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Bioethics in Nigeria: Knowledge and Perception During a Capacity-Building Workshop for Biomedical Researchers

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Bioethics in Nigeria: Knowledge and Perception During a Capacity-Building Workshop for Biomedical Researchers Bioethics in Nigeria: Knowledge and perception during a capacity-building workshop for Biomedical researchers. Olabanji Ahmed Surakat ( [email protected] ) Osun State University Babafemi Siji Ajisebiola Osun State University Hammed Mogaji Federal University Oye-Ekiti Sandra Onakhinor Osun State University Lateef Oladimeji Busari Osun State University Oyinkansola Fadiji Federal University of Agriculture Oluwadamilare Dauda Osun State University Mohammed Rufai Osun State University Monsuru Adeleke Osun State University Sammy Olufemi Sam-Wobo Federal University of Agriculture Research Article Keywords: Bioethics, Biomedical researchers, Knowledge and Perception Posted Date: August 16th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-798468/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Background: The need to assess the gaps in knowledge and perception on bioethics among biomedical researchers has become necessary considering the increasing numbers of researchers and research outputs in sub-Saharan Africa. This study, therefore, investigated the knowledge and perceptions of biomedical researchers in Osun State, southwest Nigeria. Methods: Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were administered to consenting biomedical researchers during a capacity workshop conducted in November 2020. The questionnaire collected data on the attendee’s demography, knowledge, awareness and perception on bioethics and ethical approvals for research. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS. 20.0 software and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Associations between professional status of participants were performed using chi-square statistics, and condence interval was set as 95%. However, qualitative data were obtained using open-ended questionnaires and analysed thematically. Results: A total of 153 biomedical researchers across 33 academic and research institutions, comprising 58% males, and 42% females participated in this study. The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 60 years. Majority of the participants (60.8%) hold academic positions and about one-third of the population were graduate students (30.1%). Awareness on bioethics was high (91.5%), and more common in schools (61.4%), with majority of the participants (77.1%) describing it as a eld that addresses the social and legal issues arising from medicine and life sciences (p<0.05). However, participants’ perception of the principles of ethics was poor, with about 16% of participants considering none or only part of the principles. Also, about 10% felt they could still obtain ethical permits while research is ongoing or completed, while only 13.7% arms that all biomedical related researches require ethical approval. There were signicant differences in the proportions across the professional status of participants (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study has revealed poor perception among participants and suggests the prioritization of bioethics capacity enhancement workshops to improve knowledge and perceptions of biomedical researchers. In addition, more detailed studies across institutions in Nigeria should be carried out to assess, monitor and reinforce knowledge gained by biomedical researchers. Introduction The word “Bioethics” was rst coined by Fritz Jahr in 1927, and has gained considerable attention till date as it employs ethical theories derived from the considerations of philosophy, law and politics to address some of the problems encountered in the eld of biology, including medicine (Gillon, 1998). Biomedical research or experiments targeted at advancing science and promoting societal development are expected to be performed according to established rules and standards known as Ethics, which basically involves doing what is right and acceptable within a specied context. The 1947 Nuremberg Code and 1964 Helsinki Declaration remained the point of reference for most ethical norms, which are implemented by ethical committees (EC) across various countries. EC are saddled with the responsibility of ensuring biomedical research or otherwise are guided and performed by researchers according to set standards (WHO, 2002). Page 2/15 National laws and regulations in several countries require mandatory review and approval of biomedical research before commencement of research studies (Andanda et al., 2011; Langlois, 2011). Unfortunately, the WHO Regional Committee for Africa in 2001 reported that some studies in the region were not undergoing any form of ethics review (Kirigia et al., 2005). In addition, a common misconception about ethics, is that ethical consideration are targeted at ensuring research participants are protected from exploitation and other forms of harm (Emanuel et al., 2000). However, beyond the concept of protection, biomedical research or experiments should be guided by other principles of autonomy, non-malecence, benecence, and justice (Rai et al., 2015). Refusals to submit research protocols for ethics review during biomedical research or experiments does not only vitiate the validity of the research but also dents the integrity of the researcher. In addition, biomedical research that poses risk, un-benecial or with doubt to participants, have potentials to contribute to cohort fall- out, loss of public trust, and reduced community participation and engagement (Harkness et al., 2001; Merslin and Garba, 2011; Ursin, 2010). It has therefore become imperative to consider investments that will encourage submissions of research protocols to EC for approvals, and ensure high ethical standard are maintained during investigations. However, the exponential growth in the numbers of biomedical researchers and the consequential increase in research activities in sub-Saharan Africa like most developing countries have not been complemented with capacity enhancement workshops on bioethics. (Andanda et al., 2011: Gordijn B, 2014; Blessing and Wassenaar, 2015). In South-west Nigeria, there are emerging evidence corroborating the lack of knowledge and practices of ethics among biomedical researchers (Ogunrin et al., 2016). This gap in knowledge suggest the need to invest in the training and re-training of biomedical researchers, either through the incorporation of a revised ethics module in curriculum of postgraduate students, or through more exible medium such as seminars or short courses approach for other career researchers. To this end, a one-day workshop on bioethics for biomedical researchers in Nigeria was organized by Osun State University in partnership with the Global Health Network, University of Oxford to stimulate and promote the needs for healthy research culture while ensuring ethical standards and procedures are met. This study then investigated the knowledge and perceptions of participants at the workshop prior to the time the workshop facilitators began their presentations with the aim of proling gaps in knowledge, perceptions and practices about bioethics. Methods Study Area This study was conducted in Osun State. The State is one of the six states located in the southwestern part of Nigeria and is divided into 30 administrative regions known as the Local Government Areas (LGAs). The state has the second-highest number of tertiary institutions universities in Nigeria with one Federal University, one State University and eight privately run universities. Planning and preparatory activities This study was conducted during the one-day workshop on “Ethics in Biomedical Research and global best practices in the context of Preventive Chemotherapy Neglected Tropical Diseases (PC-NTDs) Elimination Page 3/15 strategy in Nigeria” organized by the Department of Zoology, Osun State University, November 2020. The workshop was advertised via the web (email, Twitter, WhatsApp and Facebook) and participants were invited to register before the workshop. However, only those who were in the eld of biology or biomedical sciences were invited to participate in the workshop. Questionnaire administration The study was cross-sectional in design and involved the administration of already pretested semi-structured questionnaires to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from consenting participants. Participants were approached at the registration desk of the event and invited to participate in the study. Information such as participants’ demographic data, and their knowledge and perception about bioethics were assessed using the questionnaires. To prevent event-induced responses and biases, participants completed the questionnaires before proceeding with registration or gaining access to the event hall. Data analysis Data obtained were entered into Microsoft Excel 2019 software. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS. 20.0 and expressed as frequencies and percentages. Cross-tabulations and Chi- square analysis were performed to investigate associations. The Condence interval was set at 95%. However, qualitative data were obtained using open-ended questionnaires, manually coded based on emerging themes and summarized. Results Demographic characteristics of study participants A total of 153 participants consented to the study procedures and participated in the study. By gender, majority of the participants were males 89(58%), and 64(42%) were females. The age of the participants ranges from 20 to 60 years, and those aged 36 and above were in abundance, 72(47.1%), followed by those between 26 and 35 years with 58(37.1%)
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