TJ14-3-2008 PO(Sam) GCI W:9” 68 68 TJ14-3 P067-120 200L CTP.indd 68 3/3/08 11:28:34 AAMM Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Conservation et restauration des mosaïques romaines au Portugal – Quelques exemples dans les collections de musées Maria de Fátima Abraços Résumé : Étant donné qu’il n’existe aucun relevé complet des Distribuição dos fragmentos de mosaïques fi gurant dans les collections des musées du Portugal, mosaico nas colecções de Museus nous avons décidé de procéder à ce travail pour quantifi er et 300 caractériser leur état de conservation. Nous avons choisi de 256 présenter dans ce colloque quelques-unes des mosaïques de la 250 collection de deux musées : le Musée National d’Archéologie, 200 N˚de Museus fondé en 1893, qui, du fait de son ancienneté, abrite le plus 150 114 N˚de Fragmentos grand nombre de mosaïques, et le Musée Régional d’Archéo- 100 logie D. Diogo de Sousa à Braga, créé en 1918 mais ultérieure- 53 50 ment installé dans un nouveau bâtiment dont la construction 19 6 10 0 a débuté en 1991.
    [Show full text]
  • Locus Bonus : the Relationship of the Roman Villa to Its Environment in the Vicinity of Rome
    LOCUS BONUS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ROMAN VILLA TO ITS ENVIRONMENT IN THE VICINITY OF ROME EEVA-MARIA VIITANEN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION TO BE PUBLICLY DISCUSSED, BY DUE PERMISSION OF THE FACULTY OF ARTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI IN AUDITORIUM XV, ON THE 2ND OF OCTOBER, 2010 AT 10 O’CLOCK HELSINKI 2010 © Eeva-Maria Viitanen ISBN 978-952-92-7923-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-10-6450-0 (PDF) PDF version available at: http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/ Helsinki University Print Helsinki, 2010 Cover: photo by Eeva-Maria Viitanen, illustration Jaana Mellanen CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND PLATES vii 1 STUDYING THE ROMAN VILLA AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 DEFINING THE VILLA 3 1.3 THE ROMAN VILLA IN CLASSICAL STUDIES 6 Origin and Development of the Villa 6 Villa Typologies 8 Role of the Villa in the Historical Studies 10 1.4 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 11 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND WRITTEN SOURCES 15 2.1 RESEARCH HISTORY OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 15 2.2 FIELDWORK METHODOLOGY 18 Excavation 18 Survey 19 2.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 21 Settlement Sites from Surveys and Excavations 21 The Sites Reclassified 25 Chronological Considerations 28 2.4 WRITTEN SOURCES 33 Ancient Literature 33 Inscriptions 35 2.5 CONCLUSIONS 37 3 GEOLOGY AND ROMAN VILLAS 38 3.1 BACKGROUND 38 3.2 GEOLOGY OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 40 3.3 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF THE ROMAN CAMPAGNA 42 3.4 WRITTEN SOURCES FOR THE USE OF GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 44 3.5 ARCHAEOLOGY OF BUILDING MATERIALS 47 3.6 INTEGRATING THE EVIDENCE 50 Avoiding
    [Show full text]
  • ROMANO- BRITISH Villa A
    Prehistoric (Stone Age to Iron Age) Corn-Dryer Although the Roman villa had a great impact on the banks The excavated heated room, or of the River Tees, archaeologists found that there had been caldarium (left). activity in the area for thousands of years prior to the Quarry The caldarium was the bath Roman arrival. Seven pots and a bronze punch, or chisel, tell house. Although this building us that people were living and working here at least 4000 was small, it was well built. It years ago. was probably constructed Farm during the early phases of the villa complex. Ingleby Roman For Romans, bath houses were social places where people The Romano-British villa at Quarry Farm has been preserved in could meet. Barwick an area of open space, in the heart of the new Ingleby Barwick housing development. Excavations took place in 2003-04, carried out by Archaeological Services Durham University Outbuildings (ASDU), to record the villa area. This included structures, such as the heated room (shown above right), aisled building (shown below right), and eld enclosures. Caldarium Anglo-Saxon (Heated Room) Winged With the collapse of the Roman Empire, Roman inuence Preserved Area Corridor began to slowly disappear from Britain, but activity at the Structure Villa Complex villa site continued. A substantial amount of pottery has been discovered, as have re-pits which may have been used for cooking, and two possible sunken oored buildings, indicating that people still lived and worked here. Field Enclosures Medieval – Post Medieval Aisled Building Drove Way A scatter of medieval pottery, ridge and furrow earthworks (Villa boundary) Circular Building and early eld boundaries are all that could be found relating to medieval settlement and agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime
    Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime March 2013 OECD Paris, France Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime OECD mission, 5-9 November 2012 “…We are working with Tunisia, who joined the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters in July 2012, to review its tax incentives regime and to support its efforts to develop a new investment law.” Remarks by Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, delivered at the Deauville Partnership Meeting of the Finance Ministers in Tokyo, 12 October 2012 1. Executive Summary This analysis of the Tunisian tax incentives regime was conducted by the OECD Tax and Development Programme1 at the request of the Tunisian Ministry of Finance. Following discussions with the government, the OECD agreed to conduct a review of the Tunisian tax incentive system within the framework of the Principles to Enhance the Transparency and Governance of Tax Incentives for Investment in Developing Countries.2 As requested by the Tunisian authorities, the objective of this review was to understand the current system’s bottlenecks and to propose changes to improve efficiency of the system in terms of its ability to mobilise revenue on the one hand and to attract the right kind of investment on the other. The key findings are based on five days of intensive consultations and analysis. Key Findings and Recommendations A comprehensive tax reform effort, including tax policy and tax administration, is critical in the near term to mobilize domestic resources more effectively. The tax reform programme should include, but not be limited to, the development of a new Investment Incentives Code, aimed at transforming the incentives scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 159/Friday, August 16, 2019/Rules
    Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 159 / Friday, August 16, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 41909 PART 71—DESIGNATION OF CLASS A, imposed pursuant to an agreement cultural patrimony of Algeria is in B, C, D, AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR between the United States and Algeria jeopardy from the pillage of TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND that has been entered into under the archaeological material representing REPORTING POINTS authority of the Convention on Cultural Algeria’s cultural heritage dating from Property Implementation Act. The final approximately 2.4 million years up to ■ 1. The authority citation for part 71 rule amends CBP regulations by adding 250 years ago, including material continues to read as follows: Algeria to the list of countries which starting in the Paleolithic period and Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g); 40103, have a bilateral agreement with the going into the Ottoman period (19 40113, 40120; E.O. 10854, 24 FR 9565, 3 CFR, United States to impose cultural U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(A)); (2) that the 1959–1963 Comp., p. 389. property import restrictions. The final Algerian government has taken rule also contains the Designated List measures consistent with the § 71.1 [Amended] that describes the types of Convention to protect its cultural ■ 2. The incorporation by reference in archaeological material to which the patrimony (19 U.S.C. 2602(a)(1)(B)); (3) 14 CFR 71.1 of FAA Order 7400.11C, restrictions apply. that import restrictions imposed by the Airspace Designations and Reporting DATES: Effective Date: August 14, 2019. United States would be of substantial benefit in deterring a serious situation of Points, dated August 13, 2018, and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For pillage and remedies less drastic are not effective September 15, 2018, is legal aspects, Lisa L.
    [Show full text]