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Revolutionary and Early Federal Period 13 NATIONAL TREASURES ™ Revolutionary and Early Federal A NATIONAL TREASURE Period 13 Star U.S. Flags - 1 st Flag Act ZFC0604 13 Star U.S. Flag - Grand Luminary design from the Revolutionary & Early Federal Period. This 13 star Grand Luminary is made of wool bunting with 13, six-point, linen stars in the canton, which forms a Grand Luminary of six points. A large six pointed star formed from 13 smaller ones has been a distinctive feature of the US Arms and Great Seal since 1782 and this early Federal Period flag incorporates such a design on its canton. These characteristics point to manufacture during the early federal Period; especially the six-pointed linen stars, a common with 18th century flags. This flag is unique, and is thought to have been used during the 21 months New York City served as our nation's capital from the 4th of March 1789, to the 5th of December 1790, and possibly before. ZFC0624 13 Star U.S. Flag, Revolutionary & Early Federal ZFC0707 United States, 13 Star flag from the Privateer Period. This striking flag from Salem, MA, is now often referred to Minerva, during the Revolutionary War era. It is from the as the “Hancock English Flag,” because of the 1880 presidential acclaimed collection of Boleslaw Mastai. According to Boleslaw election campaign panel added to the fly edge. Mastai, it is believed to be the only named ship’s ensign to have It is a period 13 star flag. survived. When the 13 United Colonies declared their independence One of the few in existence, vernacular flags like this one were the from Britain, the fledgling Continental Navy had few ships commis - norm between 1777 and 1795, when this star count was up to date. sioning a meager 31 ships. To augment the small American fleet, While ship’s chandlers routinely provisioned flags for maritime and Letters of Marque were issued to private armed merchant vessels naval use, local governments, the militia and private citizens were like the Minerva. Commissioned as privateers, they preyed on left to their own devices when a flag was required. enemy merchant vessels. Dudley Saltonstall (1738-1796) was a Such a star pattern (single ring of nine with four center stars) Boston captain, merchant, and privateersman in the French and is identical to the canton on the flag of the Bucks of America, a Indian War. As a Captain of the Continental Navy during Revolu - Massachusetts militia unit comprised of freemen of color who tionary War, he was given command of the Alfred, flagship of were presented such a flag in the late1780s. This factor suggests Commodore Esek Hopkins, which effectively raided and sacked use of this particular example during the revolutionary era. munitions stored at New Providence in the Bahamas. In 1779, as Commodore of the disastrous Penobscot Expedition, he was made responsible and dismissed from the Navy. But privateering proved to be a profitable option for a ships captain willing to take risks. After the Revolutionary War, this flag passed to a shipmate and friend of Saltonstall’s, Captain John Spear, who preserved this flag. ZFC0715 13 Star U.S. Flag - Single Ring with Center Star from ZFC2497 13 Star US Flag, four-five-four star pattern design the Revolutionary & Early Federal Period. Most Americans are with a large center star, Early Federal Period. This wool, 4-5-4 familiar with the so-called Betsy Ross Flag, a United States flag star pattern, 13 Star United States Flag, is one of the earliest bearing 13 stars arranged into a single ring or circle. This flag is documented American flags in existence. From the Old Sandy commonly accepted as the first United States flag dating from 1777, Point Light House, New York in 1790, it was made shortly after the but this has not been documented. A review of the historic data also federal government was formed. The Sandy Hook Lighthouse is the reveals that there are no surviving period flags in this design and oldest working lighthouse in the United States. After the Revolu - the earliest known image is dated to 1782. Instead, it is highly likely tionary War, a dispute over dominion of the lighthouse broke out that in the 18th century, some U.S. flags bore a single ring and a between New Jersey and New York, however Congress resolved the center star like this well-worn example, which is similar in design dispute when on August 7, 1789, they gave control of all lighthouses to other, documented 13 star flags from the 1780s. The linen and to the federal government. Lighthouses thus became one of the first cotton construction of this flag are also indicative of 18th civil establishments that needed to be identified as federal, rather century manufacture. then state, in jurisdiction. This flag was from the Crow Art Partnership Collection. ZFC2407 13 Star U.S. Revenue Marine Ensign & Customhouse ZFC0419 13 Star U.S. Merchant Ensign, 4-5-4 Star design, Early Flag 1799. This flag is believed to be the oldest surviving U.S. Federal Period. This flag may well be one of the earliest United Revenue Marine Ensign and Customhouse flag. It is hand-sewn States flags in the Zaricor Flag Collection. While the use of cotton with an open weave wool bunting for the stripes over a silk canton. stars suggests the possibility of production after 1800, recent This flag is either a variant of or precursor to the 1799 regulations scholarship points to the existence and use of cotton threads prior and reflects the local flag maker's interpretation of the arms of the to 1793. The woolen stripes have selvedges typical of early United States. The presence of metallic ribbon, fine embroidery hand-loomed material and the flag is hand-stitched. details, and the use of silk threads in the canton it is unlikely that The finishing details indicate that a professional made this flag. this flag was ever actually used as an ensign. It is more likely that One can see this in the finely crafted linen hand whipped-stitched this flag was flown onshore at a US Customs office or customhouse. eyelets on the hoist. Interestingly, the marking 1 1/2 on the flag’s Curiously, this flag has only 13 vertical stripes and is therefore not cotton heading refers to a flag manufactured to a specific fly in compliance with the 1799 design; but all of the Revenue Marine dimension; in this case one and a half yards, or 54". flags were locally supplied until 1862. Accordingly, variants of the The size marking on the heading is more typical of flags manufac - 1799 regulations like this are thought to be the norm rather tured as stock items rather than by special order. One of the earliest than the exception. identified flag manufacturers in the United States was Rebecca Young of Philadelphia and Baltimore. She advertised in local newspapers that she had, on hand, ready-made flags and this flag might well be one of her products. ZFC1495 13 Star U.S. Flag – very early all cotton flag. This flag was represented at an auction as being a 13-star flag from the Revolu - tionary period (1777-1783). When this flag was examined by a textile expert, it was determined that the materials were in accord with those available in the 18th century and the construction techniques used point to the 18th century. This 13 star flag warrants further study and analysis because what we previously believed was a flag from the 1800s has, in fact, attributes dating to the late 1700s, making it a period 13 star flag from the Federalist period and possibly the Revolutionary War..
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