PHASE 1A LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT & PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY LOCUSTS ON HUDSON PROJECT

PENNY LANE, STAATSBURG TOWN OF HYDE PARK DUTCHESS COUNTY, NEW YORK

PREPARED FOR:

THE LRC GROUP 85 CIVIC CENTER PLAZA SUITE 103 POUGHKEEPSIE, NY 12601

HUDSON VALLEY CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSULTANTS, LTD. PO BOX 264, SALT POINT, NY 12578

MARCH 2021

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY SHPO Project Review Number (if available): Involved State and Federal Agencies: Phase of Survey: Phase 1A Literature Review & Sensitivity Analysis & Phase 1B Archaeological Field Reconnaissance Survey Location Information: Location: Penny Lane Minor Civil Division: Town of Hyde Park County: Dutchess County Survey Area (English & Metric) Length: 975’/ 297.25 m Width: 710’/ 216.4 m Depth (when appropriate): Number of Acres Surveyed: ±16.93 acres (6.59 h) Number of Square Meters & Feet Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only): N/A Percentage of the Site Excavated (Phase II, Phase III only): N/A USGS 7.5 Minute Quadrangle Map: Hyde Park, New York 2019 Archaeological Survey Overview Number & Interval of Shovel Tests: 138 shovel tests @ 100’, 50’, & 5’ intervals Number & Size of Units: N/A Width of Plowed Strips: N/A Surface Survey Transect Interval: N/A Results of Archaeological Survey Number & name of precontact sites identified: Locusts Precontact Site Number & name of historic sites identified: 0 Number & name of sites recommended for Phase II/Avoidance: Locusts Precontact Site Results of Architectural Survey Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries within Project APE: 0 Number of buildings/structures/cemeteries adjacent to Project APE: 0 Number of previously determined NR listed or eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0 Number of identified eligible buildings/structures/cemeteries/districts: 0 Report Author (s): Beth Selig, MA, RPA. Brittany Spoto. Date of Report: March 27, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

I. PHASE 1A LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT ...... 1 A. LOCUSTS ON HUDSON PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1 B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ...... 7  ECOLOGY ...... 7  GEOLOGY ...... 7  DRAINAGE ...... 7  SOILS ...... 7 C. RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND SURVEYS ...... 9  PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ...... 9  PREVIOUSLY COMPLETED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS ...... 9 D. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE/LISTED SITES ...... 10 E. NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT ...... 11 F. HISTORIC CONTEXT ...... 13  HISTORIC BACKGROUND ...... 14  LOCUSTS ON HUDSON ...... 14  CARTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH ...... 15 G. ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 24  PRECONTACT SENSITIVITY ...... 24  HISTORIC SENSITIVITY ...... 24 H. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 24

II. PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY ...... 25 I. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODOLOGY ...... 25 J. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS ...... 25 K. SUMMARY ...... 26 L. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 27 M. BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 33

APPENDICES APPENDIX A: SHOVEL TEST RECORDS APPENDIX B: ARTIFACT CATALOG

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: 2019 USGS Topographical Map. Hyde Park NY Quadrangle. 7.5 Minute Series. (Source: USGS.gov.) Scale 1”=1675’. Figure 2: Aerial image showing the location of the Project APE. (Source: Google Earth) Scale: 1”=350’. Figure 3: Aerial Image showing soil unit(s) within the Project APE. (Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.) Scale 1”=190’. Figure 4: View along Penny Lane. Lithograph taken from Smith 1882. Figure 5: 1850 J.C. Sidney Atlas of Dutchess County, New York. (Source: Library of Congress) Scale: 1”- 1675’. Figure 6: 1858 J. E. Gillette. Map of Dutchess County, New York. (Source: Library of Congress) Scale: 1”=2340’. Figure 7: 1868 F.W. Beers. Map of the City of Hyde Park, N.Y. (Source: David Rumsey Cartography Associates) Scale: 1”=1950’. Figure 8: 1891 F.W. Beers. Atlas of the Hudson River Valley from New York City to Troy. (Source: David Rumsey Cartography Associates) Scale: 1”=1465’. Figure 9: 1934 USGS Topographical Map Rhinebeck, NY 15 Minute Series. New York. (Source: USGS.gov) Scale: 1”=1465’. Figure 10: 1980 USGS Topographical Map Hyde Park 7.5 Minute Series. New York. (Source: USGS.gov) Scale: 1”=1485’. Figure 11: 2017 Existing Conditions Map, showing the Project Parcel. (Source: ab.properties.) Scale: 1”=70’. Figure 12: The Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project. Phase 1B Field Reconnaissance Map. Scale: 1”=125’. Figure 13: The Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project. Phase 1B Field Reconnaissance Map. Locusts Precontact Site Scale: 1”=40’.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Soil Unit Descriptions (Natural Resources Conservation Service) Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within a one mile radius

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Photo 1: The Project APE is accessed by Penny Lane. View to the northwest. Photo 2: Penny Lane runs west to east through the middle of the Project APE. View to the east. Photo 3: View to the west along Penny Lane, which crosses over the railroad tracks (far ground). Photo 4: Soil movement in the northern portion of the Project APE north of Penny Lane has created an area of pooling water. View to the north. Photo 5: The current topography of the Project APE exhibits the recent landscaping efforts. The Amtrak Adirondack Line runs behind the tree line and under the Penny Lane bridge to the left. View to the west. Photo 6: Additional landscape alterations associated with the recontouring plan are evident in the southwestern portion of the Project APE. View to the southeast. Photo 7: The soils have been relocated to spoil piles for reuse within the Project APE. View to the north. Photo 8: Strawberry Fields Lane borders the northernmost extent of the APE. View to the east. Photo 9: View to the southeast from the northwestern corner of the APE. The landscape in this area is generally level. Photo 10: View to the west of the northern portion of the APE from the eastern boundary. Penny Lane is to the left in the photo. Photo 11: The North Staatsburg Creek crosses the southwestern portion of the APE, before progressing under Penny Lane. View to the northwest.

Photo 12: View to the north of the pond located in the southern portion of the Project APE. Photo 13: The eastern bank of the pond has been reshaped. Soil piles are located to the southeast (in farground). View to the east. Photo 14: The North Staatsburg Creek is located in the southwestern portion of the APE. View to the southeast. Photo 15: The radial confirmation tests for ST. 67 terminated in saturated soils. View to the north. Photo 16: View to the south from ST 67 N6, across the Locusts Precontact Site. Photo 17: View to the west from ST. 46. The landscape has been extensively altered in this portion of the APE. Photo 18: The level of soils surrounding the existing oak tree is an indication of the extent of soil movement. View to the northwest. Photo 19: The sides of soil pile B were sampled. View to the west. Photo 20: View to the east Soil Pile D. Testing was completed on the top of the pile.

I. PHASE 1A LITERATURE SEARCH AND SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT

A. LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In February of 2021, Hudson Valley Cultural Resource Consultants (HVCRC) was retained by the LRC Group to complete a Phase 1A Literature Search and Sensitivity Assessment of the Locusts-on-Hudson Land Recontouring Project in the Town of Hyde Park, Dutchess County, New York. All work was completed in accordance with the Standards for Cultural Resource Investigations and the Curation of Archeological Collections published by the New York Archeological Council (NYAC) and recommended for use by New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (OPRHP). The report has been prepared according to New York State OPRHP’s Phase 1 Archaeological Report Format Requirements, established in 2005.

The background research as well as the cultural and environmental overviews were completed by Beth Selig, M.A.; R.P.A., and Britany Spoto who conducted a site visit on March 2, 2021 to observe and photograph existing conditions within the project parcel. The information gathered during the walkover reconnaissance is included in the relevant sections of the report.

The Locusts-on-Hudson Land Recontouring project is located within a ±16.93 acre (6.59 h) Project Parcel, and consists of ±8.2 acres (3.318 h) on both sides of Penny Lane (Project APE). The total size of the tax parcel is 20.8 acres (8.4 h) and extends to the northern side of Strawberry Fields Lane. Penny Lane bisects the parcel which is located on the eastern side of the Amtrak Adirondack Line, to the east of the Hudson River. The Project Parcel is situated north of the Mills Norrie State Park, and awest of the Dinsmore Golf Course. To the north the parcel is bounded by Strawberry Fields Lane. The Amtrak Adirondack Line runs along the western boundary of the Project Parcel.

The proposed undertaking includes land recontouring and beautification of the Project APE. The initial grading and excavation began in October 2019, and although the project was halted, soil movement within the Project APE has already occurred. The extent of present disturbance is shown on the current aerial image (Figure 2).

The Project APE is bisected by Penny Lane, with a pond located in southern portions and a large area of pooling water in the north. The proposed work consists of re-grading the existing landscape and creating a park like setting. This involves supporting the existing water movement and drainage throughout the APE, maintaining the pond and spillway and planting ornamental plants and grass to create a landscaped park. In addition drainage and erosion control, including the installation of culverts and plantings needed to prevent erosion are also included in the proposed work scope.

At the time of the walkover and assessment, the landscape had a light snow cover, and the vegetation was dormant. Typical wetland vegetation, such as phragmites, was noted to the north of Penny Lane. The soil piles, associated with the previous improvement activities were located in the eastern portion of the APE, and have a vegetative cover in most locations. The majority of the landscape exhibited evidence of the land recontouring, however, the eastern portions of the parcel appeared undisturbed.

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Figure 1: 2019 USGS Topographical Map. Hyde Park NY Quadrangle. 7.5 Minute Series. (Source: USGS.gov.) Scale 1”=1675’.

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Figure 2: Aerial image showing the location of the Project APE. (Source: Google Earth) Scale: 1”=350’.

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Photo 1: The Project APE is accessed by Penny Lane. View to the northwest.

Photo 2: Penny Lane runs west to east through the middle of the Project APE. View to the east.

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Photo 3: View to the west along Penny Lane, which crosses over the railroad tracks (far ground).

Photo 4: Soil movement in the northern portion of the Project APE north of Penny Lane has created an area of pooling water. View to the north.

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Photo 5: The current topography of the Project APE exhibits the recent landscaping efforts. The Amtrak Adirondack Line runs behind the tree line and under the Penny Lane bridge to the left. View to the west.

Photo 6: Additional landscape alterations associated with the recontouring plan are evident in the southwestern portion of the Project APE. View to the southeast.

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B. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The landscape within the Project APE is generally cleared areas surrounded by sections of woods that run along the property boundaries. Penny Lane divides the Project APE into northern and southern sections, with each of these areas containing a man-made pond. Several topsoil stockpiles are present within the Project APE. The landscape of the APE is generally level with an elevation of 40’ (12.1 m) Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL). With much of the slope being around the two ponds, the greatest change in elevation within the APE occurs along the eastern bank of the southern pond where it descends from the topsoil berm at 44’ (13.4 m) AMSL to the water level at 30’ (9.1 m) AMSL. The highest point of the property is outside of the APE in the northeast corner, where the elevation increases to 65’ (19.8 m) AMSL on top of a small hill.

GEOLOGY

The Hudson Highlands is the predominant physiographic province in the eastern part of the Hudson River Valley. The Hudson Highlands province is a northeast-southwest trending band of igneous and metamorphic rock which extends from New England through New York, crossing the Hudson River in the vicinity of Cold Spring and West Point (Spectra 2004).

Surficial geological deposits distributed throughout the Hudson Valley consist of almost all of the types of glacial deposits that are associated with continental glaciation. The glacial ice deposited a thick sequence of till over much of the area in the form of ground moraines (lodgment till), drumlins, and later, ablation till. The Hudson Highlands are almost entirely blanketed by a thin layer of glacial till, with frequent bedrock outcrops. Outwash sand and gravel occupy some of the river and stream valleys that border and run through the Highlands. Examples of these are the Ramapo and Mahwah Rivers and the Moodna and Woodbury Creeks. Recent alluvium is also found in most, if not all, of these valleys (Spectra 2004).

The bedrock of the Hudson Highlands is primarily composed of easily eroded sedimentary rocks such as siltstone, shale, and greywacke that was laid down in the Cambrian and Ordovician periods (USDA 2002:12). More specifically, the Project APE falls within the Austin-Glen Formation, which is composed of greywacke and shale.

DRAINAGE

Drainage within the Project APE is into the existing pond, a large swale and the North Staatsburg Creek, with the latter then flowing into the Hudson River. The North Staatsburg Creek runs between the western property boundary and Amtrak railroad tracks, crossing the southwestern corner of the parcel.

SOILS

Soil surveys provide a general characterization of the types and depths of soils that are found in an area. The characteristics of the soils within the Project APE have an important impact on the potential for the presence of cultural material, since the types of soils present affect the ability of an area to support human populations. The Natural Resources Conservation Service indicates that the soils within the Project APE consist primarily of somewhat excessively drained Knickerbocker fine sandy loam. These soils formed on landforms consisting of deltas and terraces (Natural Resources Conservation Service).

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Figure 3: Aerial Image showing soil unit(s) within the Project APE. (Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.) Scale 1”=190’.

Table 1: Soil Unit Descriptions (Natural Resources Conservation Service) Map Unit Map Unit Soil Horizons & Texture Slope Drainage Landform Symbol Name H1 - 0 to 10 inches: fine sandy loam Knickerbocker Somewhat H2 - 10 to 19 inches: sandy loam KrC fine sandy 5 to 16% excessively Deltas, terraces H3 - 19 to 30 inches: loamy sand loam, rolling drained H4 - 30 to 72 inches: loamy sand

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C. RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND SURVEYS

On February 22, 2021, HVCRC reviewed the combined site files of the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation (OPRHP) and the New York State Museum (NYSM) for information regarding previously recorded archeological sites within one mile (1.6 km) of the Project APE. HVCRC also consulted regional Native American sources (e.g. Beauchamp 1900; Parker 1920; Ritchie 1980; Ritchie and Funk 1973) for descriptions of regional archeological sites. In addition, a review of the site files was completed to identify National Register Properties within a one-half mile radius of the Project APE.

PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Nine previously identified archaeological sites are located within a one mile radius of the Project APE. With the exception of the NYSM sites, the sites listed below are Listed, or Eligible for Listing in the National Register.

Table 2: Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within one mile radius

Distance from Time Site Type Site Number Site Name Project APE Period Materials Recovered Hopeland - Two 2707.000018 Stone Entry 1254’ / 0.4 k Historic Historic Residence 1909-c. 1919 Bridges Staatsburg Projectile point (Brewerton), 2707.000653 2380’/ 0.7 k Precontact Precontact Site 1 debitage and FCR Hoyt House Est 2707.000081 Nineteenth Century 4050’ / 1.2 k Historic Early nineteenth century cemetery Cemetery Site 1, Cellarhole At 2707.000082 Hoyt Estate 3336’ / 1.0 k Historic Domestic artifact catalog Entrance (C1885) Site 2, RR Station Historic Structural Remains of 1872 2707.000083 4689’ / 1.4 k Ruins (C1872) Railroad Station Site 3, RR Depot Historic Structural Remains of 1872 2707.000084 4708’ / 1.4 k C1855 Railroad Depot Projectile point (Levanna), 2707.000441 Mills State Park I 4630’ / 1.4 k Precontact debitage and FCR A.C. Parker, 5280’ / 1.6 k NYSM 3149 Precontact Village Dutchess 17 A.C. Parker, 5280’ / 1.6 k Precontact NYSM 6994 Traces of Occupation Dutchess

PREVIOUSLY COMPLETED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS

As part of the research for this project, surveys completed for sites in the general area were consulted. A total of two surveys have been completed within one mile (1.6 k) of the Project APE. One survey was completed by HVCRC in April 2019 to investigate an area approximately 2380’ (1.7 k) southwest from the current project APE. The 2019 survey identified the Staatsburg Precontact Site 2 after recovering three hundred and twenty three precontact artifacts that consisted of debitage, tools and utilized flakes, bifaces, a single fragment of FCR,

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a Brewerton Ear-notched point and three broken non-diagnostic projectile points, from one-hundred and six shovel tests. The second survey was completed in 2013 to the north of the APE along Route 9 but did not identify any archaeological sites. In addition, a series of archaeological investigations have been completed by the OPRHP staff at Staatsburg State Historic Site in advance of upgrades and improvements, and range from approximately one and a half miles to two miles south of the Project APE. These surveys have identified more than 2000 artifacts, both precontact and historic within the State Park.

D. NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE/LISTED SITES

The OPRHP files were reviewed to identify structures on or in the vicinity of the Project APE that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRL) or identified as National Register Eligible. The Project APE is located within the boundaries of the Hudson River Historic District, and the Sixteen Mile District. Twelve structures listed in the National Register, ten buildings and two bridges, are within approximately 1,500’/.46 k of the Project APE. With the exception of the listing at 132 Old Post Road, these structures are located west of the Project APE and within the boundaries of the Locusts on Hudson Estate. The buildings within the Locusts-on-Hudson estate that are Listed include the Main House, the Gingerbread House, and the seven structures comprising the Barn Complex. It is not expected that the proposed undertaking will have an impact on the characteristics that make these buildings, and the larger districts, eligible for Listing in the National Register of Historic Places. It is not anticipated that the proposed project will impact the architectural, historical or aesthetic characteristics of these historic properties.

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Photo 7: The soils have been relocated to spoil piles for reuse within the Project APE. View to the north.

Photo 8: Strawberry Fields Lane borders the northernmost extent of the APE. View to the east.

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Photo 9: View to the southeast from the northwestern corner of the APE. The landscape in this area is generally level.

Photo 10: View to the southwest of the northern portion of the APE from the eastern boundary. Penny Lane is to the left in the photo.

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E. NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT

During the paleoindian period, mobile bands of hunter-gatherers occupied what is now New York State. These bands exploited the resources of the landscape by hunting game and gathering plants. Paleoindian sites have been documented in the upland regions a short distance from the Hudson River. Frequently, these sites are associated with sources of stone used as the raw material for tool making, as is the case on one site in Greene County where a quarry-workshop complex has been excavated. More frequently, the sites appear to have been temporary campsites. These small camp sites are situated where it would be possible to watch for game as it moved across the landscape.

With the lowering of the water table during the archaic period, subsistence methods and technologies changed in response to climatic warming. This was accompanied by an increase in vegetation density and diversity, changing faunal migrations and a change in sea levels (Sirkin 1977). The Archaic Period was likely a time of incipient sedentism among the inhabitants of the area.

Changes in settlement and subsistence patterns that occurred during the Late Archaic period reflect an increased exploitation of coastal and riverine resources. Ground stone food processing tools are more common, reflecting an increase in processed plant resources in the diet. Projectile points commonly found at Late Archaic sites include narrow stemmed, broad stemmed and side notched types. The Laurentian Tradition of the Late Archaic is the most represented throughout New York State, and is subdivided into a series of phases: Vergennes, Vosburg, Sylvan Lake, River and Snook Kill. Archaic period sites have been identified along the banks of the Hudson River to the west of the Project APE.

The Woodland period is distinguished from the Archaic in part, by the use of ceramics. Horticulture, although practiced in other parts of North America at an earlier date, does not appear in the Hudson River Valley until c. 1000 AD. The soil and moisture requirements for the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash created a marked change in the pattern of land use and the selection of locations for villages. It was no longer necessary for the entire group to move from place to place following a seasonal round of migration fueled by fluctuating sources of food. Cord marked ceramics became common during the Middle Woodland period, and incised vessels, many with a collar area, are typical of Late Woodland cultures. In central and western New York State, the Late Woodland stage is known as the Owasco; no evidence for the Owasco culture has been identified in the Hudson Valley. The early European settlers purchased the land along the banks of the Hudson River from the Wappinger Indians, an Algonquin speaking group who inhabited the area.

A number of precontact period loci have been documented within the neighboring Staatsburg State Historic Site. These precontact period deposits indicate that Native American occupied the site during the Middle Archaic and Middle to Late Woodland Periods.

F. HISTORIC CONTEXT

The following discussion of the historic and cartographic research provides information concerning the likelihood of encountering Map Documented Structures (MDS) and other intact historic cultural resources within the boundaries of the Project APE. The information included in this report summarizes the history of the Town of Hyde Park and Staatsburg with respect to the Project APE, and is not intended to be a comprehensive examination of the history of the Locusts Estate, or the nearby Staatsburg State Historic Site.

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HISTORIC BACKGROUND

The Town of Hyde Park was made up of three early land patents; the “water lots” section of the Nine Partners Patent of 1697, the Pawling patent of 1696, and the Fauconnier Patent of 1705. As early as 1730, a part of the Fauconnier Patent was known as the Hyde Park Patent (Rhinevault 2009). Settlement began in the Town of Hyde Park as early as 1735, when Jacob Stoutenburgh, a Dutchman and trader from Westchester, purchased Water Lot 9 on the Nine Partners Patent on the south side of Crum Elbow Creek (Smith 1877). Stoutenburgh, had been purchasing property in Dutchess County for some time when he moved his wife and eight children up the Hudson to the area. Dr. John Bard, an eminent New York City doctor, married Suzanne Valleau, who was the granddaughter of Peter Fauconnier. Following Fauconnier’s death, Bard purchased a portion of the Fauconnier Patent and continued to buy land until he owned all of the lands of the original Fauconnier Patent (Rhinevault 2009).

By the 1790’s, considerable settlement had taken place along the Albany Post Road, including the hamlets of Staatsburg, south and a half mile east of the Hudson River at the north end of the town of Hyde Park. The Town of Hyde Park was established in 1821 (Hasbrouck 1909). The eastern portion of the Town of Hyde Park includes the hamlet of Staatsburg which was first settled by Dr. Samuel Staats in 1715. He purchased the land from the owner of the land patent, Henry Pawling (Smith 1877). By 1813, Staatsburg had a post office, and was primarily a farming community with grain being the main crop. Several mills were established on Crum Elbow Creek to grind the grain. In addition to grist mills, there were also saw mills, a plaster mill, a fulling mill, and mills that made nails and other types of tools. Sloops docked daily at the Hudson River piers to transport grain and other products to New York City, including hay for the New York City police horses. There were also other industries located near the mouth of Crum Elbow Creek, including ship building and ship repair. The Hudson River also provided important resources such as sturgeon. The harvesting of sturgeon provided employment for a significant number of Hyde Park residents (Rhinevault 2009). In the late nineteenth century the hamlet of Staatsburg became the location of ice harvesting and storage industries. During the winter months, the Mutual Benefit Ice Company and the Knickerbocker Ice Company would cut river ice and store it until it could be shipped to markets in Albany and New York.

In 1847 construction began on the Hudson River Railroad, which ran along the bank of the River through Staatsburg. Railroad service began in 1849, although the entire span between New York and Albany was not completed until 1851. In 1869, the New York Central and Hudson Railroad replaced the Hudson River Railroad (Frederiksen 1962).

THE LOCUSTS “The Locusts” or “Locusts-on-Hudson” was first owned by Brockholst Livingston, a Revolutionary War Veteran and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Brockholst started developing the land along the Hudson and 1797; he gave the property the title “The Locusts” for its black locust trees. Livingston removed a log cabin that existed on the property, and added a red brick mansion. Livingston resided on the estate for some years before selling it to Major George William Augustus Provost (Butler 2019). Provost sold the nearly 1000 acre estate in April of 1811 to James Duane Livingston, the great-great grandson of Robert R. Livingston (who established Livingston Manor). J. D. Livingston sold the estate again in 1835 to William C. Emmet of New York, who resided at the estate, which also served as the County Seat (Haight Co. 1912).

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The estate was purchased by William Brown Dinsmore in 1854. Dinsmore demolished the brick mansion in 1871, and built a large Italianate Villa which was completed in 1873 (Haight Co, 1912). Mr. Dinsmore, who made his fortune with the railroads, took great pleasure in horticulture and floriculture, and his estate became well regarded for his gardens and livestock. Dinsmore began importing Jersey cows in 1860, and by 1875 had the largest and best herd in the country (Smith 1882).

Dinsmore also built a large reservoir on the estate, which pumped water from the Hudson River, and piped it to the houses, greenhouses and other parts of the farm (Smith 1882). Dinsmore employed more than forty workers on his farm, who were under the supervision of Mr. Timothy Herrick. The entirety of the estate was beautified and managed, either as gardens, meadow for grazing and hay, woodland, crops and vegetable gardens (Haight Co 1912).

Helen Dinsmore Huntington, granddaughter of William B. Dinsmore inherited the property which was called "Staatsburg on Hudson.” Huntington had the Italianate mansion demolished and replaced it with the current Neo-baroque home in 1941(Butler 2019) Figure 4: View along Penny Lane. Lithograph taken from Smith 1882.

CARTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

HVCRC examined historical maps of Dutchess County to identify possible structures, previous road alignments and other landscape features or alterations that could affect the likelihood that archeological and/or historic resources could be located within the Project APE. These maps are included in this report, with the boundaries of the Project Parcel superimposed. Nineteenth century maps frequently lack the accuracy of location and scale present in modern surveys. As a result of this common level of inaccuracy on the historic maps, the location of the Project Parcel is drafted relative to the roads, structures, and other features as they are drawn, and should be regarded as approximate. The historic maps included in this report depict the sequence of road construction and settlement/development in the vicinity of the Project Parcel.

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Figure 5: 1850 J.C. Sidney Atlas of Dutchess County, New York. (Source: Library of Congress) Scale: 1”-1675’.

The earliest map showing the Project APE was published by J.C. Sidney in 1850. The Atlas of Dutchess County shows that the Project APE is located to the east of the estate owned by W. C. Emmett and J. Dennis. The proposed Hudson River Railroad is shown to the west of the estate, along the eastern bank of the Hudson River. The route of the railroad would later shift to the east of the estate structures.

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Figure 6: 1858 J. E. Gillette. Map of Dutchess County, New York. (Source: Library of Congress) Scale: 1”=2340’.

By 1858, when J.E. Gillette published the Map of Dutchess County New York, lands containing the Project APE had been sold to W. B. Dinsmore by the previous owner, W. C. Emmett. The Hudson River Railroad is now shown to the east of the Dinsmore and Dennis Properties, but still located west of the Project APE. To the south of the Project APE is the estate owned by Mrs. Livingston.

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Figure 7: 1868 F.W. Beers. Map of the City of Hyde Park, N.Y. (Source: David Rumsey Cartography Associates) Scale: 1”=1950’.

The 1868 F.W. Beers Atlas of the County of Dutchess shows that W. B. Dinsmore has begun reconstructing the estate. The land surrounding the project APE shows a total of six structures now being under his ownership, including the one previously owned by J. P. Dennis. These structures are associated with Dinsmore’s transformation of the property into a working farm. The Project APE is crossed by the North Staatsburg Creek which crosses under the railroad.

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Figure 8: 1891 F.W. Beers. Atlas of the Hudson River Valley from New York City to Troy. (Source: David Rumsey Cartography Associates) Scale: 1”=1465’.

The 1891 F.W. Beers Atlas of the Hudson River Valley from New York City to Troy indicates that the Project APE is located to the east of the railroad and the circular drive that composes most of Dinsmore Estate. Known as “The Locusts” by 1891, the Dinsmore Estate is shown to be more developed, featuring a series of interior carriage paths, a greenhouse, laundry, engine house, dairy, lodge stable and boat house. The road northernmost of the APE is present day Strawberry Fields Lane, while Penny Lane cuts through the middle of the proposed project. A building in the northern portion of the estate is shown as being owned by Timothy Herrick, who was the estate supervisor.

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Figure 8: 1934 USGS Topographical Map Rhinebeck, NY 15 Minute Series. New York. (Source: USGS.gov) Scale: 1”=1465’.

The USGS Topographical maps do not depict the ownership of the land, but do identify the location of structures and roadways. The 1934 Topographical Map indicates that there are three structures located within close proximity to the Project APE. These structures are part of the Locusts estate, and represent farm buildings and worker housing. This map indicates that the topography within the Project APE is generally level and that the North Staatsburg Creek runs through the parcel, paralleling the railroad tracks.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 20

Figure 10: 1980 USGS Topographical Map Hyde Park 7.5 Minute Series. New York. (Source: USGS.gov) Scale: 1”=1485’.

The 1980 USGS Topographical Map indicates that there has been significant development in the Hyde Park area, as well as within the general vicinity of the Project APE. From west to east, the Project APE is located between the New York Central railroad and Old Post Road, respectively. The land is shown to be mostly cleared to the north, but predominantly wooded in the southern portion and along Penny Lane. The APE is generally level, but does gradually slope west into North Staatsburg Creek.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 21

Photo 11: The North Staatsburg Creek crosses the southwestern portion of the APE, before progressing under Penny Lane. View to the northwest.

Photo 12: View to the north of the pond located in the southern portion of the Project APE.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 22

Photo 13: The eastern bank of the pond has been reshaped. Soil piles are located to the southeast (in farground). View to the east.

Photo 14: The North Staatsburg Creek is located in the southwestern portion of the APE. View to the southeast.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 23

G. ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY FOR CULTURAL RESOURCES

An assessment of whether significant cultural resources are likely to be present within the Project APE must consider what is known of the prehistory of the area, including likely locations of archaeological sites and proximity to known sites. In addition, the history of the immediate area, including whether any historic structures or features are known to exist within the Project APE boundaries must be considered. Disturbance to the landscape and the soils on the property are also considered in this assessment.

PRECONTACT SENSITIVITY

Archaeological sites have been identified in the vicinity of the Project APE. In addition, Precontact period material dating to the Archaic and Woodland Periods has been identified at various locations within the neighboring Staatsburg State Historic Site. There are environmental factors present on the Project APE, which suggest that the undisturbed, level portions of the landscape have the potential to contain prehistoric cultural resources. The Project APE is located in close proximity to the Hudson River, the precontact sensitivity of the proposed project is considered to be moderate to high.

HISTORIC SENSITIVITY

Cartographic research confirmed that there are no historic structures located within the boundaries of the APE. Historic buildings are located adjacent to the APE boundaries, and within the general vicinity. Historically the property was utilized as farmland. This historic sensitivity for the Project APE is considered to be low.

H. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The proposed undertaking includes land recontouring and beautification along with drainage, stabilization, and erosion control. While some soil movement has taken place prior to the field investigations, the extent of the disturbance is not known.

To evaluate the nature and extent of the disturbance within the Project APE, a modified Phase 1B Archaeological Field Reconnaissance Survey is recommended. At a minimum this survey will include:

 Identification of the location and extent of any areas where disturbances have not precluded the possibility that intact archaeological resources might be present.  Pedestrian survey and artifact collection within the entire Area of Potential Effects (APE).  Shovel Testing, as determined to be appropriate by the archaeologist relative to the degree of disturbance and identified archaeological resources.  Sampling of the back dirt piles.  Mapping of disturbance, testing locations, and archaeological resources

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 24

II. PHASE 1B ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

I. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHODOLOGY

The results of the Phase 1A confirmed that the Project APE is located in an area of precontact period activity. In addition, the landscape closely conforms to an ecological model that indicates that the level, undisturbed portions of the Project APE are moderate to highly sensitive for precontact cultural materials. Phase 1B field investigations took place on March 22-23, 2021, under the supervision of Beth Selig, MA, RPA.

Areas selected for subsurface testing were identified during an intensive walkover inspection which evaluated the landscape to determine areas of prior disturbance, slopes in excess of 12% grade, saturated or wet soils and document evidence of former land usage. Shovel tests were excavated at intervals of 100’ (30 m) and 50’ (15m) along transects conforming to the land surface and the boundaries of the Project Parcel. Given the extent of disturbance within the APE the entire parcel was surveyed. The locations of the tests and disturbed areas were recorded on a large-scale map that shows surveyed borders and the locations of the various structures or features identified (Field Reconnaissance Map).

Shovel tests (STs) approximately 45 cm in diameter, were spaced 50 & 100 feet (15 & 30 m) apart and excavated at least 10 cm into sterile subsoil, unless impeded by rocks or other obstructions. This subsurface testing strategy was applied in areas of undisturbed soils that were well drained and did not contain surface water. All soils excavated from shovel tests were screened through 0.25-inch hardware cloth. Shovel test profiles were recorded on standard field forms which included stratigraphic depths, Munsell soil color, texture and inclusions, disturbances and artifacts (Appendix A). The presence of clearly modern materials, such as plastic fragments, modern bottle glass fragments, or twentieth-century architectural materials were noted on field forms, but HVCRC does not generally collect these materials for analysis or inclusion in the artifact assemblage. Precontact period or potentially significant historic-period artifacts recovered from shovel tests, were bagged, labeled with standard project provenience information. Following completion of the archaeological fieldwork, all recovered materials were washed, identified, inventoried and re-bagged in labeled clean 4-mil archival quality plastic bags. All artifacts recovered are identified and described based on material type and standard descriptive characteristics and included in an artifact inventory (Appendix B).

J. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS

Field investigations began with a comprehensive walkover and surface inspection of the parcel. The land surface has been previously disturbed and in a number of locations the soils were fully exposed on the ground surface. The surface reconnaissance identified areas within the parcel where the natural soils had been moved and truncated, and locations where the original stratigraphy remains intact. In addition, five large soil piles were located within the boundaries of the APE. Once the walkover was completed, a grid pattern was established at a 100’ (30 m) interval. This grid pattern was used to maintain spatial control across the parcel. The shovel tests were completed along the transects to confirm the extent of soil disturbance within the Parcel.

Transects (TR) began along the northern and southern sides of Penny Lane and progressed to the north and south, respectively. Transects on the southern side of Penny Lane, began along the western parcel boundary and progressed to the east. The shovel tests completed along TR 6 yielded precontact period cultural material in the form of debitage. Given the presence of precontact material in this location, subsequent TRs were spaced at 50’ (15 m) intervals. The shovel tests along these transects were also spaced at 50’ (15 m) intervals. The testing continued to the east, terminating at a stone wall that marks the eastern boundary of the parcel.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 25

On the northern side of Penny Lane, TRs began along the western boundary and progressed to the east. In the northern portion, two tests, ST 52 and ST 58 yielded debitage within disturbed soil context. ST 58 is located along a built up soil berm that surrounds a tree. The original ground surface can be easily identified at a depth of ±5’ (1.5 m) below the existing grade. The first shovel test (ST 67) along TR 14 yielded debitage, therefore the testing interval was reduced from 100’ to 50’.

Throughout the Project Parcel, the soils varied depending on the extent of the soil disturbance that has taken place within the proposed APE. In the vicinity of the ponds, the C horizon was noted on the ground surface. Consisting of a gray to green clay, mixed with a coarse loamy sand. When the landscaping work was halted in 2019, the property owner reseeded the exposed soils. In the areas that were re-seeded, a layer of organic silt loam was noted (Appendix A). Figure 11 shows the existing conditions of the parcel, prior to the landscaping activities of 2019.

In the locations were soil disturbance has not taken place, the soil profile consisted of a brown sandy clay loam overlying a yellowish brown sandy clay loam. Based on the soil profile in this location, a consistent plow zone was not identified, suggesting that this portion of the parcel was historically kept as lawn, or used as pasture.

Once the grid pattern had been completed, the large soil piles within the parcel were sampled to ascertain if they contained relocated cultural material. Twenty three shovel tests were completed within the five soil piles. These test showed that the soil within the piles has been extensively mixed. Four of these tests contained precontact cultural material. The soils within these piles cannot be traced back to their original location. The clay from the C horizon is intermixed with the A horizon (organic layer). A test in Soil Pile E contained pieces of asphalt. The results of the sampling indicates that prior to the landscaping activities, the Locusts Precontact Site extended beyond the current boundaries.

LOCUSTS PRECONTACT SITE

The results of the shovel testing indicate that the portions of the Project Parcel that have not experienced soil redistribution contain precontact cultural materials. To refine the boundaries of the Precontact site, and determine the extent of the locus, a pattern of radial confirmation tests were completed around the positive shovel tests. A total of thirty-six (36) confirmation tests were completed, delineating the boundaries of the Locusts Precontact Site. These additional tests indicate that the Locusts Precontact Site is bounded to the east by the stone wall, to the west and south by areas of prior disturbance, and to the north by the small knoll which features steep slopes.

Ninety four pieces of debitage and one scraper (tool) were recovered as part of the Phase 1B testing. The consistent distribution of cultural material, along with the cultural material recovered from the soil piles suggests that a larger Native American site existed within the parcel. Based on the amount of recovered debitage, this could have been a work station or a food processing camp.

K. SUMMARY

The surface reconnaissance identified areas within the parcel where the natural soils had been moved and truncated, and locations where the original stratigraphy remains intact. As there has been extensive recontouring of the land surface within the boundaries of the Proposed APE, the entire parcel was tested to determine the full extent of the changes to the landscape. In the eastern portion of the parcel, near the entrance to Penny Lane and the stonewall that bounds the parcel, a small intact precontact site was identified. The tests in this location identified a consistent scatter of lithic debitage and a single tool.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 26

A total of one hundred and thirty eight (138) shovel tests were completed as part of the Phase 1B survey. The shovel tests that yielded Precontact cultural material were concentrated in the eastern portion of the parcel. Twenty six (26) tests in this location yielded cultural material. This material was located in soils that had not been previously disturbed, and the locus retains its archaeological integrity.

In addition, the large soil piles were sampled. These piles indicate that a significant amount of earth movement has taken place, with the clay of the C soil horizon (glacial) present within the upper portions of the piles. A number of the shovel tests completed within the spoil piles yielded cultural material. As these soils have been removed from the original location and the cultural material is no longer in-situ, no further investigation of these soils is warranted. The same is true for the locations from which these soils have been removed. The area impacted by the soil movement is shown on Phase 1B Field Reconnaissance Map (Fig.12), and tests completed within these graded areas indicate that the natural soil stratigraphy is no longer intact.

L. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In March of 2021, Hudson Valley Cultural Resource Consultants completed a walkover reconnaissance and Phase 1B Archaeological Investigation of the Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project. A thorough review of the existing body of archaeological data relevant to the Project APE was undertaken, and conclusions drawn concerning the probability of encountering precontact and/or historic cultural sites within the Project APE.

A small Precontact site, the Locusts Precontact Site, was identified in the eastern portion of the Project Parcel. Testing in this location yielded ninety four Precontact period artifacts. A soil pile is located in the northwestern corner of the site, which will be carefully removed, and impacts to the original grade will be avoided. With the exception of the removal of the soil pile, the proposed Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project will not impact the location of the Locusts Precontact Site, as it is located outside the boundaries of the proposed landscapeing and recontouring work.

It is Hudson Valley Cultural Resource Consultants recommendation that an avoidance protocol that protects the Locusts Precontact Site be developed in consultation with OPRHP. This plan would require protecting this location from all at grade or below grade impacts. The Avoidance and Protective plan will include, at a minimum, the following efforts:

 The boundary of this location will be demarcated in the field, with either construction fencing or similar boundary (stakes with signage, etc.), so that no inadvertent disturbances occur within the boundary during landscaping and construction operations.  No activities of any kind will occur within site boundary,  The location of the site will remain undisturbed, and allowed to revegetate naturally. No plantings or other landscaping activities will take place within the boundary  To the extent feasible, that a protective buffer of 25’-50’ be established around the perimeter of the Locusts Precontact Site. The Avoidance and Protection plan containing these elements will result in a project that will not have an adverse impact to the identified archaeological resources.

If an Avoidance and Protective plan is not a viable option, a Phase 2 Archaeological Investigation of the Locusts Precontact Site is recommended to determine if the location meets the criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The Phase 2 Investigation methodology will be developed in consultation with OPRHP and other relevant consulting parties. Currently the property owner is planning to implement the avoidance and protection plan.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 27

Photo 15: The northern radial confirmation tests for ST 67 terminated in saturated soils. View to the north.

Photo 16: View to the south from ST 67 N6, across the Locusts Precontact Site.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 28

Photo 17: View to the west from ST. 46. The landscape has been extensively altered in this portion of the APE.

Photo 18: The level of soils surrounding the existing oak tree is an indication of the extent of soil movement. View to the northwest.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 29

Photo 19: The sides of soil pile B were sampled. View to the west.

Photo 20: View to the east Soil Pile D. Testing was completed on the top of the pile.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 30

Figure 11: 2017 Existing Conditions Map, showing the Project Parcel. (Source: ab.properties.) Scale: 1”=70’.

LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 31 9 8

44

50

56

2 43 10

49

84 83 1 55 7 A 82 61 88 38 81 71 87 85 B 66 42 86 19 48

54 74 60

37 70

65 41

47

53 73 59 69

36

64 89 40 C 90 46 91 TR 15

TR 8 4 52 72 58

TR 9 18 35 68 17 5 TR 1 63 TR 10 N8 39 N7 16 TR 2 TR 11 1 2 45 15 TR 12

TR 3 6 51 N3 TR 13 57 N2

TR 4 67 W2 E2 E4 11 TR 5 W5 TR 16 62 S2 TR 14 11 TR 6 16 3

20 N2 TR 17 N1 2 20 75 W2 24 TR 7 1

D 98 79 7 97 96 29 95 TR 7.5 94 93 92 N3 12 76

25

80 N1 17 30 33 21 E1

3 77 E1 34 26 S1 81 8 S1 31 6

13 78 W2 27 S4

S1 S2 82 18 32 22 12 4 99

9

13 100

28 14 E 14 23 19 101

5

103 102 10 15 HUDSON VALLEY LEGEND Sterile Shovel Test Location Cultural Resource Consultants, Ltd. ST

Figure 12: Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project ST Shovel Test Location: Not Excavated Phase 1B Field Reconnaissance Map Precontact Positive Shovel Test Scale 1" = 125' ST Project APE Boundary Precontact Site Boundary

Parcel Boundary

TR 12 TR

20

78

98

77

57

W2

Scale 1" = 40'

Figure 13: Locusts on Hudson Recontouring Project Recontouring Hudson on Locusts 13: Figure Cultural Resource Consultants, Ltd. Phase 1B Field Reconnaissance Map Reconnaissance Field 1B Phase

Locusts Precontact Site

HUDSON VALLEY 97

76 16 TR

S2

75

S1

27

96

99

26

3

95

TR 6 TR

W2

25

N2

N1 13 TR 94

24

82

S4

93

S1

81

62

92

N3 80

TR 17 TR

32

79

63

31

TR 7 TR 30

S1 34

W5

29 33 E1 7.5 TR

ST ST

ST

N1

E1

15 W2 Project APE Boundary Precontact Site Boundary

Parcel Boundary Precontact Positive Shovel Test Shovel Test Location: Not Excavated

Sterile Shovel Test Location

S2 LEGEND TR 14 TR N3

N8 N2 N7

67 16

E2 1

E4 68

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Butler, Shannon 2019 “The House of Many Faces - Locusts on Hudson”. Stories from Historic Hyde Park. https://hydeparkhistorian.tumblr.com/

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Flad, Harvey K., Clyde Griffen 2009 Main Street to Main Frames: Landscape and Social Change in Hyde Park. Ed. Thomas Wermuth. State University of New York Press, Albany

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LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 33

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LOCUSTS-ON-HUDSON, HYDE PARK, DUTCHESS COUNTY, NY 35 APPENDIX A: SHOVEL TEST RECORDS Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 1 1 Not Excavated: Slope >12%

2 1 0-5 0-12 10YR 4/2 Dark grayish brown silt loam NCM

2 5-8 12-20 5GY 4/1 Dark greenish gray clay NCM

3 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty clay loam NCM

2 7-13 18-32 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

4 1 0-9 0-23 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty clay loam NCM

2 9-14 23-35 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

5 Not Excavated: Standing Water

TR 2 6 1 0-3 0-8 10YR 4/2 Dark grayish brown silty loam Woodchips discarded

2 3-7 8-17 10YR 4/4 Dark yellowish brown silty clay NCM

10YR 3/2, Mixed very dark grayish brown and 3 7-12 17-30 10YR 4/6, yellowish brown silty clay loam with light Christmans lights discarded 10YR 6/2 brownish gray clay

4 12-16 30-40 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty clay NCM

7 Not Excavated: In Pond

8 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 6-16 16-40 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM 10YR 6/2, Mixed light brownish gray and dark 9 1 0-12 0-30 NCM 10YR 4/6 yellowish brown clay loam

Appendix A|1 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 10 1 0-3 0-8 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty clay loam NCM

2 3-12 8-30 10YR 5/2 Grayish brown clay loam NCM

TR 3 11 1 0-1 0-2 10YR 4/2 Compact dark grayish brown sandy loam NCM 10YR 4/6, Compact dark yellowish brown sandy loam 21-32-7 NCM 10YR 6/1 with gray clay 3 3-6 7-14 10YR 4/2 Compact dark grayish brown sandy loam NCM

4 6-12 14-30 10YR 4/6 Compact dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

12 Not Excavated: Disturbance, berm pile

13 Not Excavated: In Pond

14 Not Excavated: In Pond

15 Not Excavated: Disturbance, berm pile

TR 4 16 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown sandy loam NCM

2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

17 1 0-6 0-14 10YR 3/3 Dark brown sandy loam NCM

2 6-12 14-30 10YR 4/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

18 Not Excavated: Slope > 12% 10YR 3/3, Mixed dark brown and light brownish gray 19 1 0-34 NCM 10YR 6/2 clay loam

Appendix A|2 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 5 20 0-6 0-15 10YR 4/2 Dark grayish brown silt loam NCM 1 6-13 15-33 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty clay loam NCM 2 21 0-3 0-8 10YR 4/2 Compact dark grayish brown clay loam NCM 1 Compact dark yellowish brown silty clay 3-6 8-16 10YR 4/6 NCM 2 loam 6-10 16-26 10YR 5/6 Compact yellowish brown silty clay loam NCM 3 Very dark grayish brown sandy loam 10YR 3/2, 22 0-6 0-15 Mixed with dark yellowish brown sandy NCM 1 10YR 4/6 loam 10YR 4/2, Dark grayish brown clay loam Mixed with 6-16 15-40 NCM 2 10YR 4/6 dark yellowish brown clay loam 23 Not Excavated: Disturbance, berm pile

TR 6 24 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sandy 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 7-12 17-31 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

24 N1 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 7-13 19-32 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

24 N2 Not Excavated: In Driveway

24 W1 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty sand NCM

2 7-11 17-27 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brwon sandy loam NCM

24 W2 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty sand NCM

2 8-17 20-43 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brwon sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|3 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 6 25 1 0-6 0-14 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 6-12 14-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

26 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

3 12-17 30-43 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

27 1 0-4 0-11 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 4-11 11-28 10YR 4/5 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

27 W1 1 0-6 0-14 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 6-14 14-36 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

27 W2 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 6-13 16-33 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

27 S1 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand Coal discarded

2 6-10 16-26 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

3 10-14 26-36 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

27 S2 1 0-9 0-22 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand Coal discarded

2 9-14 22-35 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|4 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 28 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 6/2 Light brownish gray clay NCM

2 8-16 20-40 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty sand NCM

3 16-20 40-51 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

TR 7 29 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silt loam NCM 2 7-15 18-37 10YR 4/3 Brown silt loam 1 thermally altered flake, mica Stoneware bagged; window glass 30 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy loam and brick discarded 2 8-20 20-50 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown loamy sand NCM

31 1 15-20 37-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sand NCM 32 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silt loam NCM

2 7-15 18-37 10YR 4/3 Brown loam NCM 3 15-20 37-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sand NCM TR 7.5 33 1 0-9 0-24 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam 6 pieces of lithic debitage

2 9-16 24-40 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 16-22 40-55 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM 2 pieces of lithic debitage and 1 33 N1 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand piece of quartzite 2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|5 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 4 pieces of lithic debitage and 1 TR 7.5 33 E1 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand piece of white quartzite 2 7-12 18-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

34 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam 2 pieces of lithic debitage

2 8-14 20-35 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 14-20 35-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

34 E1 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 7-12 17-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

3 12-16 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

34 S1 1 0-8 0-21 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 8-14 21-35 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM 10YR 3/3, Mixed dark brown and light brownish gray TR 8 35 1 0-5 0-13 NCM 10YR 6/2 clay loam 2 5-14 13-35 10YR 2/1 Black silt and gravel NCM

3 14-16 35-40 10YR 4/3 Brown loam NCM

4 16-20 40-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

36 Not Excavated: Standing Water

37 1 0-10 0-26 10YR 3/2 Dark brownish gray silty loam NCM

2 10-17 26-43 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty clay NCM

Appendix A|6 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 10YR 5/4, Yellowish brown sandy loam with pockets 38 1 0-20 0-50 NCM 10YR 6/2 of light brownish gray clay TR 9 39 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty clay loam NCM

2 8-13 20-34 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

3 13-18 34-45 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty clay loam NCM

40 Not Excavated: Pond

41 Not Excavated: Standing Water

42 1 0-4 0-10 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty loam NCM

2 4-14 10-35 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

3 14-16 35-40 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty clay loam NCM

43 Not Excavated: Standing Water

44 Not Excavated: Disturbance, berm pile

TR 10 45 1 0-3 0-8 10YR 6/2 Light brownish gray clay NCM

2 3-10 8-25 10YR 3/2 Dark grayish brown silty loam NCM

3 10-15 25-37 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brwon sandy loam NCM 10YR 5/3, Brown sandy loam with pockets of light 46 1 0-20 0-50 NCM 10YR 6/2 brownish gray clay 47 Not Excavated: In Pond

Appendix A|7 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) Very dark grayish brown silty loam with TR 10 48 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 NCM gravel 2 8-15 20-39 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

49 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/4 Dark yellowish brown silty loam NCM

2 7-15 19-37 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

50 Not Excavated: Slope > 12%

TR 11 51 1 0-9 0-23 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silt loam NCM

2 9-12 23-30 10YR 4/3 Brown silt loam NCM

3 12-19 30-47 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sand NCM

10YR 5/4, Mixed yellowish brown, very dark grayish 52 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/2, brown, and dark yellowish brown compact Possible piece of lithic debitage 10YR 4/6 sand 10YR 5/6, Mixed yellowish brown and dark brown 2 7-12 18-30 10YR 3/3, NCM compact sand 10YR 5/8

53 Not Excavated: In Pond

54 1 0-2 0-6 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sand NCM

2 2-5 6-13 10YR 5/3 Brown clay loam NCM

3 5-13 13-32 10YR 4/3 Brown clay loam NCM

4 13-19 32-47 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown silty sand NCM

55 Not Excavated: Disturbance, stripped soils

Appendix A|8 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 56 1 0-4 0-9 10YR 2/2 Very dark brown loam NCM Dark grayish brown silty clay loam, 2 4-12 9-30 10YR 4/2 NCM termianted at roots TR 12 57 1 0-9 0-24 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam NCM

2 9-14 24-36 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown silty loam NCM

58 1 0-4 0-9 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam 1 piece of ceramic

2 4-9 9-24 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

59 1 0-10 0-25 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

60 1 0-12 0-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam 1 broken core fragment

61 1 0-20 0-50 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

TR 13 62 1 0-6 0-15 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

2 6-15 15-37 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown silty sand NCM

63 1 0-12 0-30 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam NCM

2 12-17 30-42 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

64 Not Excavated: Disturbance, berm pile

65 1 0-12 0-30 10YR 4/3 Brown silty clay loam Yellowware

2 12-16 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

66 Not Excavated: Slope >12% NCM

Appendix A|9 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 14 67 1 0-12 0-30 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam 7 pieces of lithic debitage

2 12-19 30-47 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM 4 pieces of lithic debitage; coal 67 N1 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam discarded 2 7-12 17-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 12-20 30-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM 10 pieces of lithic debitage; coal 67 N2 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam and metal discarded 2 7-13 18-32 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 13-19 32-48 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 N3 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 3 pieces of lithic debitage

2 7-12 19-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

67 N4 1 0-3 0-7 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 4 pieces of lithic debitage

2 3-12 7-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

67 N5 1 0-8 0-21 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 3 pieces of lithic debitage

2 8-14 21-35 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

67 N6 1 0-9 0-23 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 9-15 23-39 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|10 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 14 67 N7 1 0-9 0-22 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 9-14 22-36 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM Dark brown sandy clay loam, terminated at 67 N8 1 0-6 0-15 10YR 3/3 NCM roots and saturation 67 W1 1 0-6 0-15 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam 6 pieces of lithic debitage

2 6-12 15-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam Coal and charcoal discarded

3 12-18 30-45 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM 1 piece of lithic debitage; coal and 67 W2 1 0-6 0-15 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam charcal discarded 10YR 5/6, 2 6-14 15-35 Mixed yellowish brown sandy clay loam 10YR 5/4 3 pieces of lithic debitage and 1 67 W3 1 0-9 0-22 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam lithic scrapper 2 9-19 22-48 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 W4 1 0-9 0-22 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam NCM

2 9-16 22-40 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 W5 1 0-9 0-23 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam NCM

2 9-17 23-42 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 S1 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam 1 piece of lithic microdebitage

2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam Charcoal and brick discarded

3 12-16 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

Appendix A|11 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 14 67 S2 1 0-12 0-30 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam Charcoal discarded

2 12-20 30-50 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 E1 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam 7 pieces of lithic debitage

2 8-12 20-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam Amber bottle glass discarded

3 12-16 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 E2 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam 6 pieces of lithic debitage

2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 12-18 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 E3 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy clay loam NCM

2 6-12 16-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 12-20 30-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

67 E4 1 0-5 0-12 10YR 3/2 Very dark brownish gray sandy loam Metal discarded

2 5-9 12-22 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 9-14 22-35 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

68 1 0-15 0-37 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam NCM

2 15-21 37-53 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

Appendix A|12 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) Coal and clear bottle glass TR 14 69 1 0-10 0-26 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown loamy sand discarded 2 10-18 26-46 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown loamy sand NCM

70 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

2 7-15 17-37 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown dense clay NCM

71 1 0-5 0-12 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy clay loam NCM

2 5-11 12-27 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 11-18 27-45 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

TR 15 72 1 0-9 0-23 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam NCM

2 23-40 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM 9-16 Very dark grayish brown silty loam (very 73 1 0-8 0-21 10YR 3/2 NCM wet) 2 8-14 21-35 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy loam (very wet) NCM Very dark grayish brown silty loam (very 74 1 0-10 0-26 10YR 3/2 NCM wet) 2 10-15 26-39 10YR 5/4 Yellowish brown sandy loam (very wet) NCM

TR 16 75 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 7-14 19-35 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

76 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 7-12 17-31 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|13 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) TR 16 77 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam NCM

2 7-10 18-25 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

3 10-16 25-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

78 1 0-8 0-21 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam Coal and window glass discarded

2 8-16 21-40 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

TR 17 79 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown loam Modern screw discarded

2 8-15 20-38 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 15-22 38-55 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM Large piece of chert with inverse 80 1 0-6 0-15 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown loam bulb of percussion 2 6-12 15-30 10YR 4/3 Brown sandy clay loam NCM

3 12-18 30-45 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy clay loam NCM

80 N1 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 7-11 19-29 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

80 N2 1 0-6 0-16 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam NCM

2 6-11 16-29 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

80 N3 1 0-7 0-18 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty loam NCM

2 7-12 18-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

Appendix A|14 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 4 pieces of lithic debitage; bottle TR 17 81 1 0-9 0-24 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy loam glass discarded 2 9-16 24-40 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

81 S1 1 0-7 0-19 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 2 pieces of lithic debtiage

2 7-12 19-31 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

81 S2 1 0-7 0-17 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage

2 7-11 17-29 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

81 S3 1 0-5 0-13 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 5-11 13-27 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

81 S4 1 0-6 0-14 10YR 3/3 Dark brown silty sand NCM

2 6-12 14-30 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM

82 1 0-13 0-34 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown sandy loam NCM

2 13-20 34-50 10YR 5/6 Yellowish brown sand NCM 10YR 3/2, Mixed very dark grayish brown silty sand Pile A 81 1 0-20 0-50 NCM 10YR 6/2 and light brownish gray clay loam 10YR 3/2, Mixed very dark grayish brown silty sand 1 piece of lithic debitage and 1 82 1 0-20 0-50 10YR 6/2 and light brownish gray clay loam flake 10YR 3/4, Mixed dark yellowish brown silty sand and 83 1 0-21 0-53 NCM 10YR 6/2 light brownish gray clay loam Mixed dark yellowish brown silty sand and 10YR 3/4, 84 1 0-17 0-44 light brownish gray clay loam, terminated NCM 10YR 6/2 at packed clay

Appendix A|15 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 10YR 5/4, Mixed yellowish brown silty sand and light Pile B 85 1 0-20 0-50 NCM 10YR 6/2 brownish gray clay 10YR 5/4, Mixed yellowish brown silty sand and light 86 1 0-24 0-60 NCM 10YR 6/2 brownish gray clay 10YR 4/6, Mixed dark yellowish brown silty sand and 87 1 0-18 0-45 NCM 10YR 6/2 light brownsish gray clay 10YR 4/6, Mixed dark yellowish brown silty sand and 88 1 0-17 0-43 NCM 10YR 6/2 light brownsish gray clay Pile C 89 1 0-8 0-20 10YR 4/6 Dark yellowish brown sandy loam NCM 10YR 3/3, Mixed dark brown and yellowish brown 2 8-20 20-50 NCM 10YR 5/6 silty sand 10YR 4/6, Mixed dark yellowish brown, yellowish 90 1 0-21 0-53 10YR 5/6, NCM brown, dark brown, and gray silty sand 10YR 3/34/6, Mixed dark yellowish brown, yellowish 91 1 0-21 0-54 10YR 5/6, 4 pieces of lithic debitage brown, dark brown, and gray silty sand 10YR 3/3 Pile D 92 1 0-20 0-50 10YR 3/2 Very dark grayish brown silty clay 1 piece of lithic debitage

10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 93 1 0-21 0-54 10YR 5/3, 1 piece of lithic debitage with brown and light brownish gray clay 10YR 6/2 10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 94 1 0-20 0-52 10YR 5/3, NCM with brown and light brownish gray clay 10YR 6/2 10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 95 1 0-20 0-50 NCM 10YR 6/2 with light brownish gray clay loam 10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 96 1 0-21 0-54 Window glass discarded 10YR 6/2 with light brownish gray clay loam 10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 97 1 0-20 0-51 GLEY 2 10G NCM with greenish gray clay 5/1 10YR 3/2, Very dark grayish brown silty clay mixed 98 1 0-20 0-52 GLEY 2 10G NCM with greenish gray clay 5/1

Appendix A|16 Depth Depth Transect ST Level Munsell Soil Description Cultural Material (in) (cm) 10YR 5/4, Mixed yellowish brown sandy loam with Pile E 99 1 0-13 0-32 10YR 5/6, NCM grayish brown clay, termianted at rock 10YR 5/2 10YR 4/3, 10YR 6/2, Mixed brown silty clay with light brownish Blacktop, concrete, and plastic 100 1 0-20 0-52 GLEY 10G gray and greenish gray clay discarded 5/1 10YR 4/3, Mixed brown silty clay with light brownish 10YR 6/2, 101 1 0-18 0-46 gray and greenish gray clay, terminated at NCM GLEY 10G rock 5/1 10YR 4/3, Brown silty clay mixed with yellowish 102 1 0-19 0-49 10YR 5/6, NCM brown clay and light brownish gray clay 10YR 6/2 10YR 4/3, Brown silty clay mixed with yellowish 103 1 0-15 0-38 10YR 5/6, brown clay and light brownish gray clay, Terra cotta discarded 10YR 6/2 termiated at rock

Appendix A|17

APPENDIX B: ARTIFACT CATALOG

Depth TR ST Level (cm) Count Class Material Type Color Description

6 24 1 0-17 1 precontact chert debitage light gray secondary reduction flake

6 25 1 0-16 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

6 24 N1 1 0-19 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

6 26 1 0-11 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

729 1 0-15 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

729 1 0-15 1 precontact mica lithic dark blue

730 1 0-20 1 food service ceramic stoneware brown

7.5 33 1 0-24 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray primary reduction flake

7.5 33 1 0-24 3 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

7.5 33 1 0-24 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray tertiary reduction flake

7.5 33 1 0-24 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray micro-debitage flake

7.5 34 1 0-20 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray primary reduction flake

7.5 34 1 0-20 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray tertiary reduction flake

7.5 33 N1 1 0-16 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

7.5 33 N1 1 0-16 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray tertiary reduction flake brownish 7.5 33 N1 0-16 1 precontact quartzite debitage primary reduction flake 1 gray

7.5 33 S1 1 0-21 1 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

11 52 1 0-18 1 precontact chert debitage blue gray possible flake? blue 12 58 0-9 1 food service ceramic whiteware 1 transfer

12 59 1 0-30 1 precontact chert debitage blue gray broken core fragment?

Appendix B|1 Depth TR ST Level (cm) Count Class Material Type Color Description

13 65 1 0-30 1 food service ceramic yellowware plain

14 67 1 0-30 4 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 1 0-30 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 1 0-30 2 precontact chert debitage gray micro-debitage flake

14 67 N1 1 0-17 3 preontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 N1 1 0-17 3 preontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 N2 1 0-18 2 preontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 N2 1 0-18 7 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 N2 1 0-18 2 precontact chert debitage gray micro-debitage flake

14 67 N3 1 0-17 3 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 N4 1 0-17 3 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 N4 1 0-17 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 N5 1 0-21 1 precontact chert debitage gray primary reduction flake

14 67 N5 1 0-21 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 N6 1 0-23 1 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 N7 1 0-22 1 precontact chert debitage gray primary reduction flake limestone or white and 14 67 W1 0-15 1 precontact debitage primary reduction flake 1 quartzite? red

14 67 W1 1 0-15 2 precontact chert debitage blue gray primary reduction flake

14 67 W1 1 0-15 2 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 W1 1 0-15 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

Appendix B|2 Depth TR ST Level (cm) Count Class Material Type Color Description

14 67 W2 1 0-15 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 W3 1 0-22 1 precontact chert debitage gray primary reduction flake

14 67 W3 1 0-22 2 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 W3 1 0-22 1 precontact chert tool gray scraper

14 67 S1 1 0-16 1 precontact chert debitage gray micro-debitage flake

14 67 E1 1 0-16 3 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 E1 1 0-16 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

14 67 E1 1 0-16 2 precontact chert debitage dark gray tertiary reduction flake

14 67 E2 1 0-16 6 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

17 80 1 0-15 1 precontact chert debitage gray primary reduction flake

17 80 N1 1 0-19 1 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

17 81 1 0-24 2 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

17 81 1 0-24 1 precontact chert debitage brown secondary reduction flake

17 81 1 0-24 1 precontact chert debitage gray tertiary reduction flake

17 81 S1 1 0-19 2 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

17 81 S2 1 0-17 1 precontact chert debitage gray secondary reduction flake

Pile A 82 1 0-50 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake blue Pile A 82 0-50 1 food service ceramic whiteware 1 transerprint

Pile A 84 1 0-44 1 precontact chert debitage blue gray secondary reduction flake

Pile C 91 1 0-54 1 precontact chert debitage blue gray primary reduction flake

Appendix B|3 Depth TR ST Level (cm) Count Class Material Type Color Description

Pile C 91 1 0-54 2 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

Pile D 92 1 0-50 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray secondary reduction flake

Pile D 93 1 0-50 1 precontact chert debitage dark gray tertiary reduction flake

Appendix B|4