.YQk:3 NO.3 TAKING POWER IN SUNFLOWER COUNTY

ELIJAH TURNER RUNS FOR COUNCIL 'BUILD HOUSES NOT MUSEUMS,'

By Carolyn Craven is built on changing those priorities.

"Oakland is in an economic and polit­ o HOUSING -'" (; ical crises." It is plagued with discrim­ On housing Elijah says that riot onl u ination in employment and housing, poor does the city have to build more low U" education in ghetto school, rampant un­ cost housing, but that the housing must :.0 employment, and disappearing industry." . be scattered throughout the city.' 'Hous­ .J:J o This is the way Elijah Turner sees ing should be built for the poor above III Oakland today. He has decided to run for MacArthur Boulevard in the established o o the at-large seat of the Oakland City white m~ddle class community rather .c: n. Council in order to do something about than putting it all in West and East the problems which he sees. Oakland. The city of Oakland has violated Elijah Turner arrived in West Oakland almost all of the Federal guidelines in otis Brown, Jr. is the dynamic young chairman of the Sunflower County Improve­ eight years ago from his home in Louis­ its programs of urban renewal, rehab­ Association of Sunflower County, Mississippi, homeland 'of Senator Eastland iana. His occupations have ranged from ilitation, and relocation. People are being and Fannie Lou Hamer. Unlike some parts of Mississippi where the movement toll collector and insurance salesman to " moved out of their neighborhoods and fell off after the Summer Project of 1964 ended, Sunflower has a strong and his last job as a community organizer in middle income hOUSing is being built there active local movement. West Oakland for the Council of Social so they could not possibly afford to move The Movement interviewed Brown during his recent fund-raising visit to Planning of the War on Poverty. He has back. There has not even been a pre­ California. Contributions to the Sunflower County Improvement Association been a leader in Oakland CORE and in" tense of community participation in the may be sent to the Association at Box 298, Sunflower, Mississippi. the recent fights around BART and the planning of Demonstration City. Ad Hoc Committee for Quality Educa­ MOVEMENT: Why don't you begin with tain schools. These people would jump tion. EDUCATION a history of what has happened up in a school assembly and speak out Elijah believes that the politicalchange "The city has got to becolJ1e involved since 1964. at a time when they were trying to priorities in Oakland are set by the rich in the problem of lack of quality educa­ BROWN: The s1!mmer project in '64 straighten something out. He would say, at the expense of the poor. •'Oakland tion for Negroes and Mexican-Amer­ in Sunflower County really didn't have any "We are calling a boycott for the school has built an airport, a new stadium, and icans. They have got to put pressure on end, because you had volunteers flash­ on such and such a date and we are a new art center. Poor people can't the Board of Education to begin to deal ing in and out of here from '64 until asking everyone to cooperate." This afford to use any of those things. Any­ with the particular problems facing each July ~ August of '65. In '64, that's worked out pretty well, and the boy­ way, how can you build a museu:n for high school. I am not interested in talk­ when they really began to work. They cott had an effect, because on that day dead animals when living people can't ing about integration of the schools. When first came to Indianola which boosted up supervisors, the sup e r i n tenden t, the get decent housing?" Elijah's campaign the entire county. sheriff, the police, and everyone else, CON'T ON PAGE 10 A fire was set in the Freedom House were all ridingaround the Freedom School. .In '64. This slowed some things down We also decided to have classes in the for awhile. "public library in Indianola; therefore, , In '65 there were "around eight out­ also integrating it. side workers in the entire county. There We boycotted the whole area which was was a strong youth group of those towns about 1,000 kids. About sixty went over that were organized: Moorehead, Sun­ to the library. IN THIS ISSUE flower, and Indianola. They would go out Our strategy was like the Indians. Their and do voter registration; we would also whole force never do come out; they just have freedom classes then. send something like a band to test and see SNCC WORKER GETS CHAIN GANG In '65 several others and I called what the soldiers' strength is. This is the a plan to boycott the schools. The issues same kind of strategy we use. My plan were to get better facilities in the schools was not to use adults, but to use chil­ TUITION EOUALS SEGREGATION such as up-tO-date books, chemicals, dren who have more effect. For example, better teachers, and higher teacher sal­ if you send a line of 65 people out, only 800 BLACK STUDENTS SIT -IN aries. eight z.re 18 and up. Therefore only MOVEMENT: Was the boycott suc­ eight get arrested. The others they will cessful? arrest and then have to turn loose be- A PRIMER OF CALIFORNIA POLITICS When the boycott rallies were called, CON'T ON PAGE 8 we had different people represent cer- PAGE 2 THE MOVEMENT MARCH 1967

NAACP TOO SLOW FLOOD VICTIMS RACISM IN CONGRESS DEMAND CHANGE Mr. Roy Wilkins Dear Friends: NAACP The Adam Clayton Powell case reveals That charge has nothing to do with mis­ 20 West 40th St. This is Hurricane Betsy salvagedpaper again the racism of the UnitedStates Con­ used funds. It has to do with POWER. New York 10018 we are still able to use. The flood which gress. But racism is what we should ex­ the powers would like us to f0rget. pect from this instituton. Dear Sir: Please enter the enclosed subs, be­ It was racism which refused to un­ CONGRESS WORKS ON POWER ginning with the February issue. ('Ne are seat the illegally elected Mississippirep­ Congres~ works on power. You don't To achieve greater discussion and dia­ following Carmichael's careful studies and resentatives during the Congr~ssional get bills passed because they are good logue of the concepts of the Civil (Human) activities with admiration and interest Challenge in 1965. It is racism which pre­ bills. You get them passed because you Rights Movement, 1 take the liberty of and want our people to share the study; serves the great power and seniority held wheel and deal. You do favors for people replying by open letter to yours of Feb­ we all need it.) by the Dixiecrats, all of whom were elected and then they owe favors to you. The ruary 16, 1967. illegally. And we should not overlook the more power you have - like a Commit­ You state that since 1909, the NAACP fact that it was Northerners who led tee Chairmanship - the more favors was guided by the fundamental principle, BETSY VICTIb1~. the move to oust Powell. Racism is not just you can do and the more people will owe of the objective of getting for the Amer­ We are all victims of the 1965 'Betsy a Southern problem. to you. ican Negro the full participation, without Flood here. Poverty funds here were A lot of people must have been in debt discrimination, in every phase of Amer­ RACISM NO SURPRISE quickly snatched by an Uncle Tom group to Powell who didn't want to pay. And ican life. ("Ninth Ward Civic Improvement") which We should not be surprisedwhen Powell because Powell is black, and because While no one will deny the achieve­ stages fakeloo "Town hall" meetings is removed as Chairman of the Education black people don't have power in this ments of the NAACP in the last 58 where the poor protest to gov't author­ .and Labor Committee while MendelRivers country, they could dump him. They could years, the RATE of these achievements ities, who soothe them...period. Nothing from South Carolina continues as Chair­ even pass a bill - blatantly unconstitu­ seems to prove that it will take another more happens; this same group has gypped man of the Armed Services Committee tional - which denies the people of Har­ 58 years (and maybe yet another) to g-et the people for years on behalf of the city even though his habitual drunkenness se­ lem the right to re-elect their chosen to the objective of full and EQUAL par­ administration; the group is mainly verely hampers the functioning of his Representative. ticipation in all phases of American life. creoles (very light complected) but some Committee. And in the meantime? How many Negro are real brunette, but none are really for we should.not be surprised that Powell lives are to go on being corroded by the RIGHT TOJVOTE NOT YET WON the people. has been denied his seatinthe House at the indecency andindignity of being conSidered After the hurricane we formed our own same time Representative Coleman from Hundreds of black people in this coun­ and treated as a second class human??? organization "Betsy Flood Victims", to Mississippi has been appointed Chairman try have fought and died for the right to Uving as we do in an age of great demand $10,000 cash per home for drown­ of the powerful House Rules Committee. vote, the right to elect Adam Clayton speed in everything from getting rid of ings, anguish, loss of home, car, tQols, The House has aswred us that its white Powell. It is a right which has been a headache FAST FAST FAST to getting work- & school-hours; we ask a Con­ members will be investigated too. We can paid for many times over, but black to the moon in a hurry, how can anyone gressional hearing on the flood, with only interpret this as a token gesture and people still don't own it. The deed is ask the Negro peopie, and most especially victims testifying. We keep raising these expect nothing to come of it. Powell is not still in the hands of The Man. As long the YOUNG Negro people, to be satisfied questions as well as we can, learning on trial because he misused air travel as' Congress can expell Powell, black with the snail's pace of your organization? as we go. privileges or 'hired his wife. We do not people still aren't free. This, sir, is the real meaning of Black We have· written you before how Sen. condone such actions, but the fact remains Congress works on power. Until blacks Power. Not as you insist"Goingitalone", Long and Rep. Boggs (La-Demagogs) that white Representatives have done the and other minorities organize together not as "anti-white" not as "separatism", ignored our petition. Many Congressional same things and worse. Powell is on and form power bases of their own, they but a way, a method, to help the Amer­ progressives however have respondedwith trial because he is black. The charge is will never be free. This is the lesson of ican Negro to the full realisation of his information and copies of bills which conduct unbecoming to a good Negro. Adam Clayton Powell. .../' worth, his ability to be a full and EQUAL "our own" La. clique would not furnish. 'participant in the political, economic,ed- ucational and every other phase at American life. FLOOD CONTROLS WHAT'S NEW ABOUT THE CIA? As for your fear of violence, of anti­ We are interested in the multiple­ vigilantism -- Did the magnificant non­ disaster bill introduced by Sen. Bayh One central fact emerges from all the revelations about the CIA's subsidizing violence of the Sit-ins, the marches, the of Indiana, passed by the Senate before the NSA, the AFL-CIO, and other independent liberal institutions: When it comes to pray-ins, etc., stop the hidious violence Betsy but mangled by anti-popular forces Cold War politics, you cannot be both an honest, independent liberal and an anti­ of the marble-hearted, klan-minded bar­ there in 1966. Sen. Bayh has now rein­ communist. That is what all the outcry is really about, barians? Ne.ed 1 remind you of all people troduced it, conserving some of its good The San Francisco Chronicle complains that the CIA has "corrupted" the "innoncent" of Birmingham, Selma, Mississippi, of features, as S.348. It's a step in the right and harmed "the best interest of respectable institutions in American life:' Uberal Medgar Evers? These bigots have a path­ direction, with Fed-state grants for in­ Congressmen are "appalled" at the "unconscionable extension of power by an agency ological need to feel superior, the better dividual disaster victims, retroactive to of the government over institutions outside its jurisdiction:' The CIA has "inter­ to exploit for profit anyone with a 1%4, and requires 'states to bring flood ferred" in the operations of the AFL-CIO -- to the tune of $100,000,000, says Drew different color skin. controls up to standard (which Louisiana Pearson. Your almost vehement insistance that in spite of heated citizen protests, has Black Power has to mean"going it alone," , not done; it just keeps saying it's going WE WERE DOING THINGS WE WOULD HAVE DONE ANYWAY has to mean "anti-White", has to mean to). We'd apprecIate it if you'd get a copy However, the extent to which the CIA has actually forced liberals and liberal or­ , 'separatism" seems to show that your of this S.348 and make some editorial ganizations into acts against their will or intentions is not very significant, The essence real fear iii of the powerful determina­ comment. of the affair is that the CIA has, by and large, only been encouraging these "respectable tion of the Negro people, most especially MOVEMENT is far and away the BEST institutions" to continue their self-appointed functions. Its pattern has not been to the YOUNG Negro people, 'to put an end of its field, way ahead of the PATRIOT's create front organizations, or to subvert existing organizations, but simply to seek out NOW and for all time to the indigrrlty of middle-class view (though there's room existing organizations which are doing "good work" and to support that work. As one second clacss human status. for both, no doubt). Action news, educa­ former NSA official put it, "The real tragedy of the disclosure that NSA took CIA Therefore whatever financial support tional pieces on economics and peoples money is that we were doing things we would have done anyway if we had other sOJrces 1 am able to give will go to those in politics --allgood. Best wishes from here. of funds:' the Civil Rights Movement who are no The odd thing is that the CIA has not confined itself to overthrowing progressive longer content with a snail's pace of Walter and Elizabeth Rogers governments and installing reactionary ones, (As it has done in Iran, Guatamala, and getting to the goal. (Aides to Betsy Flood Victims) with AFL-CIO help -- British Guiana), It has entered the whole field of international New Oreleans, La. student, labor, and social-ec<)llomic affairs -- apparently on the side of " liberalism"• Sincerely, Perhaps the saddest revelation has been that an organization headed by the venerable Mrs. Zena Bruckman socialist, Norman Thomas, which operates in Latin America to encourage the.develop­ San Francisco, Calif. THE MOVEMENT ment of semi-socialist economics and liberal-democraticpolitics has received $1,000,000 is published monthly by from the CIA, Other strange CIA activities have inc:luded sponsoring, through the NSA, The Movement Press the education and travel of anti-imperialist students from Algeria, and anti-aparthid (to be sure, all-white) students from South Africa. Why? 449 14th Street HELP THE MOVEMENT San Francisco, California 94103 FOREIGN POLICY NEEDS LIBERAL CONTACTS The Movement needs volunteers­ 626-4577 Because, if you assume that reactionary governments will be ousted, it is in the best writers, reporters, people to distribute interests of American foreign policy to encourage anti-communist "liberal" elements the paper, people to help around the EDITORIAL GROUP to take over, elements which will be friendly to American business investment in the office. Our staff is too busy to handle Terence Cannon Joe Blum Ellie Isaksen William Mandel future. It is in the best interests of American foreign policy to keep the door open for many of the small details we'd like to Frank Cieciorka Fran Fertig American influence among some student and labor activists in the "underdeveloped" cover and sometimes we don't even get Bobbi Cieciorka Mike Folsom -sections of the world, to important stories because we are so Mike Sharon Ellen Estrin Organizations like the NSA and AFL-CIO have always boasted about their commit­ short on time. If you'd like to help make the Move­ Brooks Penney Dave Wellman ment to the essential aims of U.S. foreign policy -- that is to say, their commitment Hardy Frye. Carolyn Craven to the "fight against international communism". They have never been -- oreven ment a better paper, let us know what pretended to be -- independent from the aims of that government whic.h created the your skills are. We need people to cover stories, do interviews, be places LOS ANGELES STAFF CIA, They have simply used the guise of independence to operate efficiently in a world Karen Koonan 'where the majority of non-communist student and union leaders are profoundly (and where there's action. You don't have to know how to write. 399-8734 rightly) suspicious of the U,s, government, We need reports from parts of the Bob Niemann The only real independence of these organizations has been the independence of their country where we don't have contacts. P,O. Box 117 leaders from their memhers, The internationaloperations of the NSA and AFL-CIO have Write to us if something is happening 308 Westwood Plaza been carried on largely with the ignorance of the rank and file, and always without any in your area. Tell us if you can dis­ Los Angeles 24, California clear mandate from or responsibility to the rank and ~ile, tribute the paper. REAL INDEPENDENCE MEANS OPPOSING FOREIGN POLICY We need money too, and a tape re- , CHICAGO STAFF corder for doing interviews, and we Mike James The "independence" which comes from 'Jreaking ties to the CIA is no solution to the sure could use a dependable car.· 4533 N. Sheridan Rd. problems which these revelations have made evident. What is needed is to revise the So let us hear from you, even if Chicago, Ill. structure and purpose of such organizations as the NSA so that they are not simply you can't contribute; we like to know .independent of the federal government but actively opposed to it, so that they are not what people think about the paper. SUBSCRIPTIONS independent at all, but wholly dependent upon the interest and support of their members, -The Staff $2 per year, individual copies, so that they are dedicated to ending of the Cold War, not to the prosecution of that war, $7 per hundred per month, non­ What the students and working people of this nation need is not the end of CIA commercial bulk sub~criptions support for organizations, but the creation of organizations which the CIA dare not Subscribe to ttf! MOVEMENT Advertis ing: $4 per column incD support, e MARCUl967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 3 ...__.....--'------_._------Conflicting testimony for the state was given by the City Police and the U.S. Army. WORKER All six witnesses could not identify any of the demonstrators except Wilson, yet they were very "certain" that Wilson was the person who allegedly assaulted two of the S3 YEARS police officers (one of them Captain Mor­ ris G. Redding). Howard Moore, Attorney for Wilson, overheard one of the army officers say "'!hey. all look ali~"'~ and ON CHAIN GANG the only description that any of the wit­ nesses could give of the demonstrators THE STUDENTNON - VIOLENT CO­ to the hospital. At the city stockade, Wil­ picketing the induction center on Aug. 17th, 0RD
NAT
NGCOMMITTEE feels that na­ son, along with the other 9 male demon­ was that they' 'had beards, long hair, and tional attention should be focused on the strators, were segregated from other were colored." case of 19 year old SNCC worker Johnny prisoners for their political beliefs, and Captain Redding stated that the first Wilson who has recently been convicted sent to the hole (a box .4 x 4 x 7 feet) time he saw Wilson, Wilson was getting by an all-white jury of four Georgia State for talking, or saying "Black Power" ready to throw another officer against the charges and sentenced to 3 years on the to their fellow prisoners. While in the wall, yet he could not identify the officer, Georgia chain gang. This case stems hole, prisoners are given only bread and and no such officer ever gave any testi­ from demonstrations held on August 17, water, one blanket, and a tin can for mony. Redding alleged that Wilson hit him OUf People 1966, outside of the 12th Army Headquar­ waste disposal. Johnny Wilson sufferedtwo in the face and tried to choke him. On ters and Induction Center in Atlanta, in blackouts in the hole, and was given as­ the day of the picketing, Redding was which 12 SNCC workers were peacefully pirin as a remedy. dressed in plain clothes, had no identifi­ picketing to protest the induction of black Excessively high bond totaling 36,000 cation that would mark him as a police­ men into the U.S. Armed Forces and their dollars was set by the judge on the prison­ man, and was unknown to Wilson. Cap­ Need YOU! being sent to Vietnam. Following an in­ ers, and when enough money was finally tain Redding, who has arrested other cident between some of the demonstrators raised for their release on bond, Judge SNCC workers including SNCC O1airman To Stay At Home And Fight For and Atlanta police, Wilson and the other 11 Little had left town with orders notto free Stokely Carmichael, further prejudiced Bla~k demonstrators were a r res ted on city the prisoners. As a result of their treat­ the jury by referring t.o SNCC and using Your Self, Your Family, charges, convicted of various misdemean­ ment and segregated facilities in the the words "Black Power." Your Commun i ty And Your Black ors, and sentenced to terms at the Atlanta city stockade, the twelve prisoners filed The all-white jury took approximately Nation. Why Must We Go Abroad City Stockark ranging from 30 to 120 suit against the City of Atlanta and prison 2 hours to reach the verdict of guilty on To Kill Yellow Skin~d Men For days. officials. They were finally freed after all four counts, and Wilson was subse­ White Skined Men Who Force Us. Judge T.C. Little, who presided over serving 60 days in the stockade. quently sentenced to 3 years on the To live In Rat Infested Slums? the case, was prejudiced by the fact th~t Georgia chain gang. NO BLACKS ON JURY We Must Demonstrate Each Time. he had a son fighting in Vietnam, and On Feb. 1st and 2nd, 1967, Wilson stood FRAME-UP charged Johnny Wilson with "insurrec­ trial on 2 state charges of assault and We in SNCC feel that this case bla­ A Brother Is SOLD INTO SLAV­ tion" - a crime which carries the death battery and two state charges of "oppro­ tantly exemplifies the fact that the courts ERY (DRAFTED) And Keep Our penalty in Georgia and which subsequently bious" language. Out of a panel of 24 and governmental officials across the Youth At Home To Bui Id Q!:!r was declared unconstitutional in a case jurists, 5 black men were scratched by United States are engaged in a conscious Power. involving three other civil rivhts workers State Asst. Solicit0 r General Robert conspiracy to "frame-up" and deny jus­ - this charge was later dropped by the Sparks. Throughout the trial, Solicitor tice to all black men and black organiza­ State' of Georgia. Sparks prejudiced the jury through con­ tions who dare to stand up and fight for This is a leaflet distributed in During 2 weeks spent in the FultonCoun­ stant referrals to SNCC and the war in their human rights, and refuse to fight Atlanta d uri n g the anti-draft ty jail before being transferred to serve Vietnam, and stated ''If Johnny C. Wilson yellow men abroad while black men here demonstrations. his sentence at the Atlanta Stockade, Wil­ will not fight in Vietnam, why should he remain an oppressed and despised colony son became ill and suffered severalblack­ be allowed to fight in the streets of At­ within the United States. outs. Prison doctors refused to admit him lanta." RIGHT TO PICKET. DENIED by BILL DURANT

Sacramento, Calif. -- The Sacramento solid in their determination, and the and reflects back to the recipients of Chapter of Social Workers' Union, local arrests have only strenghened their will WELFARE RIGHTS SUPPORT welfare in the state of California. Our 535, voted to go on strike February 7, to bring the County Board to the nego­ Mrs. Stanley had come all the way concern is for a better and more ef­ 1967, in an attempt to get the Sacramento tiation table. from Los Angeles to join in the picket­ ficient system of welfare than exists to­ County Board of Supervisors to the nego­ On the afternoon of Feb. 7, private ing. Asked what she thought of the strike, day. It's prehistoric in many ways." tiating table. The strike vote was triggered citizens in support of the strike picketed she said, "Well, I participated in the The Board of SuperVisors has stopped by the refusalofthe Board to meet· withthe the 40me of County Supervisor Phelan strike in L.A. County, and I was ap­ all talks with the Union and has tried Union in its requestfor collective bargain­ and were forced to leave by the cops palled when I found you were denied to offer solutions that in fact are not ing. The Board adamently held the position after a short time. the right to picket and protest. It should solutions at all but only stalls. The that "There is no way within the present On Feb. 9, about 4:30, a group of pri­ be the right of any citizen of the United Social Workers have been forced -- be- framework of law and governmentwherein vate citizens picketed the County Ad­ States. And anything which has anything we can bargain collectively with the ministration Building. They were there: to do with the social workers refers CON IT ON PAGE 12 Union." This makes little sense when the for approximately 15 minutes when the Union has citedcurrent collective bargain­ paddy wagon and 20 cops arrived. They ing agreements between unions and public were issued injunctions that they were jurisdictions (i.e. Minnesota, Massachu­ not allowed to read and were asked to setts, Conneticut, New York City, Phila­ leave or be arrested. One of the pickets delphia and in California, Anaheim and refused to leave and was arrested for Pittsburg). The Sacramento Social carrying a sign which readSOCIAL WORK Workers have specified that salaries STUDENTS SUPPORT THE SOCIAL are not the issue. "We have asked only WORKERS' STRIKE. that we be heard before our employers. lf we cannot be heard in our offices, we must go into the streets." BLANK SIGNS On February 2, 1967, the Board of Feb. 10, a larger group of private Supervisors of Sacramento County, deter­ citizens picketed the County Administra­ mined to break the strike, issued a tem­ tion Building carrying blank sheets of porary restraining order primarily di­ white cardboard. They were all issued rected at members of the Social Wokers' injunctions and eight were arrested, in­ Union, local 535, also extended to "all cluding Jack Robinson, Southside Neigh­ persons in active concert' or participa­ borhood Council organizer. tion with them or in any concert among Private citizens organized picket lines themselves." This order enjoins against around the homes and businesses of the .all forms of picketing as well as against County Board of SuperVisors. Partici­ "participating in or indUcing others to pants in these lines included Marion participate in any demonstration or dem­ Woods and Tom Moore of the OEO in onstrations." Sacramento; Welfare Rights organizers, Matilda Tillman and Letha Winter; and Bud Aronsen, President, local 411, State FIRST ARRESTS Employees' Union. The Union membership went on strike On Feb. 27, three ministers were ar­ on February 7, 1967. Picket lines were rested for refusing to obey the injunc­ formed Tuesday morning at 7 a.m., manned tion. Hardy Frye asked Mrs. joy Stanley, by Social Workers and private citizens President of the Los Angeles County who couldn't be intimated by the city Welfare Rights Organization, who had bossescops. Two welfare buildings were been on the line, what she thought of shut down that morning. By 9 a.m. that the restraining order. Mrs. Stanley re­ same morning the cops had arrested plied. "Well, I think it says, just like the Union's executive board and before it always said, that welfare recipients the day was through, 51 strikers were don't have any rights. This is what it's jailedI Despite the intimidations of the all about." courts and the police, .the strikers are Sacramento social worker being arrested for refusal to comply with no-piCketing injunction. PAGE 4 THE MOVEMENT MARCH 1967 HIGHER EDUCATIO • NOTHING BUT POLITICS Governor Reagan is concerned that the When other people try "to gain power­ University and the State College systems like the farm workers for instance-the are costing the tax payers too much money Regents, through their position, can" in­ - $38 million to be exact. He wants to tervene in behalf of growers, some of charge tuition to change that situation~ whom lease land from Regents. Here are two examples from the board For example, during the present grape of Regents which suggest just why the strike in Delano, Regent Allan Grant was University costs so much. instrumental in arranging to have the University Extension Service help such REGENT CHANDLER struck growers as Zaninovich to produce Dorothy Chandler is the Vice-president grapes more profitably. Grant is closely and Director of the Times Mirror Com­ connected to the ExtensionService not only pany which publishes the L.A. Times and as a Regent but "also as Chairman of the a whole bunch of other papers. Now this California Farm Bureau, a grower oper­ Times Mirror Company owns a reported ation. 40J6 of the Tejon Ranch Company. The California tax payer is presently spend­ MORE POLITICS NOT LESS ing $2.4 billion on the Feather River,Pro­ ject which will benefit some 36,000 acres Some students who were protesting of this company's land in Kern County. Reagan's proposed tuition thought that The company will make $2,600,000 profit keeping politics out of higher education when the project is completed. This gift would do the trick. They failed to see that to a few wealthy people including Mrs. the governing body of the University, the Chandler would pay a year's tuition for Regents, are very political indeed. They 54,000 students at $250 a head. are maintaining their power to continue to get what they want - more money and 9,000 STUDENTS AND FACULTY supported by the UFWA at the REGENT MOSHER more power to maintaincontrolover those anti-tuition demonstration in Sacramento on Feb. 11. An even more interesting example il? who work in their factories and on their Samuel Mosher, Chairman of the Signal farms to make their profits for them. Oil Company. We quote from the public 'People must challenge such control record of the University: •'It is_now and such power. In the University and recommended that an oil and gas lease State College System students are now TUITION - SEGREGATION be executed with Signal Oil Company, pro­ looking for ways of making that chal­ -- viding for a term of five years at $7.50 lenge." Most of them know that they can't doesn't he just increase the income tax per acre per year thereafter, and one­ do it through the Democratic Party even for the rich to meet the needs of the San Jose, California. "Tuition willforce sixth royalty:' In othe:r though the Demos oppose Reagan, be­ Negro and other poor students into the university? Why set up a whole new words this lease allows Signal Oil Com­ cause the corporations also support both bureaucracy to administer scholarships junior colleges," said Marvin Lee, Pro­ pany to drill for oil and gas on University parties. Students and faculty, like black fessor of Economics at San Jose State to the poor?" property and only have to pay to the Uni­ people, farm workers, people on welfare, Lee also pointed out that there is College and authority on the economics versity $7.50 per acre per year and only and other workers don't have the money to " actually no crisis in higher, education in of education. "The effect of that will be one-sixth of the money they make from compete with the millions of dollars of this state that comes close to what other to increase segregation in the junior that drilling. the corporations. But they have votes. states are facing today. For example, New colleges, because you have to go to the Why only one-sixth royalty for the Uni­ Votes in an organized bloc form ano­ York" State is attempting to copy Cal­ junior college in your district." versity? When the University of Oklahoma ther kind of power.We propose 'that stu­ "Asa matter of fact," Lee continued, ifornia's University System, but it will found oil on its land, the money went to dents get together and organize a drive "Max Rafferty has done a study of segre­ take until 1975 for New York to reach the University. Why should!?-'t the people to change the State Constitution to read gation in the junior colleges, but he re­ the level of California for the City of of this state be relieved of some tax bur­ that tuition can never be charged and fuses to release the results." The study New York alonel _ den when public land becomes profitable? that the Regents should be made up of was done in October of 1966 and people The main concern in California is how students and faculty and other people who have seen the data say that it shows to provide for all the new students that WHAT POLITICS IS who now have no power in this state. conclusively that segregation exists in will be trying to enter school in the To some the two examples above have These other people, the blacks, the the junior college system. next few years. These students are the little to do with "politics." That is be­ farm workers, the welfare recipients, results of the post-war baby boom that cause most people associate politics with the workers in factories all want their began in •46. the two parties: Democrats and Repub­ children to be educated, to be able to go NO RELIEF FOR TAX PAYERS It is interesting that the President's licans. But politics is more than just to college so they can live a better life. Lee also pointed out that the increase Commission on the Draft has just rec:'" parties; it is the gaining and the main­ lf there is tuition then the sons and in enrollments at junior colleges will ommended that younger people be drafted taining of power to get what you want. daughters of the poore"c people of the require more tax money from local prop­ - from 19 years up rather than from 26 Big industralists like Mosher and Pauley state won't have a chance to go to college. erty owners who support these institu­ years down. Is this Democrat and Repub­ and the rest pay large amounts of money Poor people will want to vote on a referen­ tions. lican answer to the problem of educating into campaign funds to attain positions dum that will help their children.Together The move on the part of conservatives the quickly expanding youth population -­ through which they can enrich themselves these groups of people can form a power­ to charge tuition is typical of their re­ regimentation and extermination in their and their companies, most often at the ful new force in California that can chal­ action to a budget problem. First they'll inhuman wars? .. expense of the general public. lenge the power of the corporations. increase taxes and fees for higher educa­ .. l.ion, then they'll limit enrollment, and then they'll make the c-olleges inaccessable to the poor. • 'Tllk~ Foothill College in San Mateo County," Lee said, "the cam­ pus is way up in the hills. There is no way for Negroes from East Palo Alto to get there without a car, and there is no public transportation to the campus:' CANNON FODDER Look at it this way: many students who are poor are staying in college to aYOid the draft, so you force them out of the universities into the junior colleges which they can't get to because they can't afford a car. Now they are verydraftable. ''If Reagan is really concerned with tuition as a device to lower the student" population at the state run universities by making it equally desirable for wealthy 3tudents to go to private university, why STUDENT POWER

A meeting will be held at UCLA on Sat ­ urday and Sunday, March 18 and 19, to dis­ cuss organizing a California Federation :>f Students. The Federation would create a student power block to fight against tui­ tion and for studentrights. Organizationin different areas of California will be co­ ordinated by UCLA, San Francisco State, ,an Diego State and Santa Barbara. .."

, MARCH 1967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 5 'VOICEPRINT' YOUTH 1 TO 10 'YEARS LOS fu'ilGELES -- Edward Lee King, was no error made that was prejudicial The Watts youth tried in December for to King. When Thomas said that the 800 BLACK arson and burglary in a case involving voiceprint evidence was unconvincing, "voiceprint" evidence was sentenced to Roberts replied that there was enough 1 to 10 years fn the state prison. Judge evidence without the voiceprints to con­ Raymond Roberts passed sentence on vict King. He did not claim'that the STUDENTS SIT-IN King January 17. voiceprints were legitimate evidence. Kenneth R. Thomas, King's lawyer, The jury had made it clear that it Orangeburg, S. C. On Feb. 23 the. Student Action Committee (SAC) of asked for a retrial and was refused. He rejected the voiceprints when making Four, that compulsory attendance for South Carolina State College' called a will appeal the case to a higher court. its judgement. This has been overlooked freshman and sophmores at assemblies, demonstration protesting the administra­ "I think our chances of winning the . in every report on the trial. All mass vespers, and lecture series be abolished. tion's failure to rehire two white pro­ appeal are excellent," Thomas told THE media reporting has claimed that King Five, that dress rules for Sunday dinner fessors and demanding certain changes in MOVEMENT. He is appealing on the was convi.cted on the basis of the be abolished and that smoking be allowed the college rules. grounds that the "voiceprint evidence" "scientific" voiceprint evidence. For a in the dining hall. State College isa Negro school, and was misleading and that the other evidence full account of the voiceprint tr.ial, see Six, that all rules denying students free in this case the two white professors in was insufficient. "VOICEPRINT REJECTED IN WATTS speech, religion, assembly, and press be question were more liberal than their Judge Roberts turned down the appeal ARSON CASE" in THE MOVEMENT,Jan­ abolished. black counterparts. In the South this for a retrial on the gounds that there uary 1967. ... means that the whites will invite students THROWN OUT OF CHURCH over to their houses, will support civil On Sunday SAC called a meeting spon­ rights activity, and will allow students to sored by the NAACP at a church across SIT-IN AGAINST NAPALM SNCCWORKER use their cars for such activity. the street from the school. Meanwhile, Los Angeles, California-On Feb. 27, the University secretly negotiated a peace TROOPS SENT with the Student Government in which it 15 students sat-in at a student place­ ARRESTED, BEATEN On the 24th,three student leaders were was agreed that students wouldn't boycott ment office on the UCLA campus pro­ arrested for participat,ing in the demon­ as planned. When presented with the pact, testing the presence of a DOW Chemi­ Orangeburg: S. C. During the sit-in stration of 500 students on President SAC refused to call off the boycott plan­ cal recruiting officer. DOW is a major and demonstration at South Caro­ B. J. Turner's lawn. White city police­ producer of napalm used against the ned for Monday and Tuesday. The NAACP lina State College a SNCC worker men, state troopers, and special units then kicked SAC out of the church, be­ Vietnamese people by the United of the governor's FLED troop were called States Armed Forces. was arrested for allegedly tres­ cause of their attitude toward the ad­ in to disperse the crowd. The ~students met with two repre­ passing on state property while Students boycotted classes on the 24th ministration. sentatives of the UCLA administration walking through the campus. He The students, 800 strong, moved across also, and continued to demonstrate. The who tried to talk them out of a demon­ was taken to jail, beaten, and to the campus and were confronted with three arrested students, Ben Bryant, Joe stration. The next day 60 students thrown in the hole. He was. then college and state police and said if any Hammond, and James Stroman, were picketed the center and a referendum released on $100 bond. one of their number were arrested they is being prepared by the students which called before the disciplinary committee would all be arrested. They moved onto would ban DOW Chemical from the Friday morning while 800 students pro­ the campus and again took over the campus... tested outside the meeting. There are student union. 1300 students enrolled at the college. The three demanded to be allowed to ATTEMPTED A·RRESTS crossexamine their accusors. They were Police attempted to arrest Bryant, Ham­ finally dismissed and rejoined 'the de­ mond, and Stroman, but students locked RECIPIENTS MOVE monstrators who began to picket the arms in a circle around them and pre­ campJs at large. vented the police from getting to them. Rebuffed, the cops split. SUSPENSION NOTICES The boycott continuedMonday andTues­ FOR POWER . That afternoon the three students re­ day with over 900 of the 1300 students ceived suspension notices which ordered participating. The Dean called a College by JIM BUCKLEY them leave the campus by midnight and Meeting for 9 am on Monday to undercut money, such as by delivering papers or barred them from the campus until 1970. taking in laundry, it is deducted from a SAC rally called for 10 am. The plan Columbus, Ohio --A new Welfare Rights They were informed that they would be the welfare check. One thing is for sure-­ worked but the boycott continued through Organization (WRO) has developed in arrested if they retur-ned to the campus poverty breeds poverty, and here in Co­ Tuesday when SAC called it off after the Columbus, Ohio, grOWing out of a Walk before that time. Between 800 and 1000 lumbus there is an especially fertile president agreed to meet with the cited for Decent Welfare from Cleveland to students sat-in at the Student Union that climate. students on Thursday, March 2nd. Columbus last June. It was evident from night. INTIMIDATION FAILS TELEGRAMS the more than 2,000 people who showedup STUDENT DEMANDS to support the rally at the end of the Last October before the elections WRO SAC has requested that telegrams in These are the student's demands: Walk that welfare was an issue around organized a vigil. for adequate welfare at support of their demands be sent to First, that the administration present which people would readily organize. the State House much to the consterna­ President B. J. Turner, South Carolina valid reasons for not renewing the con­ Created arid controlled by welfare re­ tion of certain powerful interests in State College, Orangeburg, S. C. The tracts of the two professors. cipients, WRO has the following objec­ Columbus. They said the "timing was three cited students have agreed to refuse Second, that the administration take tives: to secure basic rights for re­ wrong" and a threat was made to some of any reinstatement unless the President steps to hire competent faculty. cipients under the present system of the WRO organizers that if they went agrees to SAC's demands. SAC also re­ Three, that all rules involving-student/ welfare, to raise welfare payments up aheiH:l with the vigil they would be smeared quests that duplicates of telegrams be faculty relations be abolished, such as to at least the minimum standards for so badly in the Dispatch that' 'they would sent to them c/o James Huggins, Rt. "a student whose progress, conduct, or health and decency set by the state, and never recover." -Evidently it was a bluff 5, Box 539, Orangeburg, S. C. attitude is out of harmony with the insti­ to make basic changes in the structure because the vigil was not called off and So far Western Union has not delivered tution or whose influence is found to be of the welfare system so that welfare there was no smear, but the incident the duplicates to SAC. However, College detrimental to its welfare may be dropped recipients participate to a greater extent indicates the atmosphere of intimidation officials have been seen carrying large at any time without any obligation on the in the decision-making process. which exists in Columbus as an obstacle piles of telegrams from the Western part of the officers of the college to Welfare in Ohio is a disgrace. The to democracy. Union office, and it is reported that 500 state specific reasons for requesting most slanderous and derogatory myths' WRO, which is affiliated with the Ohio telegrams have been thus far received. withdrawal." about -welfare are circulated freely in the Steering Committee for Adquate Welfare, ... local press, and the state legislators either also participated in a state-wide rally believe these myths or use them as an and visit to.the state legislature here last excuse to cut the budget at the expense January. The rally attracted· about 550 of the 37,000 families on public assist­ recipients from all over the state, and ance in Ohio. received nation-wide TV coverage on the Although Ohio ranks as one of the Huntley-Brinkley news program. nation's wealthiest states according to SOME SUCCESS the Cleveland Council of Churches (5th WRO is still a young organization. in personal income, 4th wealthiest in It is probably the strongest grass-roots assessed value of property and 3rd in organization in the city, and it appears manufacturing) it is 46th in state tax to have great potential, both in its own collections per capita and 30th in pay­ right and because it is encouraging other ments to needy families with children. organisations to spring up around other Contrary to myth, a Cuyahoga County issues. It has already had some success Welfare Department study shows that in straightening out individualgrievences, about 60Y0 of the people on welfare in raising the annual clothing allowance by Ohio are children, another 15% are elderly, $~ per child, and by just plain organiza­ 9% are disabled and 14% are single par­ tion and publicity. ents who must care for children. This Nevertheless, serious problems con­ leaves about 3% who are employable men front WRO. Many of the people who attend with low skills and education. WRO meetings have never assumed lead­ 3/4 EXISTENCE ership roles before or have even been Families living on ADC (Aid to De- asked what they think about certain issues pendent Children) receive only 73 cents which affect them. Furthermore, many of a day per person, excluding shelter. these people have been approached time and time again by surveyo:..-s, case A mother with three children can re­ The Teatro Campesino of Delano has bought this bus so that it can go on tour, carrying tne ceive a maximum of only 76% of what workers, settlements and the various the state considers to be a minimum agencies of the War on Poverty, all mak­ message of the Huelga, without haVing to worry about mid-journey breakdowns. Contributions amount for health and decency, according ing promises but no changes. are needed to help keep up payments on the bus and also to continue and enlarge the cultural to the Ohio Steering Committee for Ade­ It will take time for the idea to get program whiCh the Teatro has set up for UFWOC members. This program inCludes classes in quate Welfare. Children often don't go across that WRO is an organization of EngliSh, music Classes, films and Children's art classes. Any donation you can make, either to school because they are sick or the people like themselves who have found of money or art materials will be a great help to this v~ry important part of the strike. that by banding together democratically, other kids make fun of their clothes, Teatro Campesino families don't have enough to eat or they are able to make changes where all adequate medical attention, and to top the authoritarian and paternalistic Box 130 it off, if anyone in the family earns any agencies and individuals have failed... Delano, Ca. 93215 THE MOVEMENT CORPORAliONS" ON lH"E DOLE A PRIMER OF CALIFORNIA POLITICS

A recent editorial in the San Francisco Chronicle "discussing" Reagan's tuition proposal is typical of the toinking that is going around California these days concerning the budget problems of the state. The Chronicle argued that since the "incidental fees" at the University have been raised many times and no one has raised a fuss, the obvious solution is to label the increased costs "'incidental fees" instead of "tuition." Thereby'solving the state's financial problems. If the Chronicle is to be taken seriously, the whole answer apparently lies in semantics, and' perhaps Dr. Hayakawa should be appointed State Finan­ cial Director. The new governor of California claims that the, state is currently spending $1 million a day more than it is taking in and "that by the beginning of the next fiscal year (July I, 1967) we will have depleted our treasury by $365,293,000." Indeed Reagan has gone so far as to claim that under the Brown administration the state has been "looted and drained of its financial resources in a manner unique in our history." Perhaps the problem is a little more serious than the Chronicle realizes. The problem seems to be that the Brown administration attempted to be all things to all men. While protecting and catering to the interests of the rich, Brown tossed increasingly large crumbs to the poor in order to maintain his popularity. Thus, while the state population increased by only about 3% per year, and the cost of living by 2%, Brown increased the expenditures of general funds-for health, education and welfare-by about 15%. But the brunt of the financing of the state has been born by the poor and middle-income residents through payment of sales and property taxes while the wealthy have gotten almost a free ride: personal income tax stops graduating at $15,000 (that is, if you make $15,000 a year or $100,000 a year, the tax is still the same), the state loses about $800,000 million per year because of underas­ sessment of highly speculative holdings such as slums and vacant lots, (most­ ly owned by rich people), and corporate income tax ,has remained at 5Y2% while corporate profits 'have gone up 23% since 1960.

payed off the Tax Assessor. additional value which will be added when PROPERTY TAXES Actually the city didn't lose the money. LAND SPECULATION the proposed fre~way through this area-­ Funds to run the city had to come from built with state and federal taxpayer's Over 5010 of all income for the state somewhere, so they came out of the It has been estimated that the state money--is completed. Nor to the value comes from property taxes. Over 40% pockets of the small home owner. loses $800 million per year due to under­ which future urbanization, following the of this amount comes from owners of Here is how large corporations and big assessment of highly speculative lands freeway, will acd. one family homes. Property taxes are businessmen get on the tax dole. 'such as slums, vacant lots, and desert This is pure speculative profit for county taxes, but any loss of money lands. Speculative lands are those prop- Standard Oil. It is like taking taxpayer>.s due to assessing some property lower I erties which will gain great value -- not money and giving it to Standard Oil for than other property -- legally or ille­ TAX DOLE FOR RICH because they themselves are improved no reason. If this same amount of.money gally -- affects all the people of the The county budget depends on property with remodeled housing, new housing, were used to pay tuition for students at state. taxes and some state and federal aid to or irrigation water -- but because the the rate of $250 each, it would pay for The state constitution says that all provide services to its residents. Each land surrounding these properties is im­ 135,200 students, or over half again as property is supposed to be assessed at year the State Legislature decides how proved by redevelopment or by the state's many students as are enrolled at the 100% of its fair market value (what much' money it is going to give each building a waterway or freeway near by. University of California on all its cam­ you could sell it for). The state legis­ county. The county, after figuring in fed­ People can afford to not improve specu­ puses. lature .in 1964 set the assessment rate eral aid, decides how much it must raise lative lands because the taxes on them at 25% of market value. There has been that year from property taxes. are much lower than for other kinds of much argument over the legality of the The sum the county then needs is divided property such as homes or farms. Dr. legislature's decision, but the important by the total assessed value of the county's Irene Hickman, county assessor of Sacra­ thing is not at what per cent of market taxable property. So if some big corpo­ mento County, says that when she took value you apply the tax but that every­ rations andbusinessmen are assessed less office she found vacant lots that had been one should be assessed at the same per than 25% of the market value for their assessed at rates sometimes as low as cent of market value whether 100% or property, then small home owners and one percent of their actual value. This 25%. middle income businessmen have to pay means that these lots in the middle' of more taxes. the city were assessed at $20 and $30 For example, the county sets a tax rate per acre while the county government was TAX ASSESSOR SCANDALS or ratio for every $100 your property is paying $100 per acre for land at the An example of certain people getting worth after assessment. In San Francisco bottom of the Sacramento River. / assessed at a different percentage of the rate is $10.61 per $100 while' in The whole point is that speculators make market value is the recent assessor Los Angeles County it is $8.54. a lot of money every time somebody else scandal. It is estimated by the new Now, suppose you own a home you could makes improvements on his property or assessor of San Francisco that this city sell for $10,000. The assessor takes 25% the state builds freeways or waterways. has lost over $50 million because busi­ of $10,000 or $2500 and places a tax on They do nothing for their great profit nessmen., corporations, were assessed at that amOUnt. In L.A. County it would be and in effect are charging the taxpayers 12 1/2% or less of market value if they $213.50. of the state for the privilege of allowing If you were a big corporation that had them to make that profit. Here is an property worth $10,000,and went to the example of how speculation works: assessor and payed him off, then you would be assessed at only 12 1/2% of $10,000 or $1250. In L.A. County the tax on that STANDARD OIL-GIANT SPECULATOR amount would be $106.75 or half of what According to an official statement by the small home owner payed. Standard Oil of California, the company The small home owner has not only expects 62,000 acres oflandinthe southern paid more taxes than the- big .corpora­ part of the Central Valley which it owns tion for property of the same value, he to benefit directly from the state water has also paid a higher rate per $100 of plan when it is completed. assessed value. Because when the county Land value in this area is approxi­ figures out what the rate per $100 is mately $100 per acre if the land is c unimproved, $300 per acre if improved ec to be, it adds up the assessed value for ..c: all property in the county. The sum of with water from wells, and $900 per acre

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vision that says, "The holding of large The Democrats like to speak to the in­ WHO BUYS BONDS tracts of land, uncultivated and unim­ SALES, CIGARETTE terests of the smallhomeowner and middle The state sells bOli.ds to finance free­ proved, by individuals or corporations, income tax payer too. At the same time ways and irrigation projects such as the is against the public interest." However, they try, in their liberal fashion, to $2.4 billion Feather River Water Project. the Legislature has never seen fit to AND LIQUOR TAXES gain the favor and the votes of the poor, These bonds are usually bought by large make laws that would carry out the pro­ Both the Republicans andthe Democrats the students, the farm workers and the corporations such as Standard Oil. In­ visions of this section (passed in 1879) always come up with a proposal to in­ blacks. But it is also their liberal terest on such long term- bonds adds of the Constitution. crease sales, cigarette and liquor taxes fashion to fire Wedemeyer from the State up to more than the amount of the ori­ when more State income. is needed. They Welfare Department when he began to ginal bond and this interest is tax-free. give aid to welfare rights groups, to call IT'S NOT MAGIC argue that these are taxes which every­ Thus large corporations not only makefan­ body pays and that therefore everyonewill in the Highway Patrol and the Sheriff's tastic speculative profits from the value In order for corporations like Standard be paying •'his fair share" of increased Department when students in Berkeleysat­ added to the lands they oWn, they also Oil, the Tejon Ranch Company, and others taxes. in for Free Speech, to appoint Einar Mohn make fantastic profits from financing the to speculate, their buyers must have These taxes are, however, the most un­ of the Teamsters to the University Regents freeways and water projects which cause inside information about where the state fair that can be put on peo·ple. Economists when the Teamsters are trying to break their lands to increase in value. All this will put a new freeway or waterway, or call these 'taxes "regressive" because the Delano strike, and to white-wash at the expense of taxpayers. where a city will have a redevelopment the heaviest burden falls on· the poorest the Los Angeles Police Department after project. They must have this informa­ people. Unlike income taxes which in the Watts Rebellion. tion not a month or a year before the California are •'graduated" so that, in LAWS NOT ENFORCED plan goes into effect, but five or ten theory, a rich man pays a larger part REAGAN-SAME OLD THING Supposedly speculation is illegal when years before. The corporations, in fact, . of his income in taxes than a poor man it comes to federal reclaimationprojects. decidedly influence these decisions does, sales, cigarette and liquor taxes Reagan will ask state employees to Though there have been various attempts through their lobbyists and their members are the same for everybody. This means work on a holiday to help off-set a to enforce the anti-speculation' clause of on boards such as the State Highway that a family which makes only $60 a financial crisis. But has Reagan suggested the 1902 Federal Reclaimation Act, these Commission, tlie Redevelopment Agency, week has to pay a much bigger part of that PG&E donate to the University one have all failed. and the University Regents. its income for these taxes than does day's worth of the profits it makes from The State Constitution also has a pro- a family. which makes $600 a week. selling electricity to the University? Or has he donated one day of the governor's salary to his cause? FOOD TAX Most of the facts and examples in this Now Reagan proposes to expandthe sales article are the result of eight years of tax to food. (Food is not now taxed in a Democratic administration~thoughpre­ .California.) This tax would be particularly vious administrations are also respon­ hard on poor people. For example, if sible. Reagan has offered no alternatives there were a 4% sales tax on food and that will alter these facts, and there is no if the family which makes $60 a week reason to suppose that he will. .. planned a spaghetti dinner, the food might cost $2 plus 4% tax or $2.08. The family that makes $600 a week would pay the same tax for the same food even though it makes ten times more money. DEMOCRATS, REPUBLICANS: NO DIFFERENCE TO THE PEOPLE Both the Democrats and the Repub­ licans in California and in the nation stand between the people and the corpo­ rations (whose board chairmen, presi­ dents, and vice-presidents all make large

N campaign contributions -- often to both \ Ul , 0 parties.) '\" \ . if The Republicans like to speak to the \\ "(;'" interest of the small homeowner and the ~ II" middle income tax' payer. But while they .. \ \ >. make scapegoats of the poor, the stu­ .0 '. dents, the farm workers and the blacks, .. :\. '"c .~ they allow the corporations to make huge \ 0 Ci profits at the expense of these very same homeowners and middle income tax payers. PAGE 8' THE MOVEMENT MARCH 1967

people who say "we're not for inte­ SUNFLOWER COUNTY gration", and yet you see they took and CON'T FROM PG. 1 jumped for the poverty money. They just got concerned about the benefit of Negro cause they are under age. They can join children, when the federal government the picket line again with eight other brought the issue of money up. adults and you can still build your force. I'm sure they know there are a few . This continued for about three days. like me that's going to take advantage of the program: meaning, if we have that MOVEMENT: Why did you leave In­ money it means some more people aren't dianola? rich, rather it means some more unity Later on that year I decided to go to among the Negro race in the South -- among Albuquerque, New Mexico, for fund rais­ the poor. So up to date at our centers in ing. Back in Sunflower, the people got the county, we have five maybe six hun­ careless and went out one night to a party, dred children that we feed and teach. and about two o'clock in the morning the Man set fire to a store, two homes MOVEMENT: How do you get the that were strong in the movement, and money to keep these programs the Freedom House. going? At the time that these houses burned, That's one reason I'm out here in San they issued a warrant for me, saying Francisco. I'm trying to raise funds for that I was the cause. Of course, I was in the center to involve more children in Albuquerque at the time: So the war­ this program. We received some sort rant they issued for me really didn't of grant from some University in New have no effect. They were sorta shocked, York. They give us $3,400 a month. It you know. is used like this: there are maybe 13 This was one of the reaons why I left bus drivers and they get say $30 a Indianola. in the late part of '65, because month, there is $40 each month for gas, the first riot that would occur, they would and we help boost the volunteers along blame on me. I decided that it would be giVing them $15, maybe $30 a month. o besL for me to pull out of Indianola. Let This money doesn't go too far, because 1-0 o the people in the crowd do something on you have to buy the children milk which :c their own. n- is the most expensive thing on the list. u Another reason I moved to Sunflower So I'm out here to raise $55,000 u from Indianola was that I figured we To a lot of people that might be a shock; iii could never build a community center to me that is jusl a little money. In a FANNY LOU HAMMER of Sunflower County during the MFDP Challenge in '64, there. We had tried to build a center in way it's not too mUCh, where one man '65, but we had to spend $6200 trying to is worth $365,000 in Vietnam, you know. But we also figure we are going to loose So the $55,000 will put us in a posi­ rebuild the Baptist Association which was one thousand votes, so we come out with tion to be self-supporting and also to burned down. Then we bought some land MOVEMENT: How will the funds you around 5500 votes, so we still have a build our mobility around the vicinity and tried to get a permit to build: permit raise be spent? clear majority. and to help lay a patternfor someone else. on top of permit, But the city say "If This $55,000 is to be used like this: This will be a threat to the white That is one thing that hasn't been ip you change a little corner right here, $10,000 for political education and voter community, even if we lack 10 or 15 the movement: nobody laid a pattern. Now we will give you a permit,'; When we registration. First, this money will employ votes. This will organize and build the I'm running for Mayor of Sunflower town did the city said, "I'm sorry, there's 24 people for the first 3 months and community. The problem is also to en­ this year, whenever it comes off. another space I want you to change also.'" .24 people for the next 3 months. There'd courage those who haven't registered, to Finally the project collapsed. MOVEMENT: When do you' supp'ose be 48 people right there. That's strength show them where our power is really that will be? MOVEMENT: How is the Improvement too; that means some more votes; that at, and to show them that we got just as Association organized in Sunflower? means you get a man's whole house to much power as the white man, if we unite KIBBEE: The last municipal elections In Sunflower, I followed a plan of vote. ourselves. We have to also show the poor that were held in the spring of '65 were bUilding a community center as a house. Second, we would like to have $10,000 white that the white man has been using voided by the fifth circuit court ofappeals This house, which we have today, is a to teach people who are registered now him and that they should unite with the because Negroes were deprived of the poor Negroes. community center. They know it now. and to try and register two more thou­ right to vote. The city appealed to the The auditorium, which seats 200 people, sand. The reason I say two more thou­ MOVEMENT: And the rest of the mon­ Supreme Court and held it up for a long is known as my den. They would say "we sand is that there are eight more thou­ ey? time and then refused to review it. So don't like the disturbance" and I would sand to be registered in the county. the decision of the fifth circuit court say, "This is my private house and I'do But with two more thousand, we will have ". Another $10,000 would be used fora day sticks. So Judge Clayton of a lower what I feel tree of charge," So far they the majority. care center to spread the program we federal court has to set the date and the haven't made court charge. Where there are only eight thousand have now to other children, so they can conditions under which the elections will We have a day care center there, but whites in the community, there are eight be prepared to go to the white school be held. There we're hearings on it, but we haven't received any funds in Sun­ thousand registered. But you got to look so they will be able to distinguish be­ the date had still not been set. They've flower County yet. There is a group that at it like this: the Republican Party has tween letters and words, to know their been putting it off as long as possible. had funds known as Community Action got some life in it now; the general own names, to go there alive and not dead, They were supposed to be set sometime For Progress or CAP. They have the funds election give them some hope,s0 the white you know; so they go there with something. in January. folks got a two way vote. $27,00 will be used for a supermarket. and we have the children. MOVEMENT: Are there any other Now we can come in with an indepen­ Now this may be something strange to a These people who have the money right counties that that has happened dent thing, where, if there are four lot of people, something you need eco­ now are the same people who stood in in? the way of people going into restaurants, thousand Negroes registered now and we nomically; but you have to work on all are the same people who did police register two more thousand or say 2500, these things at the same time. KIBBEE: No other counties. There is a brutality, and are some of the same we have 6500 more Negroes who come in. Economically', this is one of the most chance of one other town in Sunflower important things we need in the South. County getting the benefit of this decision. For example, you call a boycott, whose The other towns all tried but the appeals stores are you going to support? You got have been held up because all the people to support the white man, or you got who complained had not been registered to support that man who out guesses you, voters at the time their elections were or you got to support some bourgeoise held. The other town is Morehead, Miss. Negro, who feels that since he had his, BROWN: This hasn't happened since 1876 he don't consider himself in the Negro I believe. So peoples in New York like race. the Puerto Ricans and the elderly are Now the store works something like this. watching things like this, because most Where you pay a person $70 a week, you likely they'll try to get stuff like this divide that $70 into $35; give $35 for throwed out again. We are going to see three days to one man and let somebody how this works out -- this is just a pat­ else work three days. That means more tern. spirit right there. You have given jobs. That's tightening of the movement. Where MOVEMENT: What about support from you employ five people with $70 a week, the white community? you employ ten people at $35. Anyway in Sunflower, there's maybe The .other profit that would be paid 240 Negroes registered and maybe 160 out of the store would be used to keep white, but of these 160 white there are things up, to pay the volunteers. In other maybe a third dead, two-fifths out of the words we would be a self-supporting state or something. In other words they outfit. The profit is like when you got a are really not there, so we got a majority. co-op, you got to share it. At the end Still we're seeking some of their vote, of the year, according to how much you because I feel that running for office, bought, you get a percentage back. This I'd not only be representing the Negro profit at the end of the year would be but the white as well. Of course, I'd be used to pay the workers off, to keep a mayor elected by blacks, but that voter registration up, to get political still don't mean that I have a lot of power. education, and other things. I may have some power inside that juris­ Five thousand dollars will be used for diction, but that's a small sp::>t. What a car, some insurance on the car and on about outside that jurisdiction; what about o some buildings and other things. Another your senator and all that stuff? I'm saying 1-0 o three thousand dollars will be used to we got to build ourselves. We need the :c n- improve the community center that we white man; we need one another -- that's u have. It's in condition, but it needs paint. a way of expressing something -- w,e need u Z It needs more insulation because it's in one another. en the South; so we need $300 for that. Also where I be running there'll be THE SNCC FREEDOM SCHOOL IN INDIANOLA, MISS, stands smoldering after it was fire bombed. Also the drainage is not too good in Sun­ other Negroes running. There are five flower, so the land got to be built up Fire bombs similar to the one that completely destroyed the SChool also hit four homes here. CaN'T ON PAGE 10 to keep the building from sinking~ MARCH 1967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 9

(The following article is based on an interview with the National President of The UCC's organizational breakthrough, preceding as it does any similar the Christian Peasant Union (UCC) Hector Alarcon taken in the Summer of phenomenon in industrial unions, indicates that social change can occur more 1966 by Jim Petras) rapidly in the backward sectors of society than in the more technically "modern" sectors. This belies the widely held notion that social and economic develop­ The Christian Peasant Union (UCC) recently negotiated a collective con­ ment are widely inter-related and interdependent processes that must occur tract covering workers on 45 large farms in central Chile. Such a high degree together. of coordination is unusual in Chile, where even long established industrial The very economic backwardness and lack of organization in the Chilean unions are fragmented and where negotiations usually involve industrial farms countryside may be an important positive factor for the development of a broad­ or factories. based social organization. If the campesinos were already committed to local Until now, collective contracts have been unheard of in rural Chile. Peas­ interest groups (such as credit unions) it would probably be much more difficult ant unions have been weak, fragmented, temporary, and all but non-existent. to organize regional unions. ORGANIZI-NGPEASANTS IN CHILE So far the regional contract approach is a drop from 95% non compliance six OENTERS OF STRENGTH has had good results for the vee< The years ago. POWER OF THE STRIKE The vee is strongest in the central mere threat of a Communa-wide or county­ The only real job protection existing provinces of Taka, Valparaiso, Unares, wide strike has often been enough to bring in the country-side is union strength. eurico and Aconcagua. On a smaller employers to the bargining table. In eol­ HOUSING NOT CHANGED At the end of April and at the beginning scale, vee is organizing farms in eol­ chagua' where resistance has been es­ vee says 80% of the workers' hou!?es of May, 1966, there were massive fir­ chagua and-Santiago. pecially strong, 25 farms went out _on do not meet legal minimum standards, ings. More than' 8000 campesinos were .r­ vee organizers have followed cri­ strike together. The workers eventually and the situation may be getting worse fired according to a vee survey. Of teria in selecting areas and groups with won most of their demands. as owners stop making repairs in anti- ­ these approximately /4000 belonged to which to work: (1) areas with relatively cipation of agrarian reform. According to unions., mostly to the vee. Of the 4000 dense rural populations, (2) farm workers the vee housing is a critical problem fired for "union activities," Alarcon, dependent on wages for most of their ORGANIZATION AND CONDITIONS facing the campesino and better housing President of vee, estimates that more income. Small far;ners and workers, who UNDER CHRISTIAN DEMO GOV'T has become a chief demand of the union. than 80% were reinstated as a direct receive much of their pay as bonuses, The vec's proposed solution is for the result of a threat of a general strike especially land, are thought by vee to The experiences of the vee and of rural government to expropriate plots on ex­ and indirectly through government inter­ be harder to organize. unionization under the present Christian isting fundos and then to build houses vention to avoid a general strike. Local and sell them to campesinos. The plan strike action was taken 'in a number of calls for a cooperative arrangement in cases, usually with positive results. which members can contribute their own The overall effect of the firings was labor. The main weakness is that, even to reinforce the militancy of the cam­ if the house belonged to the campesino, pesinos; especially after they succeeded he would have no guarantee that his job in reinstating most of their companeros, would continue on that particular fundo, they gained confidence in their ability therefore, without all-out expropriation, to wield power effectively. The owners which would make this housing proposal action consolidated and strengthep.ed the obsolete, the fundo would resemble a union organization. Reinstatement of the company town. fired workers was a new development in the Chilean countrYside; in years past, firings for purposes of intimidation had JOB SECURITY been common and final. Previously re­ There is no legal protection against pression had the desired effect, from the arbitrary firings, including dismissal for owners' point of view; it broke the union. union activity. The job protection law of the ehristian Democrats does not prevent firings; it only requires that the owner pay - an indemnification of one month's PROGRAM AND ATTITUDE salary for each year worked, prOViding ON GOVERNMENT the fired worker can prove the arbi­ The VCC stresses the independent role trariness of the owners' action. As most of unions as a means of defending the campesino union leaders are young, the immediate economic interests of its mem­ costs would not be prohibitive even if bers. While giving political and electoral the owner should have to pay. And the support to the government they do not cost would be worth while to him if the give unconditional support. The vee sup­ rest of the campesinos could be intimi- ­ ports those initiatives of the government dated. More importantly the sole power favorable to their constitients but rejects of decision in these matters is in the government dictation of the terms of labor hands of a local judge. CON'T ON PAGE 10

Democratic Governmen.: can be looked at The vee concentrates more on spread­ from several angles: (1) the degree to ing its influence out from its centers of which government machinery facilitates strength than it does on entering entirely union organization, (2) enforcement of one territory where rival organizations social legislation in- the countryside, and may be stronger. (3) relationship of the program of govern­ The vee has no strengthinthe Northern ment rural agencies to the needs and transversal valleys, where the socialist­ program of peasant unionism._ communist unions are strongest, nor in the South of ehile where wo):kers are fewer and less accessible. LABOR INSPECTORS Some 30,000 peasants are currently To legitimize a labor dispute the union covered by vee contracts. Apart from must submit its contract demands to the these fully organized workers, another local labor inspector. At the beginning 15,000 are strongly influnced by vee. of the present upsurge in unionization, The union claims that its efforts have labor inspectors were "non-cooperative,'" produced a "community effect" causing frequently ruling that unions were illegal wages to go up on many non-union farms or dismissing demands on technical in areas where unions are prevalent. grounds. This tended to discredit the government, alienate militant peasants and put a damper on the growth and REGIONAL CONTRACTS effectiveness of unions. After meetings A few years ago the vee focused on with labor leaders the Minister of Labor individual farms as the major organizing sent a memo to his inspectors telling unit. The emphasis is not on regional them to set aside existing restrictive organizing unit. vee leaders regulations. Nevertheless, vee stillcom­ have developed interesting arguments to plains of considerable resistence from "sell" their regional contract idea to local officials many of whom reportedly the various groups involved: (1) to the have ties with local landowning interests. government labor inspectors they stress the administrative efficiency of covering ENFORCEMENT several farms with the same contract, saving paper work and time dealing with The enforcement of social legislation isolated conflicts, (2) to owners they is another problem. Landowners are not argue that equalizing conditions over a public officials subject directly to ad­ large region will lessen conflicts in the ministrative disciplinary powers.Approx­ long run and will not give advantages imately 40% of the owners do not comply to ,stubborn employers over their more with the National minimum wage law ~~'" cooperative neighbors, and (3) to the though there is a considerable difference workers they-point out the advantages between unionized and non-unionized fundos LAND AND LIBERTY of solidarity and strength. (large farms). 'we estimates that this PAGE 10 THE MOVEMENT MARCH 1967

coun~ry survive or collapse. That's the SUNFLOWER COUNTY stage they were at, you know. I don't see CON'T FROM PG.8 nothing none of them did. I'mnot pattillg none of them on the back. What have been MISSISSIPPI board members. Margaret's a volun­ done we did it ourselves. For example, teer; she's been here about two years in the Civil Rights Bill; that bill lj.in't no May, will run for county clerk. On the good. What good is a bill that be -translated by Gregson Davis requirements it stated that you have to be tested but not enforced.These bills been BY AIME (ESAIRE able to read and write and you know she tested but they are not enforced. I been can read. in jail eleven times on the Civil Rights Men who fail to see (better move on over) In case she fails in that she will run Bill and the case is still pending. That's that my eyes do not forget for Board of Supervisors. Also we will just a whole lot of stuff they throw around run in just two beats (Ed.: wards) Beat to try to keep these foreign nations quiet. the cattle-prods and the black flags 2 and Beat 4. Beat 2 has something like In other words, we go over to Africa, that murder with every bat of my eyelash... three Negro for everyone White; and this and say "I come to help you clean your Men who fail to see (better move on over) man who is running is known among the country up" and they hear about our who see nothing white and the Negro; and he lives on a house over here is dirty, that America plantation. When one man got arrestedfor is dirty. So what we do? We pass a law not even the exquisite train signals hauling too many children to the day care that says what we do to satisfy them, but flashed beneath my eyelids by the red and black center, he paid the fine for them. I think the people over there ain't ignorant to discs of coiled coral that I give out he'll take up a lot of white votes; also the fact, you know. This is just a gimmick with my rich tears... I believe he'll take a clear majority of to ease the people in the foreign countries, the Negro vote. I'm sure he will win to cool them down, to try get them to see Men who fail to see (better move on over) that beat. things their way. But it's not goingto work. that at the bottom of the dragnet MOVEMENT: Why d-id you decide to MOVEMENT: You don't see the FDP where fate has placed our eyes run for mayor? that you're working with ever tying there lurks a water buffalo up with the national Democratic submerged up to the eyes... Now this $55,000 will also help boost Party? this up, because they will say we have Men who fail to see (better move on over) tried and we have done this and that. BROWN: No. If FDP can set a patternthat that you do not have the power Another reason that I want to run for other people can see and be known as a to prevent me from building at my will mayor is to show people that you have party, it's going to spread across the oval islands burning sky to concentrate in a small area in order country. I'm not worried about it. They to change the outside world and I will have reserve funds. They received 8 under the submerged ferocity of offer the people jobs and try for some million dollars in all. Wh..'U got them their our enormous red sun. factory, and try to get a doctor and funds were Adam Clayton Powell and' d!!clare the town in an emergency state Sunflower County for example.i One of the and try to get 87% federal funds. In other main weaknesses has been when one words~ the federal gov't pave the streets Negro try to make it up another Negro Alme Cesaire is a poet and dramatist from the island of Martinique in the French for the people that don't want to do it try to pull him down. We in Sunflower Caribbean. Although not as ,vell known in the U,S, as his fellow countryman Franz out of their own pocket. A paved street COunty feel that because CDGM had not Fanon, Cesaire, like Fanon, is an extremely articulate spokesman and theore­ only mean taking bread out of your mouth, included us in the plan or we couldn't tician of the anti-colonialist movement, especially in Africa and the West Indies, not putting nothing in. So I figure that the be included in the plan, well yet and still One volume of his poems has been illustrated by Picasso, The poem is a free trans­ only two things that people want, but I'm the program is involVing a few Negro lation of Cesaire's Mississippi which appeared in acollection titled Cadastre, going further -- all they want is a job-­ people. We feel we will help that, so Gregson Davis is a graduate student in Comparative Uterature at the University making a decent salary and a paved street let'em get it. So we support them. + of California, Berkeley, and a native of the West Indian island of Antiqua, Next and you got them satisfied. So these are month The Movement will print translations of Fanon by Davis which have not pre­ one of the two key things. I am going Viously appeared in English, after, but I'm going further because this g • • helps benefit and to prove what we can do / if given the opportunity. CHILE panding and strengthening the peasant MOVEMENT: What's been happening unions both as a pressure group and as around the state with the MFDP? CON'T FROM PG.9 means of educating the campesino; 2) There was a big move to take over contracts. The major problem appears to organizing the small farmers into co­ the State Democratic party; what's be the question of the direction of in­ operatives; 3) participating in the land happened with that? fluence: the UCC does not want to be an reform colony, graduallytransforming the object of government sponsoredprograms trade union into a cooperative as the BROWN: Well, it's still alive, because drawn up by technicians but wants to be campesinos obtain title to the land; 4) they live in the court now; we are the consulted on plans regarding the agaraian share-cropping or profit-sharing between Freedom Democratic Party. But if we reform. unions and owners of farms that will were to get out and raise funds under the Up to now the campesino has lacked not be expropriated. Freedom Demo. Party we would get very direct representation in the government. ~ofit sharing was first tried in the little funds because there are some of Peasant leaders generally reject the idea. fundo El Higueral in Aconcagua. After them that have to give to tax exempt of the trade unionists becoming legisla•. the owner refused to pay a daily wage groups and they can't give to the Free. tors, but they appear to favor candidates of four Escudos because he claimed he Demo. Party. Thoughwechangedourname who would somehow be under the control couldn't afford it, an agreement was made to the Sunflower County Imprdvement As­ of the trade unions and spokesmen for whereby .the union would run the fundo sociation we are still a branchofthe FDP. the campesinos. and split the earnings with the owner. It's just a sneaky way of doing things. The major criticism is that the govern­ There was a 40% increase in production In other words, If I am,seated FDP will ment has not planned and clearly defined and the peasants received 13.5 Escudos have a candidate, FDP will be a party. where it will expropriate and where it will daily. FDP you know is lacking of funds and not. Alarcon warns of the long-term UCC proposals are "reformist" in everything because they were always try­ dangers of raising expectations that all regard to the present government; or­ ing to cover a big area with what little campesinos will get land. Up to now ex­ ganizational changes and political clari­ money they had; they have just enough propriation has been a function of local fications are certainly compatible with the money to run two offices and the money conflicts without relating it to a larger Christian Democratic framework. At the to maintain one car. So FDP is still plan. Alarcon fears that failure to order same time oae can foresee conflicts in mostly built mostly upon the people, and the process of social change could read . specific areas especially in regard to the it is I believe one of the freest organi­ to frustration and a boomerang effect. questions of who has jurisdiction in the zations in the country, you don't have no The second criticism is of the pro­ organization of the campesino. The degree strings att~ched to you, you just get out fessionals and technicians in the govern­ to which these conflicts narrow OJ~ widen and do what you want to do. I like the ment who drawup plans and make decisions depends on whether the government party the way it is. about agrarian reform without consult­ deepens its commitment to shifting the -countryside-~from MOVEMENT: How do you feel about TURNER ingorganizations in the field. basis of power in the The UCC is oriented toward: I) ex- the landowners to the campesinos. ... the Lowndes County Freedom Organ ization? CON'T FROM PG. 1 BROWN: Well, I see that they are a branch the ghetto schools are equal in quality we have a police review board, but even winning, but in establishing an independ­ of the FDP: they are doing the same thing with Skyline High School, then we can before we have one the police are going ent political organization of black people we doing. i:alk about cultural exchange. Of to have to change their policies now. who can begin to deal with the problems It should be very clear the amount of which they face. He also knows that he is MOVEMENT: Is the FDP sti/l trying force that they can use to apprehend going to have to have the support of whites to get into the Democratic Party UNEMPLOYMENT the cat who stole a car. When a cop in order to win. But as he says, "I am or is it going to be independent? "No one is dealing with the problem shoots and kills someone, he has be­ running on issues that are good for all BROWN: I fe.el yes, because if I be an of unemployment. When the hospital come judge and jury. Which is easier to of the people of Oakland." + independent, then later on I will be with workers went on strike for higher wages, replace, a car or a guy's life." the Mississippi Free. Dem. Party. I will the city council should have intervened **** advertisement put my name as MFDP. Still a lot of in their behalf. The City is going to have "Right now, there is complete umm- things have got to be solved. I canbe used to begin prOViding jobs for people and mity on the Oakland city council. I am as a pattern to help get a charter, if when they can't do that provide a mini­ running to win, not just as a protest ORDER NOW I don't somebody else will. It's the only mum income so that people can live. candidate. When I am on the city coun­ BLACK NATIONALISM way to get a charter. I'm not going to Also when people are working, but getting cil, I will be there to raise the tjues­ below subsistance level for their families, tions that no one else will raise. Even AND be a Republican, I'm not going to be a MARXIST THEORY demo. Because neither one has done any­ then they should be elegible for welfare if I am not a majority, if the people thing for the poor people the whole time to help them." can find out what their City Council is' 20 CENTS it's been organized, it is just a front. really up to, they will throw the rest of them off." WORKERS LEAGUE --Abraham Lincoln and all that stuff, POLICE people believe in that, I don't see nothing Elijah Turner is primarily interested P. O. Box 1663 The police are still a major problem in the problems which face Negl-oes in that he did. He did the stuff he did be­ San Francisco 94101, cause he made the decision to let the confronting the ghetto. "Not only should Oakland. He is interested not only in MARCH 1967 THE MOVEMENT PAGE 11

SNCC Press Release "We have t~e right to fight for our liberation by any means necessary." KODAK.OUT LONG BEACH WELFARE FLOOD By Lou Gothard sons to apply for welfare. lf already re­ right to fight for our liberation by any OF FOCUS Los Angeles ceiving welfare, clients were helped to means necessary." With the closing of the State Service Cen­ increase their benefits so as to receive Earlier in the evening, Carmichaelheld We in SNCC fully support the black ters throughout the state of California, the maximum allowable under the exist­ a workshop on techniques of community 'organization,F.I.G.H.T. in it's struggle to the generally punitive attitude on the part ing welfare laws. On the initial drive, 100 organization for young community lead­ make Eastman Kodak Company of Roches­ of the Reagan Administration towards poor persons who previously thought them­ ers. He discussed several problems of ter, New York honor an agreement they people (adding Fraud investigators, etc.), selves ineligible for aid had signed up for importance: signed in December to hire and train 600 the issue of welfare rights looms larger • welfare programs. This nurn.Per was re­ hard-core unemployed black workers. than ever. cruited over a period of three or four' The racist attitude of Kodak is blatantly BLACK LEADERSHIP Faced with the loss of the Long Beach weeks. The numerous applications came exemplified byihe following statements Service Center, the community ,of Long as a result of intensive door knocking, and "A black leader is a man who is bounded made by Kodak President Eilers when Beach looked around for some methods of a series of house-meetings with the full by the people -bu~theydraw the bounds ­ asked to comment on how many black salvaging the program, cooperation of the local Welfare Rights he must be abie to speak in the tone of people were employed at Kodak: Pressure had been brought intraditional 0r:ganization groups. At a total cost of the people that he represents. To do any­ "I don't want to give that figure at the ways by groups in Venice and Fresno to approximately $5,000 per new applicant thing less is to falter.II moment. It's upsetting sometimes to the keep their centers open. Pickets were out per year, the establishment now pays about other race." ~ew York Times, December in force in both places; and in Venice, a half million dollars more in welfare 24,1966) REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS the action had brought about a re-evalua­ costs than it did prior to the organization In reference to Kodak's spec1altraining tion by the administration of the potential of CCW. The increase has not gone un­ , 'In a revolution you can't have a dic­ program, which benefits less than 20 ,for keeping the center open. There was noticed by the Reagan a,dministration. tatorial leader. There must be respon­ black persons a year, Eiler said: no great concession, but the new State Although the closing' of eight of the sibility - I'm chairman of SNCC. I am " ...These special programs should be Social Welfarechief met with localgovern­ thirteen multi-service centers was a for­ responsible to SNCC. As of now I am not the white hope for the poor of Rochester." ment officials to arrange for some local gone conclusion after Gov. Reagan's an­ representing the people but SNCC. Our ~ew R~public, january 21, 1967) ~ervices to be provided to replace the nouncement late in january, H.C. (Chad) -policy is to provide the means to mo­ KODAK REPRESENTS INST-ITUTIONAL State services which were withdrawn. McClellan is now promising that "where bilize people. This I must do. The people RACISM I needed," s e r vice centers will remain don't elect me, they may support me or KODAK CONTROLS THE PRESS, UNI-' open. McClellan claims, to have placed not. But if you don't pay the piper you VEFSITIES, HOSPITALS, COMMUNITY RECRUIT FOR W£LF ARE some eighteen thousand curfew area per­ ~an't call the tune." CHEST, AND OTHER INDUSTRIES OF The Long Beach area residents, al­ sons in jobs since the inception of his ROCHESTER I though perhaps slower to respond, were Management Council, matching-jobs-to­ KODAK RUNS THE TOWN OF ROCHES­ more thorough. In a series of meetings, people approach. This claimis made inthe WATTS TER LIKE A SOUTHERN PLANTATlONI a strategy was evolved to bring direct face of figures which indicate that the num­ KODAK PROVIDES 61,000 JOBS FOR "People didn't pick up on the impetus ber of welfare cases in the curfew area WHITES, NO LABOR UNION, AND ONLY economic pressure to bear on the local of Watts to organize -but became brok­ and county governmental agency most (a !2"ecise iridex) has risen by 19%. TOKENISM FOR BLACK PEOPLEI ers instead -'If you don't give us enough concerned, the Welfare Department. A Whether or not the 5-week campaign of KODAK IS OUT OF FOCUSI money this will happen again." group was <>rganized, Citizens for Cre­ CCW to reopen the State Service 'Center The Student Nonviolent Coordinating The workshop was an attempt at rally­ ative Welfare, to attempt to deal with is successful, the growth of interest in Committee calls on the officials of East­ ing the poverty population of Long Beach Reagans "Creative Society." Comprised welfare rights, eligibility criteria and man Kodak to honor the agreement they - numbering approximately one hundred of welfare recipients, clients of the Ser­ humanization of the welfare system make signed with F.I.G.H.T. immediately, or and seventy thousand persons in and vice Center, and other interested per­ this a worthwhile organizing effort. The face the possibility of a nation-wide boy­ around the Long Beach area - and fusing sons, a "drive was started to recruit per- overall strategymay pushtowardtheguar­ cott of all Kodak productsI ... them into a force for social change. anteed annual income, or may retain its Long Beach blacks comprise 4C% of ,the BUY LEVI'SI _ emphasis on the provision of rehabili­ cities poor, making it feasible for them DON'T tative services, but it cannot be denied .. --_. --. to make their small numbers felt at the 460 women workers (out of 57(}) at the tract has been signed'this is considered that Gov. Reagan by his oppressive "eco­ welfare office. Levi Strauss factory in Blue Ridge, Geor­ a "wildcat" strike which is illegal under nomy" measures has brought the black gia, wenl on strike on August 10, 1966, federal law.The union can get no support' people of Long Beach t'Ogether on a sound BANKRUPT~Y and have been on strike ever since. from the parent union but has had to basis. MOVEMENl S.weatshop conditions had forced the support itself. A CCW group now forming in the Ava­ workers to organize about two years A nation wide boycott of Levi Strauss STOKELY VISITS lon area of Los Angeles shares this earlier with almost no outside union products has been called to support these' "flood the rolls" focus, and is adding help. Once organized, the ILGWU was strikers. The boycott committee urges Addressing a rally in Long Beach on the impetus of ' 'flooding the lawyers of­ asked to take jurisdiction. The contract interested persons to form boycott com­ Feb. 17, 1967, Stokely. Carmichael told fices "to declare bankruptcy" and escape which was signed included a manage­ mittees. Write to or demonstrate at the an audience of some 700 people that "we the dunning of punitive and corrupt white ment escape clause which states that main Levi office at 98 Battery St., San are a community of black people from creditors. each job guarantee is enforceable only Francisco, Calif. Send money and letters New York City to Los Angeles." He was The group now publishes the POOR if applicable "in the opinion of manage­ of support to the strikers: Mrs. T.W.' relating to the feeling of .powerlessness in MAN'S BIBLE, a welfare rights handbook, ment". The strikers did not .realize that Whittenberger, c/o Temporary Levi Boy­ Long Beach where blacks make up only and can be contacted through Ernest C. .the contract was so full of loopholes cott Committee, 610 W. 116th St. #53, 4.9% of the population. "We haVe the same Preacely, Chairman, 1955 OrangeAvenue, when they accepted it. Because the con- NY, NY 10027, DON'T BUY LEVI'S. • oppressor," he said, "and we have the Long Beach, Calif. Telephone.. 591-5333. THEATER REVIEW 11 11 11 11 1111 BURN, BABY, BURNI WHERE IT'S AT IN WATTS

By SUE ELLEN JACK from vignette to vignette. lf the highs are Los Angeles delightful, the lows are too low. In fact, Frank Greenwood's "Burn. Baby, the entire second half falls off, but this Burn I" currently being staged a la "Our can be partly attributed to a more serious, Town" and Bertold Brecht every Fr.iday sometimes heavy tone. at the Masonic Temple in Watts is a The outstanding performance in the happening - a piece of social theater largely inexperienced, unpaid, but enthusi­ that echoes artistically the emphatic "no" astic cast was that of Bob Franklin whose of August, 1965. It shouts out "no" to the irony and apparently natural sense of white middle class, to commercial ex­ "where it's at" drew sympathetic cheers ploiters of black ghettos, and to naive, through~t. The dramatic highpoint in an hypocritical liberals in words and sug­ evening where humor decidedly came gestions not unlike those found in the across best, was the confrontation with speeches of Stokely Carmichael. It says the "Man" featuring Freeman King. I "yes, baby, yes" to Afro-Americans. believed it. And they respond with vocal and soul So, someone is telling" Black Power" affirmation. Or at least they did the anew. "Burn, Baby, Burn'" is pretty Friday evening I was there. Plagued by successful"agit-prop" theater, wherein inadequate facilities and a shortage of subtlety of characterization and plot are manpower, (one whole scene had to be cut ups tag e d by a pervasive idea. Any due to the "incarceration," of a key ac­ criticism leveled at the play based on the tor), the show has been running for some premise that it is nat ion a lis t, black weeks aI!d we're told that the standards of supremicist etc. would seem to stem production have steadily improved, as has from the same misguided psychology that the box office. has caused many whites, "liberal" and From a strictly academic standpoint, the otherwise, to recoil in fear from new play, consisting of a prologue, an epilogue trends in the movement. This reviewer and e i g h t loosely connected s c e n e s, commends Frank Greenwood and the Tour­ (" stories of the people of Watts") leaves ing Artist's Group on their effort to something to be desired. Although the play­ communicate vital and important concepts wright and castgenerally manage aneffec­ through art. And I encourage radicals tive, natural use of venacular, there is a everywhere to support them --with money A scene from LIBERTY: AND JUSTICE FOR ALL, one of the'acts in BURN, BABY, BURN. striking inconsistency in the pace, acting and time when possible, or with invitations Uriah Hughes, left, plays SChool principal, Susan Chester, the teacher . standard, and literary quality of the scr~t to appear in other areas ifpossible.... Bob Franklin, center, is harrassed, cor~ered student. PAGE 12 THE MOVEMENT MARCH 1967

"'~1rJ:~ ~Il~~ C:~IC:~~~ ;.. ~1c:~~J:jl JJ~J:~ ORGANIZERS START SCHOOL Organizers in Chicago, whether they the community union model, tenant and formation service to community groups, be former students or people from poor STUDENTS AND TEACHERS welfare unions, fund raising, communi­ drawing upon its own resources and those communities, have learned severalthings. Students will include- members of ex­ cations, taxes, political machines, youth of students and social scientists in the We know that many of our actions are isting ghetto organizations; residents of organizing, the structure of community Chicago area. Mainly because of our determined not by us, but by church, the communities selected for organization power, and history of the Movement in information needs, but also to involve and labor and national civil rights people. by the Union of Organizers; and college the city and the country. A session is also reinvolve people now located in the Uni­ We know that not enough of us have time students, churchandunion people who show underway with several black groups, one versities, the School has developed a to develop more effective tactics and a willingness and capacity to organize. being the Westside's Future Leaders o~ research arm. During spring vacation in long range strategies of effective re­ The network of friendships and personal America, whose "training" is running an March there win be two ten-day sessions sistance with at least an operating goal aldermanic campaign they expect to loose. involving two-hundred university students of taking power. We know that the num­ These "dry runs" will supplement the from the Chicagoarea. Duringthe summer ber of real organizers and real organi­ internal education materials already de­ there will be a longer and more intensive zations of the poor in the city (and the veloped by existing groups. For example, research program. 'l country) is small in relation to our taSk, JOIN Community Unum has been running II and that good work will mean little in the an all-day-Friday program for two I' ALLIES NEEDED II long run unless we, and the organizations months, involving fifteen community peo­ ii I' we work with, are recreated over ~d ple. The JOIN curriculum includes new People working for change at a local L written materials, films, etc., covering level need allies. We know that JOIN, I· over and over, . The frustrating experience of the sum­ topics like urban renewal, the city ma­ LADO, and other Chicago groups, the Jj mer's "freedom rallys", open occupancy chine, the school system, taxes and the MFDP, Delano or Lowndes County Free­ 'I marches, and the likely decisionof Walter press. dom Organization will mean nothing in II Reuther and the Citizen's Crusade Against Part of the School's purpose will be to our struggle for democratic and revolu­ h Poverty (with Ford Foundation funds) to continually create new materials that can tionary ideals if they remain isolated and 11 locate a L.--aining operation on the West­ be used in organizer training. If a group stand alone. Organizers and organizations side have made us acutely aware of how wants to know about a specific issue, of the poor must multiply; they must be program and direction gets imposed upon there will be written materials, tapes of recreated again and again. ... I most of us from the top. past sessions, filmstrips and films. These I materials will be a part of the School's School of Community Organization i library. 3100 W. Warren Ave. I UNION OF ORGANIZERS The School will provide a regular in- Chicago, Illinois. I OUr situation has moved us to make a I major decision on our own, to organize contacts among Movement activists around I the organizers. We have formed a Union of . the country has already started to draw I Organizers. The Union has made an im­ potentially new, as well as former, or­ I portant decision, staking out Chicago as ganizers who want to come to Chicago, "our territory," and founding a real learn how to organize and dig-in for the Movement training school, the School of struggle. Community Organization. The School Teachers will include organizers from comes at a time when radicals around the the city with considerable experience. country are seriously thinking about, and They will be participants in the learn­ taking the first steps toward building1 ing process along with the students; the educational programs that will train people school assumes that ,tl)ere is no single intensively in the art of organizing in teacher of community organizing, butthat poor communities. scattered pieces of knowledge and ex­ The School of Community Organization perie;J.ce can be brought together through will begin formally on JUly first. Its a curriculum into something approaching ~ plan, very simply, is to train and place a body of knOWledge on organizing. I twenty to thirty new and skilled organizers !l'-. every three months in a new neighbor­ hood now relatively untouched by the CURRICULUM AND RESEARCH Movement. The School's operating stra­ Curriculum for the school is already tegy is to build new organizations of the being developed. A six-week session has PERSPECTIVE ON THE ATLANTA REBELLION poor that can work to control, shape and begun at the Latin American Defense -\ PHOTO ESSAY BY SNCC PHOTO WITH COMMENTARY BY change their own communities, and make Organization (LA DO), a group growing JULIUS LESTER. i a serious bid for political power (e.g., out of the city'S Puerto Rican rebellion aldermanic elections) in fifteen to twenty this summer. Topics for the training ses­ Available through THE MOVEMENT PRESS, New reduced price: II poor wards by 1971. sions at LADO include: urban renewal, 449 14th St., San Francisco, Calif. 94103 35¢ EACH RIGHT TO PICKET CON'T FROM PG. 3 NOW AVAILABLEl cause of lack of bail money -- to use Giant posters (22x28) of Malcolm X and Che Guevara from the other tactics besides picketing such as Movement Press. constitutional walks where they carry no 449 14th Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94103. signs but walk silently in single file $1.00 each-bulk orders available from the union hall to the County Wel­ fare Building. The SocialWorkers andtheir supporters have asked for a boycott of Sacramento County as a co.1Vention center. They have ONLY .75¢ picket lines around all the big hotels to Movement in Sacramento County. So far two or­ ganizations have cancelled their_conven­ ,Ubmibe* tions. Every day more workers are coming out. The County has tried to hire scabs by lowering all the job qualifications. This has proved unsuccessful. UNION STAND Bob Anderson, Field Representative of the Union, talked about the Union's posi­ tion: "It's impossible to negotiate with the Board of Supervisors. They don't believe it's necessary to sit down anddis­ cuss any matters of employment with their employees. We need to discuss not only ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• wages, but we need to discuss some of the programs. There are a number of very poor programs, for example, the General Assistance program controlled entirely by the County." We're getting a lot of support from welfare rights organizations." NAME The abridgment of the rights of any group jeopardizes the rights of all. The Board of Supervisors of Sacramento could withdraw the restraining order at any ~~~~~~A~D~D~R~ES~S~======~~~=====~~===~) .time but instead has chosen its steadfast \j..... C_IT_Y ST_A_T_E Z_IP denial of human rights. The SocialWorkers Union is determined to survive these MAIL TO THE MOVEMENT 449 14th STREET police state tactics and win their strike. SEND ONE TO A fRIENf)1 SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. 94103