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Zukunftsmodell Schweiz: Eine Landwirtschaft Ohne Gentechnik?

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Zukunftsmodell Schweiz: Eine Landwirtschaft Ohne Gentechnik? Inhaltsverzeichnis ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.................................................................................4 EINLEITUNG..............................................................................................6 TEIL I: FALLSTUDIEN ZU SECHS KULTUREN ......................................7 1 KARTOFFELANBAU IN DER SCHWEIZ.........................................................7 1.1 Der nachhaltige Kartoffelanbau: ein Idealszenario...........................................................7 1.2 Der real existierende Kartoffelanbau..............................................................................7 1.3 Die Schlüsselprobleme des Kartoffelanbaus..................................................................8 1.4 Die Lösungsstrategien..................................................................................................8 1.5 Hauptforschungsgebiete im ökologischen Landbau.......................................................9 1.6 Hauptforschungsgebiete Gentechnik..........................................................................11 1.7 Bewertung der derzeitigen Sitation und Ausblick..........................................................13 1.8 Die Schadorganismen im Kartoffelanbau......................................................................14 1.8.1 Kraut- und Knollenfäule (Phytophthora infestans)..................................................14 1.8.2 Schwarzbeinigkeit/Bakterielle Welke (Erwinia carotovora) .......................................16 1.8.3 Rhizoctonia-Krankheit..........................................................................................16 1.8.4 Virosen...............................................................................................................17 1.8.5 Kartoffelkäfer (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).............................................................17 1.8.6 Nematoden (Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida) ...................................................18 EXKURS: VIRUSRESISTENTE TRANSGENE PFLANZEN..................................23 EXKURS: DER FALL PUSZTAI ....................................................................24 2 WEIZENANBAU IN DER SCHWEIZ .............................................................26 2.1 Der nachhaltige Weizenanbau: ein Idealszenario..........................................................26 2.2 Der real existierende Weizenanbau..............................................................................26 2.3 Die Schlüsselprobleme des Weizenanbaus..................................................................26 2.4 Die Lösungsstrategien................................................................................................27 2.5 Hauptforschungsgebiete im ökologischen Landbau.....................................................28 2.6 Hauptforschungsgebiete Gentechnik..........................................................................29 2.7 Bewertung der heutigen Situation und Ausblick...........................................................31 2.8 Schadorganismen im Weizenanbau.............................................................................32 2.8.1 Fusariosen (Fusarium spp.)...................................................................................32 2.8.2 Halmbruchkrankheit (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) ..................................33 2.8.3 Septoria-Spelzenbräune und -Blattflecken (Septoria nodorum) ..............................34 2.8.4 Braunrost (Puccinia redondita)..............................................................................34 2.8.5 Echter Mehltau (Eurysiphe graminis) .....................................................................35 2.8.6 Gelbverzwergung (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus).........................................................36 2.8.7 Getreideblattläuse................................................................................................36 EXKURS: RÄUMLICHE DIVERSIFIZIERUNGSSTRATEGIEN (SORTENMISCHUNGEN)... 39 EXKURS: ALLERGIEN...............................................................................41 3 MAISANBAU IN DER SCHWEIZ .................................................................42 3.1 Der nachhaltige Maisanbau: ein Idealszenario...............................................................42 3.2 Der real existierende Maisanbau..................................................................................42 3.3 Die Schlüsselprobleme des Maisanbaus......................................................................42 3.4 Die Lösungsstrategien................................................................................................43 3.5 Hauptforschungsgebiete im ökologischen Landbau.....................................................44 3.6 Hauptforschungsgebiete Gentechnik..........................................................................45 3.7 Bewertung der heutigen Situation und Ausblick...........................................................48 3.8 Schadorganismen im Maisanbau..................................................................................48 Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1 3.8.1 Stengelfäule (Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella zeae) ...............................................48 3.8.2 Maiszünsler (Ostrinia nubilalis)...............................................................................49 3.8.3 Maisbeulenbrand (Ustilago maydis).......................................................................50 3.8.4 Helminthosporium-Blattflecken.............................................................................50 3.8.5 Maisrost (Puccinia sorghi) .....................................................................................51 3.8.6 Drahtwürmer (Agriotes spp.).................................................................................51 3.8.7 Fritfliege (Oscinella frit) .........................................................................................51 EXKURS: INSEKTENRESISTENZ DURCH BT-GENE ........................................54 4 RAPSANBAU IN DER SCHWEIZ ................................................................56 4.1 Der nachhaltige Rapsanbau: ein Idealszenario..............................................................56 4.2 Der real existierende Rapsanbau.................................................................................56 4.3 Die Schlüsselprobleme des Rapsanbaus.....................................................................56 4.4 Die Lösungsstrategien................................................................................................56 4.5 Hauptforschungsgebiete im ökologischen Landbau.....................................................57 4.6 Hauptforschungsgebiete Gentechnik..........................................................................58 4.7 Bewertung der heutigen Situation und Ausblick...........................................................61 4.8 Fallbeispiele Schadorganismen...................................................................................62 4.8.1 Rapserdfloh (Psylliodes chrysocephalus)..............................................................62 4.8.2 Rapsglanzkäfer (Meligethes aeneus).....................................................................63 4.8.3 Rapsstengelrüssler (Ceuthorhynchus napi)...........................................................63 4.8.4 Kohlschotengallmücke (Dasineura brassicae) ........................................................64 4.8.5 Rapskrebs (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)......................................................................64 4.8.6 Wurzelhals- und Stengelfäule (Leptosphaeria maculans)........................................65 4.8.7 Schnecken (Deroceras spp., Arion hortensis)........................................................65 EXKURS: PROGNOSEMODELLE IM PFLANZENSCHUTZ..................................69 EXKURS: ANTIBIOTIKARESISTENZEN IN TRANSGENEN PFLANZEN.................70 5 SALAT-ANBAU IN DER SCHWEIZ..............................................................71 5.1 Der nachhaltige Anbau von Salat: ein Idealszenario.......................................................71 5.2 Der real existierende Anbau von Salat..........................................................................71 5.3 Die Schlüsselprobleme des Anbaus von Salat..............................................................71 5.4 Die Lösungsstrategien................................................................................................72 5.5 Hauptforschungsgebiete im ökologischen Landbau.....................................................72 5.6 Hauptforschungsgebiete Gentechnik..........................................................................73 5.7 Bewertung der heutigen Situation und Ausblick...........................................................74 5.8 Schadorganismen im Salatanbau.................................................................................75 5.8.1 Falscher Mehltau (Bremia lactucae)........................................................................75 5.8.2 Salatwurzellaus (Pemphigus bursarius)..................................................................75 5.8.3 Pilzliche Salatfäulen (Grauschimmel, Sklerotinia, Schwarzfäule)...............................76 5.8.4 Blattläuse............................................................................................................76 5.8.5 Schnecken (Deroceras spp., Arion spp., Milax spp., Limax spp.).............................77 EXKURS: HERBIZIDTOLERANTE PFLANZEN.................................................79
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