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Redalyc. Attachment Style and Adjustment to Divorce Scientific Information System Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Sagrario Yárnoz-Yaben Attachment Style and Adjustment to Divorce The Spanish Journal of Psychology, vol. 13, núm. 1, mayo, 2010, pp. 210-219, Universidad Complutense de Madrid España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17213039016 The Spanish Journal of Psychology, ISSN (Printed Version): 1138-7416 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España How to cite Complete issue More information about this article Journal's homepage www.redalyc.org Non-Profit Academic Project, developed under the Open Acces Initiative The Spanish Journal of Psychology Copyright 2010 by The Spanish Journal of Psychology 2010, Vol. 13 No. 1, 210-219 ISSN 1138-7416 Attachment Style and Adjustment to Divorce Sagrario Yárnoz-Yaben Universidad del País Vasco (Spain) Divorce is becoming increasingly widespread in Europe. In this study, I present an analysis of the role played by attachment style (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful, plus the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance) in the adaptation to divorce. Participants comprised divorced parents (N = 40) from a medium- sized city in the Basque Country. The results reveal a lower proportion of people with secure attachment in the sample group of divorcees. Attachment style and dependence (emotional and instrumental) are closely related. I have also found associations between measures that showed a poor adjustment to divorce and the preoccupied and fearful attachment styles. Adjustment is related to a dismissing attachment style and to the avoidance dimension. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that secure attachment and the avoidance dimension predict adjustment to divorce and positive affectivity while preoccupied attachment and the anxiety dimension predicted negative affectivity. Implications for research and interventions with divorcees are discussed. Keywords: adjustment to divorce, attachment style, dependence, positive affectivity, negative affectivity, preoccupation with the ex-spouse. El divorcio es un fenómeno cada vez más frecuente en Europa. En este estudio, se presenta un análisis del papel jugado por el estilo de apego (seguro, desvalorizador, preocupado y temeroso, más las dos dimensiones de ansiedad y evitación) en la adaptación al divorcio. La muestra está compuesta por progenitores divorciados (N = 40) procedentes de una ciudad de tamaño medio del País Vasco. Los resultados revelan una proporción más baja de personas con un apego seguro en la muestra de progenitores divorciados. El estilo de apego y la dependencia (emocional e instrumental) están estrechamente relacionados. Se encontraron también asociaciones entre medidas que muestran un pobre ajuste al divorcio y los estilos de apego preocupado y temeroso. El ajuste se relaciona con un estilo de apego desvalorizador y la dimensión evitación. Los análisis de regresión múltiple confirman que el apego seguro y la dimensión evitación predicen el ajuste al divorcio y la afectividad positiva, mientras que el estilo de apego preocupado y la dimensión ansiedad predicen la afectividad negativa de los progenitores participantes. Para finalizar, discutimos las implicaciones que estos datos tienen para la investigación y la intervención con progenitores divorciados. Palabras clave: ajuste al divorcio, estilo de apego, dependencia, afectividad positiva, afectividad negativa, preocupación por la ex pareja. This study is part of a Research Project on Adaptation to Divorce supported by the University of the Basque Country, Grant number GIU07/61. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sagrario Yárnoz-Yaben. Facultad de Psicología. Avda de Tolosa 70. 20018 San Sebastián. (Spain). Phone: +34-943018346. E-mail: [email protected] 210 ATTACHMENT STYLE AND ADJUSTMENT TO DIVORCE 211 The rate of divorce is increasing rapidly in Europe. comfortable with the two main dimensions of attachment, Spain’s increase rate over the last decade for the number i.e. intimacy and autonomy. Preoccupied subjects, on the divorces and separations is 59%, the third highest rate in other hand, have a negative image of themselves and a the EU after Portugal (89%) and Italy (62%), according to positive one of others. This model would correspond with the Eurostat Yearbook (2006-07). Ainsworth et al. (1978)’s “ambivalent” classification. Divorce is usually considered either a process of stress Preoccupied subjects tend to demonstrate dependence (Amato, 2000) or a process of bereavement (Weiss, 1975). and preoccupation in their affective relationships Both these views, which are not mutually exclusive, have (Alonso-Arbiol, Shaver and Yárnoz, 2002). Those with important implications for research and interventions a dismissing attachment style (which correspond to the with divorcees. In this study we focus on adaptation to “avoidant” in the classification of Ainsworth et al., 1978), divorce, considered as a process of bereavement, from have a positive image of themselves and a negative one the perspective of the Attachment Theory, and we analyze of others. They tend to avoid intimacy and deactivate the the emotional regulation strategies used by people with attachment system as a means of defense, with the aim of different attachment styles to adapt to the situation of maintaining their invulnerable and self-sufficient image. divorce. Finally, there are those individuals classified as Fearful, who have a negative image of both themselves and others. Attachment Theory and relationships: attachment Said individuals limit their interpersonal relationships styles in adults because they are afraid of rejection and the subsequent suffering that this may cause. Both dismissing and Attachment Theory is a theory of relationships (Bowlby, fearful individuals tend to avoid intimacy and deactivate 1988). The basic principle underlying this theory is that the their attachment systems, but they do so for different relationship enjoyed by infants with their mother (or main reasons and in different ways (Bartholomew, 1990). attachment figure) during the first years of life conditions Both, each in their own way, share an unsatisfied desire their experience of subsequent relationships, laying the to become involved affectively with others, as well as groundwork for a particular relational style and emotional a susceptibility to depression caused by non gratifying regulation style, which in turn influences both how they interpersonal relationships, fear of rejection and low self- perceive others and how they relate to them during (in confidence. principle) the whole of their life. Various authors (Feeney & Noller, 1996; Hazan & Hazan and Shaver (1987) were the first to conceptualize Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994) have found romantic relationships within the framework of a process an association between the duration and satisfaction of of attachment. They translated the attachment models relationships and attachment style, with the relationships found by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters and Wall (1978) of secure people being the most long-lasting and satisfying. in children to the dynamics of romantic relationships Furthermore, due to their relational style, which includes between adults and created an instrument that assessed fear of abandonment, the preoccupied persons experience people in accordance with the way in which they related greater distress as a result of the breakup (Simpson, 1990) to their partner. To do so, they described the characteristics and have a greater tendency to become involved again in of each of the models found by Ainsworth et al. (1978) in new relationships. their research (secure, avoidant and anxious-ambivalent) and asked the participants in their study to choose the Divorce and loss model that best described the way they felt about and behaved with their partner. In this way, they demonstrated Confidence in the accessibility of the attachment empirically that the same classification system that is figure when he or she is needed, which protects against used for the evaluation of attachment in infancy can be the intense, chronic fear often felt in response to said successfully used for the evaluation of adult attachment figure’s inaccessibility is built during the development (Hazan and Shaver, 1987). years (infancy, childhood and adolescence) and tends to Subsequently, other authors (Bartholomew, 1990; persist with very few changes throughout an individual’s Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991) have proposed a whole life, reflecting fairly faithfully said individual’s real different way of categorizing attachment models in experiences. The aim of the attachment system is a feeling adults. According to a line of thinking expressed by of security. This feeling of security is the result of the Bowlby, (1979) attachment models reflect the idea assessment and evaluation carried out by each individual that we have of both ourselves and others. Thus, this of a series of internal and external factors (including mood, author distinguishes four relational prototypes, based health or illness, context and specific situations), that may on a positive or negative idea of oneself, and a positive or may not result in the activation of the attachment system. or negative idea of others. Secure subjects, who have Once activated, security is related to the indications of a positive image of both themselves and others, feel accessibly of the attachment figure, while insecurity is 212 YÁRNOZ-YABEN related to the
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