VARIAÇÕES SOBRE O MESMO TONTO O Herói Cômico E a Construção Dramatúrgica Do Humor No Cinema De Francis Veber

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VARIAÇÕES SOBRE O MESMO TONTO O Herói Cômico E a Construção Dramatúrgica Do Humor No Cinema De Francis Veber LEONARDO ANTUNES CUNHA VARIAÇÕES SOBRE O MESMO TONTO O herói cômico e a construção dramatúrgica do humor no cinema de Francis Veber Tese apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Escola de Belas Artes da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Artes. Área de concentração: “Arte e tecnologia da imagem”. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Ana Lúcia Andrade. Belo Horizonte Escola de Belas Artes/UFMG 2011 Dedico esta tese à memória de Jacques Brel e Jacques Villeret, soberbos Pignons que não se cansam de me divertir. 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha mulher e aos meus filhos, que me aguentaram rindo sozinho de tantas comédias francesas sem legenda. Aos meus pais, que me levaram pra assistir a “Um convidado bem trapalhão” e outras trapalhadas no cinema. Aos amigos da revista Filmes Polvo, pelas ideias, risos e chumbo trocados. À minha orientadora Ana Lúcia Andrade, pela liberdade, lucidez, gentileza e bom humor. A Paulo Pereira, César Guimarães, Heitor Capuzzo e todos os professores que partilharam comigo sua paixão pelo cinema. Aos professores Claus Clüver, Ernani Maletta, Maria do Céu e Mariana Muniz, que me abriram janelas inesperadas nesta pesquisa. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação da EBA-UFMG, por abraçar sem preconceito esta pesquisa sobre a comédia popular. 3 “O riso é melhor que a prece para a saúde da alma” Henri Gougaud, humorista francês. “A tragédia é construída em torno de uma constatação implacável: os homens morrem. A comédia é construída em torno de outra constatação, igualmente implacável: os homens são tolos” Gerald Mast, professor norte-americano. 4 RESUMO Esta pesquisa aventura-se num campo bastante popular entre o público cinematográfico, mas menos valorizado por teóricos e críticos de arte – a comédia, especialmente o filme cômico – e tem como corpus a obra de um artista pouco estudado, mesmo entre os especialistas da área de Cinema e em seu próprio país: o francês Francis Veber, veterano que já roteirizou mais de 30 filmes e dirigiu 12. O duplo objetivo da pesquisa foi contribuir para a discussão do cinema de entretenimento, sobretudo em seu aspecto dramatúrgico e, ao mesmo tempo, lançar mais luzes sobre a obra de Veber, artista que demonstra habilidade em lidar com a construção da narrativa humorística, com os vários tipos de comicidade e que em muitos momentos ultrapassa os cânones da comédia. Dessa forma, procurou-se conciliar o estudo do chamado “cinema de gênero” (no caso, a comédia) e do “cinema de autor” (buscando as marcas estilísticas do cineasta), valorizando o diálogo entre estes dois campos e não os tratando como divergentes. Para isso, partiu-se de três eixos conceituais: a caracterização do herói cômico em suas várias manifestações; a estrutura da narrativa cômica no cinema; e as diversas formas de comicidade: burlesca, de situação, satírica, paródica e verbal, sempre as relacionando com a produção de Francis Veber. Além disso, foram estudadas duas características da filmografia de Veber, mais especificamente na chamada “Saga Pignon”: sua peculiar estratégia de casting ao longo desta série de filmes, e também a transformação de François Pignon de personagem em meta-personagem. Essas reflexões podem auxiliar no estudo de filmes e na elaboração de roteiros cinematográficos que levem em conta a comicidade e/ou o envolvimento do espectador na construção do discurso fílmico. Palavras chave : cinema narrativa comédia Francis Veber 5 ABSTRACT Title : Variations on the same fool: the comic hero and the construction of humor in the films of Francis Veber This research ventures into a field that is very popular among movie audiences but not as highly valued in cinema studies: film comedy. Its chosen corpus encloses films written and directed by an artist that is also scarcely studied, even among experts in the field of Cinema and even in his own country: Francis Veber, the French veteran who has written over 30 films and directed 12. The dual purpose of the research is to contribute to the discussion of cinema as entertainment, mainly in its dramaturgical aspect, and also to shed more light on the work of Veber, an artist who shows ability on dealing with the construction of humorous narratives and on blending various types of comicality, and one that often excels the canons of comedy. Therefore, the research intends to combine the study of so-called "genre cinema" (comedy, in this case) and "auteur cinema" (by seeking the stylistic traits of the filmmaker), valuing the dialogue between these two fields and not treating as divergent. To this end, it follows three conceptual axes: the characterization of the comic hero in its various manifestations; the narrative structures in film comedy; and the various forms of comicality (burlesque, situational, satirical, parodic and verbal), all the while linking these axes with Veber’s films. Next the research studies two specific traits in Veber’s oeuvre, notably in the so-called "Pignon Saga": his peculiar strategy of casting throughout the saga, and also the transformation of François Pignon from character to meta-character. These reflections may help in the study or development of screenplays that take comicality into account and that value the involvement of the spectator in the construction of film discourse. Keywords : cinema narrative comedy Francis Veber 6 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Fig. 1 Em O jantar dos malas , Pignon e as gravatas: idênticas? Fig. 2 Jacques Brel e seus olhos tristes, em Fuja enquanto é tempo. Fig. 3 François Perrin: palhaço, às suas ordens, em O brinquedo. Fig. 4 Rambal-Cochet e os funcionários-objeto, em O brinquedo. Fig. 5 Perrin, o homem-brinquedo, herói de carne, osso e creme de baunilha, em O brinquedo. Fig. 6 Em O brinquedo , Eric foge do pai: a felicidade não se compra. Fig. 7 Sinal vermelho para o manda-chuva, em O brinquedo. Fig. 8 Fuja enquanto é tempo : salvem o assassino! Fig. 9 Pignon ao telefone, parte 1: vítima da pegadinha, em O jantar dos malas . Fig. 10 Pignon ao telefone, parte 2: arma devastadora, em O jantar dos malas . Fig. 11 Pignon ao telefone, parte 3: triste palhaço, em O jantar dos malas . Fig. 12 Pignon ao telefone, ato final: quem nasce pra mala... , em O jantar dos malas . Fig. 13 Contratado para amar : entre Ferraris e top-models . Fig. 14 Méliès e suas duas cabeças. Fig. 15 Segundo de Chomón: acrobatas japoneses dão arigatô para o público. Fig. 16 Irmãos Lumière: a chegada diagonal do trem à estação. Fig. 17 Em Dupla confusão, Quentin assalta a casa de câmbio: os japoneses chegaram antes.. Fig. 18 Dupla confusão : elipse mortal. Fig. 19 A fuga de guindaste: início da Dupla confusão . Fig. 20 Fuga travestida, em Dupla confusão. Fig. 21 Fábula e Trama, segundo Bordwell. Fig. 22 Perrin se aborrece em Cause toujours... tu m’intéresses! Fig. 23 Perrin no jantar comemorativo em Coup de tête: “Preparem-se!” Fig. 24 Barricada para a vingança anunciada em Coup de tête. Fig. 25 Os compadres: dois pais, um filho só. Fig. 26 Pignon e seu “olhar de pombo”, em O closet . Fig. 27 Coup de tête: a mulher que foi estuprada vê os “suspeitos”, entre os quais está Perrin. Fig. 28 Coup de tête. O delegado pergunta: “Você reconhece algum deles?” Fig. 29 Coup de tête. A mulher hesita: “Não sei. Acho que sim, é aquele ali.” Fig. 30 Delegado: Não. Aquele ali é um dos nossos funcionários, em Coup de tête. Fig. 31 Pignon salvo pelo ring , em Os compadres. Fig. 32 O jantar dos malas : Primeiros planos sem dó nem piedade. Fig. 33 O jantar dos malas : além do teatro. Fig. 34 Um jantar para idiotas : Barry e sua Santa Ceia feita com ratos empalhados. 7 Fig. 35 O gran finale de Um jantar para idiotas: no início, jantar elegante à mesa; no fim, incêndio e abutre em fuga. Fig. 36 Em Um jantar para idiotas , um autêntico freak-show: o ventríloquo, o controlador de mentes, a medium e o espadachim cego . Fig. 37 Classificação das comédias, segundo Horton. Fig. 38 A cabra: Perrin erguido pelos fundilhos. Fig. 39 Campana e a técnica de convencimento nasal, em A cabra. Fig. 40 A cabra: Perrin e a moral da torta na cara . Fig. 41 A cabra : o humor do corpo disforme . Fig. 42 A cabra: Campana e sua força bruta... que não impede o momento de ternura . Fig. 43 Lógica e acaso duelam na areia movediça, em A cabra. Fig. 44 Cena final de A cabra : do burlesco ao sublime. Fig. 45 Os compadres: Pignon não sabe para onde aponta sua felicidade. Fig. 46 A volta do louro alto: lances coreografados de uma luta por engano. Fig. 47 A repetição em Os compadres : quantos pais tem esse moleque? Fig. 48 Os fugitivos: Depardieu é confundido com um cachorro. Fig. 49 O psiquiatra em Dupla confusão : Freud na parede, café na cara. Fig. 50 Louro alto : o decote, o zíper e o cobertor felpudo. Fig. 51 Lucas debocha do sentimentalismo de Pignon, em Os compadres. Fig. 52 Em Coup de tête, viagem ao mundo da miséria e do desemprego. Fig. 53 O impiedoso Cheval, em O jantar dos malas: “aqui tinha um bibelô!” Fig. 54 Coup de tête: Perrin e a invisibilidade dos garçons. Fig. 55 O Louro alto tem sua vida vigiada, filmada, invadida, mas não percebe nada. Fig. 56 A gag do estetoscópio, de Chaplin a Veber. Fig. 57 O violino imaginário em dois tons: Louro alto e Os compadres. Fig. 58 Em O jantar dos malas , a sátira nos detalhes: Pignon vira um produtor belga. Fig. 59 Em O jantar dos malas, uma pitada burlesca: Pignon vibra com sua brilante ideia. Fig. 60 Em O jantar dos malas, Pignon se espanta diante de um plano diabolicamente inteligente.
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