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Shared Parenting Agreements After Marital Separation SHARED PARENTING AGREEMENTS AFTER MARITAL SEPARATION: THE ROLE OF NARCISSISM AND CHILD-CENTEREDNESS Marion Felix Ehrenberg B.A. (Hons.), McGill University, 1984 M.A., Simon Fraser University, 1987 THESIS SUBMllTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Psychology O Marion Felix Ehrenberg 1991 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June1 991 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Marion Felix Ehrenberg Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Shared Parenting Agreements After Marital Separation: The Role of Narcissism and Child-Centeredness Examining Committee: Chair: Dr.#illiam Krane - - Senior Supervisor Dr. Michael F. Elterman Adjunct Professor -1 u I - Dr.aobert G. Ley Associate Professor Dr. Ronald Roesch Professor 'Dr.iTmes Profes or Extemal Examiner Department of Psychology University of Waterloo Date Approved: June 3, 1991 PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Shared Parentinq Aqreements After Marital Separation: The Role of Narcissism and Child-Centeredness Authm: (signature) Marion Felix Ehrenberg (name) (date) ABSTRACT Although marital separation usually involves the ending of an intimate relationship between two adults, most separated parents continue to share mutual concerns about the upbringing of their children after the marriage is over. This study examined the characteristics of 16 parent pairs who were able to come to mutual agreement about their parenting plans after separation, in comparison to 16 parent pairs who disagreed about parenting arrangements. The focus of this comparison was the parents' self- versus child-centeredness. It was expected that disagreed parents would be more narcissistic and self-centered than agreed parents, less able to separate their own needs from those of their children, and less able to empathize with children's concerns. The sample of 64 separated parents completed individual interviews and a battery of self-report measures designed to evaluate the "child-centeredness" dimension of parenting. The test battery included the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Selfism Scale, the Adult- Adolescent Parenting Inventory, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The data were reduced to a set of eight variables to reflect the hypothesized child- centeredness dimension: narcissism, self-centeredness, perspective-taking ability, empathic concern, personal distress, empathic parenting attitudes, narcissistic parenting beliefs, and relationship satisfaction. A correlational and principal components analysis indicated that parents' scores on these eight variables were interrelated in theory-consistent directions. As expected, the results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that the agreed parent pairs were more child- centered than the disagreed parent pairs (p1.01),and that ex-spouses' averaged scores on the set of eight child-centeredness variables accounted for 43% of the variance in predicting shared parenting agreement. The results are discussed with reference to theories of narcissism and object relations psychology. It is concluded that child-centeredness may be an important dimension in understanding the process of shared parenting. In the context of custody and access iii determinations, the concept of child-centered parenting may be useful to clinicians assisting the courts in the interpretation of the "Best Interests of the Child" criterion. Finally, the limitations of the current study are outlined, and future research directions are suggested. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation represents not only my own efforts, but the contributions of many people. I sincerely thank David for his encouragement and enthusiasm for my work, but most of all for the friendship we have developed over the years. I extend my thanks to Ray for contributing his statistical wisdom with patience and good humour. My thanks also go to Michael for his help in collecting the data and for sharing his clinical experience. I thank Ron for helping me to come to terms with my social responsibility as a psychologist through his input early on in my graduate career. I sincerely thank Mike Hunter for his statistical help, Pam Duncan for her editorial comments, and both Mike and Pam for their friendship this past year. I thank my parents, Kerry, Janis, Erica and my other friends for their many years of encouragement and support in my academic pursuits. My warmest thanks go to my husband Martin for his insightful comments, unlimited emotional support, and for being there every step of the way. I thank the family lawyers who referred their clients to participate in my research project. My appreciation also goes to my clinical supervisors and fellow interns at Kitchener-Waterloo Hospital for supporting my data collection efforts during my internship year. My sincere thanks extend to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for sponsoring my scholarship. Most of all, I must thank all of the parents for participating in this study and for sharing their ideas and experiences so generously. Without you this work would not have been possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 1 Divorce and Custody in Historical Context ................................................................. 1 The Psychological Sequelae of Marital Transitions .................................................... 19 Custody and Shared Parenting................................................................................ 28 Child.Centeredness. Empathy and Parenting........................................................... 37 Narcissism as a Failure of Empathy ........................................................................... 50 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................... 64 Method .............................................................................................................................. 67 Research Participants ............................................................................................. 67 Measures............................................................................................................... 68 Procedure .............................................................................................................. 73 Missing Data ........................................................................................................... 76 Results .............................................................................................................................. 77 Overview ................................................................................................................ 77 Description of Research Participants........................................................................ 77 Tests of Hypotheses............................................................................................... 90 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 111 Overview .......................................................................................................... 1 11 Shared Parenting After Divorce: Describing the Context........................................... 11 Child-Centeredness as a Psychological Dimension................................................... 127 Child-Centeredness and Shared Parenting Agreement ............................................ 133 Limitations of the Present Study ..............................................................................138 Conclusions and Implications for Research and Practice ............................................140 Final Note.......................................................................................................... 142 Appendices .......................................................................................................................144 List of Appendices .................................................................................................. 144 Appendix A ...................................................................................................... 1 45 Appendix B ............................................................................................................ 146 Appendix C ............................................................................................................ 147 Appendix D ...........................................................................................................
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