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76: the Winter Olympics
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Health and Human Development DENVER ’76: THE WINTER OLYMPICS AND THE POLITICS OF GROWTH IN COLORADO DURING THE LATE 1960s AND EARLY 1970s A Dissertation in Kinesiology by Adam Berg © 2016 Adam Berg Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2016 The dissertation of Adam Berg was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Dyreson Professor of Kinesiology Dissertation Adviser Co-Chair of Committee R. Scott Kretchmar Professor of Exercise and Sport Science Co-Chair of Committtee Jaime Schultz Associate Professor of Kinesiology Peter Hopsicker Associate Professor of Kinesiology Lori D. Ginzberg Professor of History and Women’s Studies Stephen Piazza Professor of Kinesiology Graduate Program Director *Signature are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT On May 12, 1970, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) awarded Denver, Colorado, the 1976 winter Olympic games. About two and half years later, on November 7, 1972, Colorado citizens voted by a three to two margin to make it a violation of Colorado’s constitution for state funds to be allocated toward the event. Colorado politicians and business leaders had spent years planning, campaigning, and traveling the globe to earn the right to host the winter sports festival. Nevertheless, with funding suddenly inaccessible, Denver’s Olympic planners were forced to rescind their invitation to “the youth of the world,” as Olympic hosts traditionally declared every four years. This dissertation delves into the political controversies surrounding the 1976 Denver winter Olympic games. Colorado’s decision to banish the Olympics was the product of a change in how Coloradans viewed economic growth, combined with broadened understandings of the political power of citizenship. -
Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China1
Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China1 Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi York University, Toronto I. Introduction A highly emotional controversy surrounds the late Emperor Showa I3g ~ct. or Hirohito ~~~-:. and his leadership of Japan in World War II. On the one hand, his defenders argue that he personally opposed the war but was powerless to stop it; and they laud his "august decision" ?~~lJ:k to overrule hard-line military leaders and end the war in August 1945. By contrast, his critics condemn him for failing to forestall the conflict. Their reasoning assumes that, since he had enough power to end the war, he also could have kept it from breaking out. to begin with. Even his former Aide-de-Camp Vice-Admiral Hirata Noboru Sf '(j) Jt conjectured: "What [His Majesty] did at the end of the war, we might have had him do at the start.,,2 Two issues are noteworthy whatever our views in this debate. First, its focus is too often limit~d to the years 1941 to 1945. This reveals an America-centered bias--fostered by the Japanese Govarnment, some Japanese historians, and Hirohito himself--that distorts the true historical character of World War II in East Asia. As Hayashi ~aburo t~ ;:.... t F' former secretary to Army Minister Anami Korechika ~l'j $ 4ft ~ , notes in a standard 1951 military history, Imperial Army Headquarters thought of China as the main war theater- and the Pacific as sUbsidiary--from July 1937 until December 1942. Only after losing Guadalcanal did Army war planners see a need to reverse their priorities. -
Torches and Torch Relays of the Olympic Winter Games from Oslo 1952 to Sochi 2014 Reference Document
Olympic Studies Centre Torches and Torch Relays of the Olympic Winter Games from Oslo 1952 to Sochi 2014 Reference Document Presentation and visuals of the Olympic torches. Facts and figures on the Torch Relay for each edition. November 2014 © SOCHI 2014 Reference Document TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 Oslo 1952...................................................................................................................... 5 Cortina d’Ampezzo 1956 ............................................................................................. 9 Squaw Valley 1960 ..................................................................................................... 13 Innsbruck 1964 .......................................................................................................... 17 Grenoble 1968 ............................................................................................................ 21 Sapporo 1972 ............................................................................................................. 25 Innsbruck 1976 .......................................................................................................... 29 Lake Placid 1980 ........................................................................................................ 33 Sarajevo 1984 ............................................................................................................. 37 Calgary 1988 -
INSTRUMENT of SURRENDER We, Acting by Command of and in Behalf
INSTRUMENT OF SURRENDER We, acting by command of and in behalf of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters, hereby accept the provisions set forth in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States, China, and Great Britain on 26 July 1945 at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which four powers are hereafter referred to as the Allied Powers. We hereby proclaim the unconditional surrender to the Allied Powers of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and of all Japanese armed forces and all armed forces under the Japanese control wherever situated. We hereby command all Japanese forces wherever situated and the Japanese people to cease hostilities forthwith, to preserve and save from damage all ships, aircraft, and military and civil property and to comply with all requirements which my be imposed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers or by agencies of the Japanese Government at his direction. We hereby command the Japanese Imperial Headquarters to issue at once orders to the Commanders of all Japanese forces and all forces under Japanese control wherever situated to surrender unconditionally themselves and all forces under their control. We hereby command all civil, military and naval officials to obey and enforce all proclamations, and orders and directives deemed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to be proper to effectuate this surrender and issued by him or under his authority and we direct all such officials to remain at their posts and to continue to perform their non-combatant duties unless specifically relieved by him or under his authority. -
2014 Winter Olympic Competing Nations ALBANIA (ALB)
2014 Winter Olympic Competing Nations We list below detailed historial Olympic information for every IOC Member Nation that has previously competed at the Olympic Winter Games and that will compete in Sochi, as of 27 January 2014. There appear to be 88 qualified NOCs that have met IF quota requirements as of 24 January, and have accepted them (the previous record for a Winter Olympics is 82 in 2010 at Vancouver). Unfortunately, after reallocation of some quotas, only the skiing federation (FIS) has published the final quotas as of 26 January. We have tried to list below the sports for which each NOC has qualified but there is a small chance, with reallocations, that there may be minor differences in the final allocation by sport. There are seven nations that will compete in Sochi that have never before competed at the Olympic Winter Games – Dominica, Malta, Paraguay, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe. Their factsheets have been published previously on olympstats.com – see http://olympstats.com/2014/01/23/new-winter-olympic-nations-for-sochi/, which came out on 23 January. One problem nation is listed below and that is DPR Korea (North). They have not qualified any athletes for Sochi. They had the 1st and 2nd reserves for pairs figure skating but those do not appear to have been chosen by final reallocation of quota sports by the International Skating Union (ISU). However, yesterday (26 January), DPR Korea has petitioned the IOC for redress to allow them to have Olympic athletes compete in Sochi. So they are included below but it is unknown if they will compete. -
Second Sino-Japanese War from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Second Sino-Japanese War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945), so Second Sino-Japanese War named due to the First Sino- Part of the Pacific Theater of World War Japanese War of 1894–95, was a II[b] military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1941. China fought Japan, with some economic help from Germany (see Sino-German cooperation until 1941), the Soviet Union and the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the war would merge into The bodies of victims massacred in the the greater conflict of World War II Rape of Nanking on the shore of the as a major front of what is broadly Qinhuai River, with a Japanese soldier known as the Pacific War. The standing nearby. Second Sino-Japanese War was the largest Asian war in the 20th Date July 7, 1937 – September 9, century.[10] It also made up more 1945 than 90% of the casualties in the Minor fighting since September Pacific War. (see World War II 18, 1931 casualties) (8 years, 2 months and 2 days) The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese imperialist Location Mainland China and Burma policy aimed at expanding its Result influence politically and militarily Chinese victory as part in order to secure access to raw of the Allied victory in material reserves and other the Pacific War economic resources in the area, Surrender of all particularly food and labour, and Japanese forces in engage war with others in the mainland China policy context of aggressive (excluding Manchuria), modernized militarism in the Asia- Formosa, the Spratly Pacific, at the height of Imperial Rule Assistance Association's Islands, the Paracel Hideki Tojo cabinet and with the Islands, and French order from Emperor Shōwa. -
Olympic Sports (2)” of the James M
The original documents are located in Box 25, folder “Olympic Sports (2)” of the James M. Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Citius-Aitius-Forti us Repertoire Olympique Olympic Directory 1975 Digitized from Box 25 of the James M. Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library , ' ! ~ ·~ ~ E ! -C> ·- 0 u ..CD ·-a. ·c; E t:~ CD 0 a. '-CD a: a; en c: en .2 a: 0::J ::i• "tJ- e -~ a. ~ Q) 0. ~ E 0 Q) () "tJ , SOMMAIRE Comlt6 International Olymplque CONTENTS Pages Cree le 23 juin 1894. Fondateur : le baron Pierre de Coubertin 1. Comite International Olympique International Olympic Committee 3 Created 23rd June, 1894. Founder : Baron Pierre de Coubertin Lisle des presidents du C.I.O. List of I.O.C. Presidents 3 Commission executive Executive Board 4 Secretariat general General Secretariat 5 Lisle des pr6sldents du C.I.O. 2. Lisle alphabetique des membres du C.I.O. -
OFFICIAL GAZETTE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU EDITION E&R :-T-*M- H=-F-Ff #SH&I8fig&2Sq>
OFFICIAL GAZETTE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU EDITION e&r :-t-*M- H=-f-ff #SH&I8fiG&2Sq> No. 559. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 1948 Price 18.00 yen CABINET ORDERS PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE 6c MINISTERIAL ORDINANCE I hereby promulgate the Cabinet Order concerning a partial amendment of the Regulations governing the Prime Minister's Office and Ministries of Organization of the Ministry of Welfare. Foreign Affairs, Finance, Justice, Edu- Signed: HIROHITO, Seal of the Emperor cation, Welfare, Agriculture & Forestry, This fourteenth day of the second month of the Commerce & Industry, Transportation, twenty-third year of Showa (February 14, 1948) Communications and Labour Ordinance No. 1 Prime Minister KATAYAMA Tetsu •EFebruary 14, 1948 1947 Prime Minister's Office Ordinance Ministry for Foreign Affairs Ordinance Mi Cabinet Order No. 38 Ministry for Home Affairs Ordinance A part of the official organization regulation of the Ministry of Finance Ordinance Welfare Ministry shall be amended as follows : Ministry of Justice Ordinance Ministry of Education Ordinance Art. 4-(2). The National Park Department shall Ministry of Welfare Ordinance be set up in the Public Health Bureau. Ministry of Agulriculture and Forestry Ordinance The National Park Department shall take charge Ministry of Commerce ,and Industry Ordinance of affairs concerning National Parks. Ministry of Transportation Ordinance In Art. 10, paragraph of Welfare Secretaries. Ministry of Communications Ordinance " F u ll tim e 4 " 2 ,34 1843 Ministry of Labour Ordinance (The Regulation on Detailed Bill for Payment to be prepared under Article 1 of the Law to Protect the sh a ll re ad , " F u ll tim e 5 " Government from unjust Claims, Law No. -
Notizen 1801.Indd
12 Feature Prinz Mikasa, der Zweite Weltkrieg und der Shōwa-Tennō Gerhard Krebs Begegnung mit Prinz Mikasa Am 27. Oktober 2016 verstarb im Alter von 100 Jah- ren Prinz Mikasa (Mikasa no Miya Takahito Shinnō 三笠宮崇仁親王),1 der jüngste Bruder des Shōwa- Tennō (Hirohito). Das Begräbnis fand am 4. Novem- ber im Tokyoter Bezirk Bunkyō statt. Insgesamt nah- men über 600 Gäste daran teil, darunter auch führende Politiker und Diplomaten wie Premiermi- nister Abe Shinzō und die Botschafterin der Verei- nigten Staaten in Japan, Caroline Kennedy, die Toch- ter des ehemaligen US-Präsidenten John F. Kennedy. Josef Bohaczek hat dem Prinzen in den OAG Notizen einen ergreifenden Nachruf gewidmet.2 Auch mich verbinden einige Erinnerungen an Mikasa, den ich Prinz Mikasa in der ersten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre mehrmals bei Veranstaltungen der Asiatic Society of Japan traf, seinerzeit mit dem OAG-Haus als Tagungsort. Ich machte damals eine Untersuchung über „Japan im Pazifischen Krieg“, bei der die Friedenssuche den roten Faden bildete.3 Da der Prinz daran nicht ganz unbe- teiligt war, sprach ich ihn darauf an. Er bedauerte, dass sein älterer Bruder Takamatsu nicht mehr am Leben war, der bei diesen Bemühungen eine sehr viel wichtigere und aktivere Rolle gespielt hatte. Mikasa verschaffte mir aber den Kontakt zu Hosokawa Morisada, dem ehemaligen Sekretär Takamatsus und dessen Koordinator für die Kom- munikation mit politischen und militärischen Kreisen. 1 Für Informationen und Hilfe beim Zugang zu schwer zu beschaffenden Quellen danke ich an dieser Stelle Anami Fumiyo, Ursula Flache, Sigrid Francke, Ralph Lützeler, Sven Saaler und Tino Schölz. 2 OAG NOTIZEN 12/2016, S. -
Torches and Torch Relays of the Olympic Winter Games from Oslo 1952 to Pyeongchang 2018 22.05.2017
OSC REFERENCE COLLECTION Torches and Torch Relays of the Olympic Winter Games from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018 22.05.2017 Torches and Torch Relays of the Olympic Winter Games from Oslo 1952 to PyeongChang 2018 The Olympic Studies Centre www.olympic.org/studies [email protected] 2 OSC REFERENCE COLLECTION The “OSC Reference collection” is published by The Olympic Studies Centre. It gathers a series of documents providing key historical facts and figures related to different aspects of the Olympic Games and the IOC. In the same collection: Olympic Summer Games Villages Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Summer Games Torches and torch relays of the Olympic Winter Games History of the sports at the Summer Olympic Games History of sports at the Winter Olympic Games Olympic Summer Games medals Olympic Winter Games medals Youth Olympic Games medals Olympic Winter Games posters Olympic Summer Games posters Olympic Summer Games mascots Olympic Winter Games mascots Youth Olympic Games mascots The sports pictograms of the Olympic Summer Games The sports pictograms of the Olympic Winter Games Elections of the Presidents of the International Olympic Committee : candidates and voting results All reference documents, as well as the full collection of digital and printed publications of The Olympic Studies Centre are available on The Olympic World Library (OWL), our library catalogue entirely devoted to Olympic knowledge: www.olympic.org/library This content (the “Content”) is made available to you (“You”) by the International Olympic Committee (the “IOC”) for non-commercial, educational, research, analysis, review or reporting purposes only. The Content shall not be re- distributed, as made available to you by the IOC, in part or in whole, except to the extent that such content is a derivative work created by You. -
Thon.Ppt.201218.001
• • • • Sino-Japanese tensions and Japanese expansionism • Kwantung Army • Mukden Incident, 18 September 1931 • Occupation and establishment of Manchukuo, 1932 • China recognizes Japanese control, 1933 • Kishi Nobusuke and “National Defense State” • Enslavement of millions of Chinese and Koreans • Sexual slavery: “comfort women” • Ishii Shiro • Headquartered south of Harbin, modern Pingfang District • Founded by Kempeitai in 1935, transferred to Ishii’s control in 1936 • Unit 100 (Changchun) - animal and human experimentation • Unit 541 (Qiqihar) - chemical weapons research • Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department • Sub-units throughout Manchuria • Unit 1855 (Beijing) • Unit Ei 1644 (Nanjing) • Unit 8604 (Guangzhou) • Unit 9420 (Singapore) • Born 1892 • Studied medicine at Kyoto University • Commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Army as army surgeon, 1921 • Had a fondness for raising bacteria as companions or pets • Advocated military development of biological weapons in the 1920s and 30s • Earned support of key IJA figures despite factional rivalries • Received command of Unit 731, 1936 • Water filter design • Childish and psychopathic • Promoted to Surgeon General of the IJA (equivalent Lieutenant General) by 1945 • Breeding of diseases and bacteria • Cholera • Typhoid • Botulism • Trench foot • Anthrax • Bubonic plague • Rat breeding program in order to raise plague and fleas • Tests conducted against prisoners • Specialized germ bombs and spread methods • Test subjects dubbed maruta - Japanese for logs • Test subjects generally drawn from all walks of life - petty criminals, Soviet and Allied POWs, suspected Communists, or civilians randomly abducted by the Kempeitai • Live vivisection and other biological study • Germ tests • Frostbite tests • Gas chamber tests • Unit 731’s formation sanctioned by Emperor Hirohito • Ishii earned the favor of radical generals and officers, e.g. -
State of Emergency Has Been Declared for Tokyo and Other Parts of Japan
20 Reasons to Oppose the Tokyo Olympics No 2020 Olympics Disaster OkotowaLink 20 Reasons to Oppose the Tokyo Olympics ©No 2020 Olympics Disaster OkotowaLink http://www.2020okotowa.link/ https://www.facebook.com/okotowalink/ https://twitter.com/link_notokyooly Contents 4 Preface: Lives, Not Games 6 1. The Ever-Rising Costs of Hosting the Olympics 8 2. The Lie That Was Building a Stadium Without Changing City Planning 10 3. A Mega-Event With Mega Levels of Vested Interests 13 4. Bribery During the Olympics Bid 15 5. Prioritizing Money Over Safety 18 6. The Dark Truth Behind the Exploitation of Volunteers 20 7. Evictions of Residents and the Unhoused 23 8. Counterterrorism for the Olympics 25 9. Hiding the Truth About Fukushima Under the Mantra of the “Recovery Olympics” 27 10. Destroying Asia’s Forests for the Olympics 30 11. The Grim Reality Behind Constructing the Olympic Venues 32 12. Children Mobilized by Olympics Education 35 13. The Emperor, National Flag, and National Anthem 37 14. The True Meaning of the Torch Relay 40 15. Eugenics and the Paralympics 42 16. The Olympics and Gender 44 17. Athlete Health Risks 46 18. Coubertin and Olympism 48 19. The Olympics and War 51 20. Anti-Olympics Movements Worldwide: NOlympics Anywhere 54 Afterword: Join Us in Opposing the Olympics 3 Preface: Lives, Not Games The 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games were postponed by a year due to the coronavirus pandemic. We write this as we once again arrive at the half-a-year-to-go mark. Last year, this was celebrated with a spectacular ceremony in the Odaiba bay area of Tokyo.