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Çin Halk Cumhuriyrti Qinghai Eyaletinde Yaşayan Salirlarin Günümüzdeki Kültürü

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Çin Halk Cumhuriyrti Qinghai Eyaletinde Yaşayan Salirlarin Günümüzdeki Kültürü T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTROPOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYRTİ QİNGHAİ EYALETİNDE YAŞAYAN SALIRLARIN GÜNÜMÜZDEKİ KÜLTÜRÜ XIAOXUAN MA 2501141384 TEZ DANIŞMANI Dr. Öğr.Üyesi.Rabia Ebrar AKINCI İSTANBUL, 2019 ÖZ ÇİN HALK CUMHURİYETİ QİNGHAİ EYALETİNDE YAŞAYAN SALIRLARIN GÜNÜMÜZDEKİ KÜLTÜRÜ XIAOXUAN MA Dünyadaki Türk dilli topluluklar içinde belki de en az bilinen “Salır”topluluğudur. Türkiye’de de Çin’deki Salırlar hakkında sınırlı sayıda araştırma ve dokümantasyon bulunmaktadır. 14.Yüzyılda Salırların atalarının Orta Asya’dan Çin’e göç etmesinden sonraki 700 yıl boyunca da haklarında çok az bilgi kaydedilmiştir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, Çin Halk CumhuriyetiQing Hai Eylati’nde yaşayan Salır grubunu ve kültürünü etnografik açıdan yorumlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu tez çalışması saha araştırmasına dayanmaktadır ve sahada toplanan verilerden yola çıkarak tez konusu açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Tezin içeriği, Çin halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Qing Hai Eyaleti’ne bağlı Xunhua Salır Otonom İlçesi’nde yaşayan Salar etnik grubunun, günümüzdeki kültürünü, kültürel değişim dinemiklerini anlamak için din, dil ve gündelik yaşamının özelliklerini ele almaktadır. Ayrıca Salırların küreselleşme sürecinde kültürel kimlik bilincinin şekillenmesi, karşı karşıya kaldıkları kimlik krizi ile geleneksellik ve modernlik arasında tutumlarına yer verildi. Anahatar Kelimler: Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, Xunhua Salır Otonom İlçesi Salırlar,Salır Kültürü ,Etnik Kimlik , ii ABSTRACT THE CURRENT CULTURE OF THE SALAR WHO LIVING IN QINGHAI PROVINCE IN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Among the world’s Turkic people, perhaps the least known is the “Salır” (Salar) people living in People’s Republic of China. Researches and publications on Salars of China is also limited in Turkey. Around the 14th century, the ancestors of the Salar migrated from Central Asia to China. In the 700 years since then, the culture and information about the Salar community has been poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to understand the identity and culture of the Salar group in ethnographic context. This study is based on field research and the dissertation aims to present interpretations on the subject based on the data collected in the field. The aim of this study is to investigate the ethnic identities and changes in cultural context of Salar people living in the Autonomous District of Xunhua inQing Hai Province of China. The content of the thesis is based on a series of ethnic characteristics of the local Salar religion, language and daily life, to understand the dynamics of cultural change of the Salar group in the context of contemporary Chinese society.This study also emphasize the identity of the Salar people in crisis. In the context of globalization and their identity, as well as the identity crisis, as well as their attitude between tradition and modernity. Key Words: Autonomous District of Xunhua Salar, Salar Culture, Ethnic Identity, People’s Republic of China. iii ÖNSÖZ Tez giriş ve sonuç hariç olmak üzere altı ana bölüm olarak ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde araştırmanın önemi analiz edilecektir ve bu bölümde temel kavramların tanımları, etnik kimliğin özellikleri ve bazı ilgili teoriler tartışılacaktır. İkinci bölümde, Salırlar’ın yaşadığı coğrafi geçmiş ve Salırlar’ın kökenleri tarihi perspektiften analiz edilecektir. Bu bölüm Salırların atalarının Çin’e yerleşiminden beri Salırların etnik kimliğindeki değişiklikler ve “misafir” kimliğinden Çin ulusunun bir parçası olmaya geçişini içermektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, araştırma yöntemi ve araştırmada kullanılan teknikler, çalışma sahasının seçimi, araştırmanın kapsamı ve sınırları ve ayrıca saha çalışmasının zorluklarınden söz edilecektir. Dördüncü bölümde görüşülen kişlerin yaşadıkları yer, cinsiyetleri, eğitim düzeyi, yaşları ve medeni durumlarına dair demografik verilere yer verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde Salırlar genel olarak gözden geçirilecektir ve etnik köken, dilleri ve kültürleri ile etnik özelliklerin kaynağı analiz edilecektir. Bu çalışma ile Salırların bir etnik grup olarak sosyal arka planı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Sosyal ve kültürel değişime rağmen, anadil ve köklü toplumsal örgütler Salır’ın etnik sınırının korunmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Alıtıncı bölümde Salırların etnik kimliğinin mevcut durumu üzerine alan araştırması bulgularına yer verilecektir. Bu bölümdeki saha araştırması ile mevcut Salırların günlük yaşamlarında, yaşam alışkanlıkları, yaşam şekilleri, ana dili ve çokdillik, etnik grup içerisindeki ağlar ve iletişim gibi konuların analizine yer verilmiştir. Tezimin hazırlanma aşamasında tercübesiyele ve şahsiyetiyle ufkumu aydınlatan, her daim desteğiyle bana yol gösteren saygıdeğer danışmam Dr.Öğr.Üyesi. Rabia Ebrar iv AKINCI hocama gönülden teşekkürlerim sunarım. Bu konuda çalışmam için beni yönlendiren, bilgilerini paylaşarak sabırla destek veren değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ölmez’e ve ders danışma hocam Prof. Dr. Yüksel Kırımlı’ya saygılarımı ve teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Tezimin hazırladığı sürecinde görüşebilieceğim kişlere ulaşabilmesi konusunda yardım eden Prof. Dr. Chengjun Ma Hoca’ya, Prof. Dr. Wei Ma Hoca’ya ve tez sürecinde çalışmalarıma destek verenlere çok teşekkür ediyorum. Saha araştırmam süresince bana güvenerek evlerini ve yaşantılarını açan, değerli zamanlarını paylaşan ve bu kıymetli bilgileri sunan Salırlara gösterdikleri yardım ve sabır için özel şükranlarımı sunmayı borç bilirim. Son olarak, gösterdiği anlayış ve sabırla yanımda sevgili babam Guoren Ma, canım annem Chunhua Miao’ya ve hamileliğim boyunca bana her zaman özen ve destek veren eşim Hao Ma’ya şükranlarımı sunuyorum. Xiaoxuan Ma İstanbul,2019 v İÇİNDEKİLER ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................................................... iv TABLO LİSTESİ ..................................................................................................................... ix FOTOĞRAF LİSTESİ ............................................................................................................ x HARİTALAR LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................ xii KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................................... xiii GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KURAMSAL VE KAVRAMSAL ÇERÇEVE 1.1 “Kimlik” Kavramı ........................................................................................... 5 1.2. Etnik Grup ve Ulusun Tanımı ........................................................................ 7 1.2.1 Etnik Kimlik Tanımı ............................................................................. 9 1.2.2 Etnik Kimliğin Temel Özellikleri ........................................................ 12 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM SALIR OTONOM İLÇESİ VE SALIRLAR 2.1 Çin’deki Qing Hai Eyaleti’ne kısa bir giriş................................................... 15 2.2 Xunhua Salır Otonom İlçesi’ne Kısa Bir Giriş ............................................. 22 2.3 Salır Türklerine Genel Bakış .................................................................. 24 2.3.1 Salır Türklerin Tarihsel Kimliği Üzerine Folklor ............................... 26 2.3.2 Çin’deki Salır Türklerin Kimliği Üzerine Bir Araştırma .................... 27 2.3.3 Türkiye’de Çin’deki Salır Türklerin Durumu Üzerine Bir Araştırma. 31 vi ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM METODOLOJİ 3.1 Araştırmanın Aşamları ve Metodoloji ........................................................... 34 3.1.1 Hazırlık ................................................................................................ 34 3.1.2 Çalışmanın Amacı ............................................................................... 34 3.1.3 Yöntem ve Teknik ............................................................................... 34 3.1.4 Mülakat Sorularının Hazırlanması ...................................................... 34 3.1.5 Mülakat Yapılacak Kişilerin Seçimi .................................................... 35 3.2 Araştırmanın Yürütüldüğü Bölge .................................................................. 35 3.2.1 Saha Araştırması Yürütülen Bölgelerin Seçimi .................................. 42 3.3 Tezin Sınırları ve Alan Çalışmasının Zorlukları ........................................... 43 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BULGULAR VE YORUMU GÖRÜŞLENLERİN PROFİLLERİ 4.1 Görüşülenlerin Doğum Yerleri ve Yaşadıkları Yerler .................................... 48 4.2 Cinsiyet ve Yaş .............................................................................................. 49 4.3 Medeni Durum .............................................................................................. 49 4.4 Eğitim Düzeyi ............................................................................................... 50 BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM SALIRLARIN ETNİK ÖZELLİKLERİ 5.1 Salırlar Kimlerdir .......................................................................................... 51 5.2 Çin’in Qing Hai Eyaletlerindeki Xunhua Salır Otonom İlçesi’nde Salırcanın Durumu ............................................................................................................... 51 5.3 Dini İnanç .....................................................................................................
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