Determination of Body Composition
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Body Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass Index and the Ageing Bone: Their Singular and Combined Roles Linked to Physical Activity and Diet
nutrients Article Body Fat Percentage, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass Index and the Ageing Bone: Their Singular and Combined Roles Linked to Physical Activity and Diet David J. Tomlinson 1,* , Robert M. Erskine 2,3 , Christopher I. Morse 1 and Gladys L. Onambélé 1 1 Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sport Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Crewe CW1 5DU, UK; [email protected] (C.I.M.); [email protected] (G.L.O.) 2 Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] 3 Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)161-247-5590 Received: 12 December 2018; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 18 January 2019 Abstract: This study took a multi-analytical approach including group differences, correlations and unit-weighed directional z-score comparisons to identify the key mediators of bone health. A total of 190 participants (18–80 years) were categorized by body fat%, body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI) to examine the effect of differing obesity criteria on bone characteristics. A subset of 50 healthy-eating middle-to-older aged adults (44–80 years) was randomly selected to examine any added impact of lifestyle and inflammatory profiles. Diet was assessed using a 3-day food diary, bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar, thoracic, (upper and lower) appendicular and pelvic areas. Physical activity was assessed using the Baecke questionnaire, and endocrine profiling was assessed using multiplex luminometry. -
Kinesiology 173: Foundations of Kinesiology
Kinesiology 173: Foundations of Kinesiology Module 2.3: Body Composition WHEN PEOPLE TALK ABOUT BODY COMPOSITION WHICH MODEL DO THEY MEAN? The common nomenclature generally refers to the proportion of _______________________ and ________________________ Mass in the body. • Healthy body composition involves a high proportion of fat-free mass and an acceptably low level of body fat, adjusted for age and sex. The 2 Component Model ~21% Fat Mass vs ~79% _______________ BODY COMPOSITION CLASSIFICATIONS Health-related criterion referenced standards for body fatness. Classification Males Females Unhealthy Range < 6% < 9% (too low) Acceptable Range 6 – 24% 9 – 31% Unhealthy > 24% > 31% (too high) WHAT IS BODY FAT? Brown Adipose Cells: Cells specialized for the creation of heat. White Adipose Cells: Cells specialized for the _______________________________________________. • Subcutaneous (under the skin) white adipose tissue provides ______________________. OMPOSITION C • Adipose tissue is a poor thermal conductor as energy is stored in the cell without water. ODY B : • Visceral (around the organs) white adipose tissue provides cushioning for internal organs. 3 2. • White adipose tissue is also involved with the secretion of hormones. ODULE ODULE • White adipose cells can expand 4 times their initial size before they undergo cellular division. M 1 • Decreasing body fat only decreases the size of the cells and ________________________________________________________ the number of white adipose cells. Not everyone Stores Fat in the Same Way ______________________________________________________: • Most common in females. • Pear Shape: Fat stores around hips ______________________________________________________: • Most common in males. • Apple Shape: Fat stores around waist • Associated with MORE health risks! CAN YOU CLEANSE BODY FAT? The 4 Component Model ~21% Fat Mass ~58% ________________ ~16% Protein ~7% Bone Mineral • Body ‘Cleanse’ products work by reducing _____________________________________________. -
Understanding 7 Understanding Body Composition
PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines 7 Understanding Body Composition Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives • Define body composition . • Explain why the assessment of body size, shape, and composition is useful. • Explain how to perform assessments of body size, shape, and composition. • Evaluate your personal body weight, size, shape, and composition. • Set goals for a healthy body fat percentage. • Plan for regular monitoring of your body weight, size, shape, and composition. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Composition Concepts • Body Composition The relative amounts of lean tissue and fat tissue in your body. • Lean Body Mass Your body’s total amount of lean/fat-free tissue (muscles, bones, skin, organs, body fluids). • Fat Mass Body mass made up of fat tissue. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Composition Concepts • Percent Body Fat The percentage of your total weight that is fat tissue (weight of fat divided by total body weight). • Essential Fat Fat necessary for normal body functioning (including in the brain, muscles, nerves, lungs, heart, and digestive and reproductive systems). • Storage Fat Nonessential fat stored in tissue near the body’s surface. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Body Size, Shape, and Composition Matter Knowing body composition can help assess health risks. • More people are now overweight or obese. • Estimates of body composition provide useful information for determining disease risks. Evaluating body size and shape can motivate healthy behavior change. • Changes in body size and shape can be more useful measures of progress than body weight. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Composition for Men and Women Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. -
BIA TECHNOLOGY for ASSESSING MUSCLE MASS Andrew M
3774 A4 16pp muscle mass SINGLES_Layout 1 17/05/2011 10:32 Page 2 BIA TECHNOLOGY FOR ASSESSING MUSCLE MASS Andrew M. Prentice, PhD An introductory guide Professor of International Nutrition Health Surveys Clinical Trials Medical Practice Research Epidemiology Sports And Fitness Centres General Practice Surgeries Geriatric Clinics Sport science 3774 A4 16pp muscle mass SINGLES_Layout 1 17/05/2011 10:32 Page 3 Muscle – the body’s powerhouse Some of these involve fine control of the smallest action (the movement of an eye for instance) and others involve Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles are responsible gross movements (such as the lifting of a leg by the for all human movement - from the beating of a heart, quadriceps muscle). They can apply isometric force and the drawing of a breath, to the running of a marathon. (gripping, squeezing, supporting a weight) or kinetic This booklet focuses solely on skeletal muscles. force (locomotion, movements). There are approximately 695 skeletal muscles in a human Skeletal muscles contain a mixture of two broad fibre types: body. Each contains contractile filaments that, under the slow twitch and fast twitch. Slow twitch fibres generate less control of efferent nerve signals, can slide over each force but have good endurance; fast twitch fibres contract other to create a force and hence cause movement. quickly and powerfully but fatigue rapidly. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Muscles Anterior Muscles Posterior 02 3774 A4 16pp muscle mass SINGLES_Layout 1 17/05/2011 10:32 Page 4 Muscle through the lifecourse All muscle cells arise from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells and most are already formed by birth - ready to grow and be trained throughout life. -
Optimal Cut-Off Values for Anthropometric Measures of Obesity in Screening for Cardiometabolic Disorders in Adults
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Optimal cut‑of values for anthropometric measures of obesity in screening for cardiometabolic disorders in adults Pawel Macek1,2, Malgorzata Biskup1,3, Malgorzata Terek‑Derszniak3, Halina Krol1,5, Jolanta Smok‑Kalwat4, Stanislaw Gozdz1,4 & Marek Zak1* Excessive accumulation of body fat (BF) promotes obesity, whilst posing a signifcant health hazard. There being no agreed, optimal quantifying methods, application of BF variable in clinical practice is not deemed an efective assessment option. The study, involving 4,735 patients (33.6% men), aged 45–64, aimed to identify optimal cut‑of values for anthropometric indicators of obesity to evaluate cardiometabolic risk. A minimum P‑value approach was applied to calculate the cut‑ofs for BF%. Threshold values for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist‑to‑hip ratio (WHR), and waist‑to‑height (WHTR) ratio, facilitating optimal diferentiation of cardiometabolic risk, were based on BF%, expressed as a binary classifer. The newly estimated cut‑of values for predicting cardiometabolic risk, based on BMI, were lower than the referential obesity thresholds, whereas the threshold values of WC, WHR, and WHTR were higher. Apart from dyslipidemia, the odds of cardiometabolic disorders were higher, when the anthropometric indicators under study exceeded the cut‑of points in both sexes. The proposed cut‑ofs proved instrumental in predicting cardiometabolic risk, whilst highlighting diagnostic and clinical potential of BF%, whereas BMI boasted the highest predictive potential. Cardiometabolic risk also proved signifcantly higher even in the overweight patients. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity entails excessive and life-threatening accumulation of body fat (BF), which poses a signifcant risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders1–5. -
Comparing Body Composition Methods for Bowling Green State University's
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU Masters of Education in Human Movement, Sport, and Leisure Studies Graduate Projects Human Movement, Sport, and Leisure Studies 2021 COMPARING BODY COMPOSITION METHODS FOR BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY’S AIR FORCE ROTC PROGRAM Trey Naylor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hmsls_mastersprojects 1 COMPARING BODY COMPOSITION METHODS FOR BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIVERSITY’S AIR FORCE ROTC PROGRAM Trey R. Naylor Master’s Project Submitted to the School of Human Movement, Sport, and Leisure Studies Bowling Green State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER of EDUCATION In Kinesiology Project Advisor Dr. Jessica Kiss, Assistant Teaching Professor, School of HMSLS Second Reader Dr. Adam Fullenkamp, Associate Professor, School of HMSLS 2 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………3-4 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..5-8 Literature Review……………………………………………………………………………...9-20 Methods……………………………………………………………………………………....21-25 Results……………………………………………………………..........................................26-29 Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………….30-34 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………35 References……………………………………………………………………………………36-42 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………...43-48 Appendix A…………………………………………………………………………...43-45 Appendix B……………………………………………………………………...........46-47 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………............48 3 Abstract In special populations, such as ROTC cadets, body composition -
The Relationship Between Carbohydrate Restrictive Diets and Body Fat Percentage in the Female Athlete
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Nutrition Theses Department of Nutrition Summer 7-22-2011 The Relationship Between Carbohydrate Restrictive Diets And Body Fat Percentage in the Female Athlete Lauren L. Lorenzo Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses Part of the Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation Lorenzo, Lauren L., "The Relationship Between Carbohydrate Restrictive Diets And Body Fat Percentage in the Female Athlete." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/13 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Nutrition at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. APPROVAL THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBOHYDRATE RESTRICTIVE DIETS AND BODY FAT PERCENTAGE IN THE FEMALE ATHLETE BY LAUREN LYNCH LORENZO Approved: ________________________________________________ Dan Benardot, PhD, DHC, RD, LD, FACSM, Major Professor ________________________________________________ Anita Nucci, PhD, RD, LD, Committee Member ________________________________________________ Walter R. Thompson, PhD, FACSM, Committee Member ___________________ Date AUTHOR’S STATEMENT In presenting this thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Georgia State University, I agree that the Library of the University shall make it available for inspection and circulation in accordance with its regulations governing materials of the type. I agree that permission to quote from, to copy from, or to publish this thesis may be granted by the author, or in his/her absence, by the Associate Dean, College of Health and Human Sciences. -
Recommended Percentage of Fat Per Day
Recommended Percentage Of Fat Per Day Alphonse outcries glisteringly. Robin is cyclical: she dele Judaically and excite her pacemaker. Lyndon demonised aloofly. Of fat per day to healthy for adding up in your organs which ultimately has worked for Have per day of recommended percentages than the recommendations for high temperatures and cardiovascular and similar associations of foods and shifts the bad carbs are just started? What the Saturated Fat tissue Much Should but Have Nutrition. Reviewed by type Department on Nutrition Therapy at The Cleveland Clinic. This is looking great article. While fats lower fat? The fda and heart health survey: all need all of recommended fat percentage of medicine position stand the body fat in select a dogs can be consuming a few people consume? Add fat recommendation by day of fats are turning off your body functions such as soon as they need the recommendations. On fat percentages. In party it's recommended that 1035 of gum daily calories come from protein. These percentages of recreation will carefully weight offset and. Having high levels of VLDL cholesterol can lead to correct health conditions. Does more of fats in percentages, per day of vitamin and recommendations based on gender, helping to chew more and fitness pal app or worsen anxiety. The guidelines were primarily established for nutritional professionals to help some develop realistic, individualized eating plans for their clients. The percent daily expenditure on rabbit nutrition facts label over a lane to the nutrients in one. How many carbs enough calcium and others may find that the brain development including conflicting information has been widely from person uses akismet to. -
Influences of Ketogenic Diet on Body Fat Percentage, Respiratory Exchange Rate, and Total Cholesterol in Athletes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Influences of Ketogenic Diet on Body Fat Percentage, Respiratory Exchange Rate, and Total Cholesterol in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hyun Suk Lee 1 and Junga Lee 2,* 1 Graduate School of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; [email protected] 2 Sports Medicine and Science, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-(31)-201-2738 Abstract: (1) Background: The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to investigate any positive or negative effects of ketogenic diets in athletes and provide an assessment of the size of these effects. (2) Methods: Databases were used to select relevant studies up to January 2021 regarding the effects of ketogenic diets in athletes. Inclusion criteria were as follows: data before and after ketogenic diet use, being randomized controlled trials and presenting ketogenic diets and assessments of ketone status. Study subjects were required to be professional athletes. Review studies, pilot studies, and studies in which non-athletes were included were excluded from this meta-analysis. The outcome effect sizes in these selected studies were calculated by using the standardized mean difference statistic. (3) Results: Eight studies were selected for this meta-analysis. Athletes who consumed the ketogenic diet had reduced body fat percentages, respiratory exchange rates, and increased total cholesterol compared to athletes who did not consume this diet. However, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, heart Citation: Lee, H.S.; Lee, J. Influences rate, HDL cholesterol, glucose level, and insulin level were unaffected by the diet. -
Human Body Composition: in Vivo Methods
PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000 Printed in U.S.A. Human Body Composition: In Vivo Methods KENNETH J. ELLIS Body Composition Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas I. Historical Background and Cadaver Studies 650 II. Body Composition Models 650 A. Two-compartment models 650 B. Three-compartment models 651 C. Four-compartment models 651 D. Multicompartment models 651 III. Body Density and Volume Measurements 653 A. Underwater weighing 653 B. Air-displacement plethysmography 654 IV. Dilution Methods 655 A. Basic principle 655 B. Total body water 655 C. Extracellular water 656 D. Intracellular water 656 V. Bioelectrical Impedance and Conductance Methods 656 A. Bioelectrical impedance analysis 656 B. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy 657 C. Total body electrical conductivity 658 VI. Whole Body Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis 659 A. Total body potassium 659 B. Neutron activation analysis 660 VII. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry 662 A. Absorptiometric principle 662 B. Bone mineral measurements 662 C. Triple-energy X-ray techniques 663 VIII. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography 664 A. Magnetic resonance imaging 664 B. Computed tomography 665 IX. Reference Body Composition Data 666 A. Infants 666 B. Children 667 C. Adults 668 X. Measurement of Changes in Body Composition 669 XI. Summary 671 Ellis, Kenneth J. Human Body Composition: In Vivo Methods. Physiol. Rev. 80: 649–680, 2000.—In vivo methods used to study human body composition continue to be developed, along with more advanced reference models that utilize the information obtained with these technologies. -
Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert
Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio Report of a WHO Expert Consultation GENEVA, 8–11 DECEMBER 2008 Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation Geneva, 8–11 December 2008 WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Waist circumference and waist–hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8–11 December 2008. 1.Body mass index. 2.Body constitution. 3.Body composition. 4.Obesity. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 150149 1 (NLM classification: QU 100) © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Gender Differences in the Relationship of Sleep Pattern and Body Composition in Healthy Adults
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Gender differences in the relationship of sleep pattern and body composition in healthy adults Diferenças do gênero na relação entre o padrão de sono e a composição corporal em adultos saudáveis Ioná Zalcman Zimberg1, Cibele Aparecida Crispim1,2, Rafael Marques Diniz1, Murilo Dattilo1, Bruno Gomes dos Reis1, Daniel Alves Cavagnolli1, Alexandre Paulino de Faria1, Sérgio Tufik1, Marco Túlio de Mello1 Abstract de composição corporal foram feitas na manhã seguinte, após 12 horas Objective: To investigate the gender differences in relationship be- de jejum. Protocolos validados foram usados para avaliar o sono (po- tween body composition and sleep pattern in healthy subjects. Meth- lissonografia) e antropometria (massa corporal, altura, dobras cutâneas ods: Fifty-two healthy volunteers (27 women) participated in this e circunferências corporais). Resultados: Correlação positiva entre study. Subjects underwent overnight polysomnography and measure- porcentagem de sono de ondas lentas e massa corporal magra (r=0,46; ments of body composition were taken in the following morning af- p=0,016) foram encontradas em mulheres. Em homens, desperta- ter a 12-hour fast. Validated protocols were used to evaluate sleep res durante o sono foram positivamente correlacionados com índices (polysomnography) and anthropometry (body mass, height, skinfolds como índice de massa corporal (r=0,62, p<0,01), massa gorda (kg) and body circumferences). Results: A positive correlation between (r=0,61, p<0,01), percentual de gordura (r=0,56, p<0.01), circunfe- percentage of slow-wave sleep and percentage of lean body mass rência de cintura (r=0,58, p<0.01), circunferência de quadril (r=0,45, (r=0.46, p=0.016) was found in women.