A Brief History of London Transport V1

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Brief History of London Transport V1 London Transport A brief history London Transport A brief history Sim Harris First published 2011 by Railhub Publications Dunstable, Bedfordshire www.railhub2.co.uk © Sim Harris 2011 The moral right of Sim Harris to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, circulated or exploited in any way whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder, with the exception of excerpts published for the purposes of review or brief quotations, in connection with which this work shall be cited unambiguously as the true source. ISBN awaited This digital edition designed and created by the Railhub studio Contents 1 ‘Sensational plan’ 11 2 ‘Serious doubts’ 23 3 ‘Fares fair’ 31 Chronology 40 Notes on sources 41 8 9 LONDON TRANSPORT Daily Express 3 December 1929, reporting the announcement of a new Passenger Board for London, and the new LPTB logo, which was soon replaced by the classic ‘bullseye’ 10 Chapter One ‘Sensational plan’ T caused by unrestricted competition by bus operators on the streets of London had become extreme by the early 1920s, when ‘pirate’ buses concentrated on peak hour flows, causing traffic disruption and neglecting passengers at quieter times. Their presence led to calls for controls, which were largely achieved by the London Traffic Act in 1924. This allowed the authorities to ‘designate’ streets and so restrict the routes available to the pirates. But further reforms were urged, particularly by Labour politi- cians, and in December 1929 the Minister of Transport Herbert Morrison published the Labour government’s proposed London Pas- senger Transport Bill. He was supported by the Chairman of the London Underground Group, Lord Ashfield, who saw unification as the best way of securing capital for development of the capital’s transport systems. The London Passenger Transport Act was passed in 1933, and came into effect on 1 July. The Board was a public authority but funded independently, with a statutory duty to make ends meet with- out subsidy. The new London Passenger Transport Board, which adopted the trading name ‘London Transport’, had absorbed the London Under- ground Group (which owned the tube railways and the London General Omnibus Company), the Metropolitan Railway and several tramway undertakings including London United, which had just in- troduced trolleybuses. The Board’s area was large, reaching Bedford- 11 LONDON TRANSPORT The London Passenger Transport Area remained essentially the same between 1933 and 1969, although there were some changes in Grays and Tilbury in 1951, when most Eastern National routes in the area were transferred to London Transport 12 LONDON TRANSPORT shire in the north and Sussex in the south, and in its outer ‘country’ area it had inherited 66 smaller bus operators, work- ing 246 routes.1 All the undertakings which had been taken over were ‘bought’ with interest-bearing stock, the issue of which was authorised by the Board’s Act. There were major developments in the rest of the 1930s. The LPTB announced in 1935 that its trams would be progres- sively replaced by trolleybuses. It continued with extending the Underground and designed new motor buses. A ‘New Works’ programme envisaged Underground lines to such places as Ruislip, Denham, New Barnet and Ongar. The outbreak of war in September 1939 naturally hindered these improvements. Some of the unfinished Underground projects, including extensions of the Central Line both east and west, had to wait until peace had been restored, while the with- drawal of the remaining trams was also postponed. One minor development soon after the Board had taken over had been the speedy abandonment of the original LPTB logo (page 10) in favour of the bar and circle ‘bullseye’ which had been favoured by the London Underground Group and London General since before the First World War. The Board also inherited the lettering designed by Edward Johnston for the Underground in 1916 and a recent innovation – a diagrammatic version of the Underground map – which had been successfully submitted by one of the Underground Group’s draughtsmen, Harry Beck, in 1932. The Board’s systems were inevitably damaged during World War 2, once London had started to come under attack from bombs and later V1 and V2 missiles from the late summer of 1940 onwards. Some of the worst incidents included the explosion of a bomb in the northbound running tunnel at Balham on the Northern Line on 14 October 1940. Water from burst mains deluged both tunnels, and 68 people died. 13 LONDON TRANSPORT London Transport published Country Walks for more than thirty years. The primary purpose of these booklets was to encourage passengers to use lightly loaded off-peak and weekend trains and coaches to reach ‘London’s country’. This 1938 poster featured artwork by Clare Leighton. 14 LONDON TRANSPORT In January 1941, a bomb burst in the underground con- course at Bank, producing a vast crater. The blast even dam- aged two trains which were standing at the platforms 20 me- tres below ground. On this occasion 57 people were killed – as at Balham, many of the casualties had been sheltering from the raid above. On 10-11 May 1941, which was among the worst nights of the war in London, a bomb plunged through the main line concourse at St Pancras station, damaging the subsurface tun- nels below and interrupting Inner Circle and Metropolitan Line services for five months. It was later revealed that 300 enemy bombers had been over London, and no fewer than 20 direct hits were recorded at various points on the Underground. Tram tracks were damaged in fourteen places, and the threat of unexploded bombs or unstable buildings caused blockages in many other streets, while ‘great lengths’ of trolleybus over- head wires were brought down at eighteen locations. Seven of the Thames bridges were closed, and no buses could run through the City of London. Three bus garages were damaged, including a particularly bad incident at Croydon, and yet, apart from the Circle Line interruption at St Pancras, all the affected services had been ‘substantially restored’ within 10 days. It was not to be hoped that the aspirations of the 1935 New Works Programme could be met in these circumstances, and longer-term projects were suspended while London Transport workshops were turned over largely to the production of war- time equipment, including complete aeroplanes. An initial ban on the use of stations below ground as air raid shelters was lifted in the light of experience, particularly as there was no effective way of preventing it. The Board’s annual report for 1945, the first edition which was permitted to discuss the effects of the recent conflict, com- mented philosophically that after the first major raid on Lon- don, on 7 September 1940, ‘the new situation was promptly accepted, and the Board took undertook responsibility for the 15 LONDON TRANSPORT Wartime security considerations concealed the real reason for these station closures in September 1939: in fact, flood gates were being installed to protect the Underground from the consequences of a bomb breaching one of the tunnels under the Thames 16 LONDON TRANSPORT shelter arrangements until they could be taken over by the appropriate Civil Defence authorities’. Because of the risk to lines running under the Thames, a number of stations were closed during the first few weeks of the war while flood gates were installed – although the reason for the closures was kept under wraps. Political changes after the war inevitably affected London Transport, even while the repairs of wartime damage were still under way. The 1947 Transport Act created a British Trans- port Commission, which was to take over the main line rail- ways and many road haulage undertakings. The LPTB was also included in the acquisitions, and from 1 January 1948 LT became the London Transport Executive – one of several ‘ex- ecutives’ which were the operational subsidiaries of the BTC. Postwar improvements continued: the Central Line was extended to West Ruislip in the west and Ongar in the east – although the final section from Epping to Ongar was not elec- trified until 1957. Some prewar projects were re-evaluated and abandoned: among these abandonments were several exten- sions of the Northern Line – from Mill Hill East to Edgware and onwards to Bushey Heath, and also to Alexandra Palace – as well as the short section of the Central Line from West Ruislip to Denham. Most of these changes of heart were caused by the establishment of a ‘Green Belt’ around Greater London. Other prewar plans did continue, particularly the withdrawal of trams, which was completed in 1952. However, diesel buses replaced the remaining trams, rather than trolleybuses, because it had been decided that the trolleybuses would also go, by 1968. The date of the last trolleybuses was later brought for- ward to 1962, while the ‘last’ trams proved to be nothing of the sort, because tram lines were to be relaid in the streets of Croy- don and neighbouring centres in the later 1990s. The last trolleybuses ran in May 1962, in what also proved to be the last months of the London Transport Executive. The perceived failure of the British Transport Commission led to its 17 LONDON TRANSPORT Pre- and postwar rolling stock for London Transport above 1938/1949 tube stock below RT bus, first built 1938-1940, and then 1947-1954 18 LONDON TRANSPORT replacement by a series of statutory Boards from 1 January 1963 as a consequence of the 1962 Transport Act. As part of these reforms LT became the London Transport Board, re- sponsible directly to the Minister of Transport.
Recommended publications
  • Rail Accident Report
    Rail Accident Report Penetration and obstruction of a tunnel between Old Street and Essex Road stations, London 8 March 2013 Report 03/2014 February 2014 This investigation was carried out in accordance with: l the Railway Safety Directive 2004/49/EC; l the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003; and l the Railways (Accident Investigation and Reporting) Regulations 2005. © Crown copyright 2014 You may re-use this document/publication (not including departmental or agency logos) free of charge in any format or medium. You must re-use it accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source publication. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This document/publication is also available at www.raib.gov.uk. Any enquiries about this publication should be sent to: RAIB Email: [email protected] The Wharf Telephone: 01332 253300 Stores Road Fax: 01332 253301 Derby UK Website: www.raib.gov.uk DE21 4BA This report is published by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch, Department for Transport. Penetration and obstruction of a tunnel between Old Street and Essex Road stations, London 8 March 2013 Contents Summary 5 Introduction 6 Preface 6 Key definitions 6 The incident 7 Summary of the incident 7 Context 7 Events preceding the incident 9 Events following the incident 11 Consequences of the incident 11 The investigation 12 Sources of evidence 12 Key facts and analysis
    [Show full text]
  • The Operator's Story Appendix
    Railway and Transport Strategy Centre The Operator’s Story Appendix: London’s Story © World Bank / Imperial College London Property of the World Bank and the RTSC at Imperial College London Community of Metros CoMET The Operator’s Story: Notes from London Case Study Interviews February 2017 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide a permanent record for the researchers of what was said by people interviewed for ‘The Operator’s Story’ in London. These notes are based upon 14 meetings between 6th-9th October 2015, plus one further meeting in January 2016. This document will ultimately form an appendix to the final report for ‘The Operator’s Story’ piece Although the findings have been arranged and structured by Imperial College London, they remain a collation of thoughts and statements from interviewees, and continue to be the opinions of those interviewed, rather than of Imperial College London. Prefacing the notes is a summary of Imperial College’s key findings based on comments made, which will be drawn out further in the final report for ‘The Operator’s Story’. Method This content is a collation in note form of views expressed in the interviews that were conducted for this study. Comments are not attributed to specific individuals, as agreed with the interviewees and TfL. However, in some cases it is noted that a comment was made by an individual external not employed by TfL (‘external commentator’), where it is appropriate to draw a distinction between views expressed by TfL themselves and those expressed about their organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2016 Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945 Danielle K. Dodson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.339 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dodson, Danielle K., "Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--History. 40. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/40 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • London Underground Public Private Partnerships
    House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts London Underground Public Private Partnerships Seventeenth Report of Session 2004–05 Report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 9 March 2005 HC 446 Incorporating HC 783-i, Session 2003–04 Published on 31 March 2005 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £13.50 The Committee of Public Accounts The Committee of Public Accounts is appointed by the House of Commons to examine “the accounts showing the appropriation of the sums granted by Parliament to meet the public expenditure, and of such other accounts laid before Parliament as the committee may think fit” (Standing Order No 148). Current membership Mr Edward Leigh MP (Conservative, Gainsborough) (Chairman) Mr Richard Allan MP (Liberal Democrat, Sheffield Hallam) Mr Richard Bacon MP (Conservative, South Norfolk) Mrs Angela Browning MP (Conservative, Tiverton and Honiton) Jon Cruddas MP (Labour, Dagenham) Rt Hon David Curry MP (Conservative, Skipton and Ripon) Mr Ian Davidson MP (Labour, Glasgow Pollock) Rt Hon Frank Field MP (Labour, Birkenhead) Mr Brian Jenkins MP (Labour, Tamworth) Mr Nigel Jones MP (Liberal Democrat, Cheltenham) Jim Sheridan MP (Labour, West Renfrewshire) Mr Siôn Simon MP (Labour, Birmingham Erdington) Mr Gerry Steinberg MP (Labour, City of Durham) Mr Stephen Timms MP (Labour, East Ham) Jon Trickett MP (Labour, Hemsworth) Rt Hon Alan Williams MP (Labour, Swansea West) The following was also a member of the Committee during the period of this inquiry. Ms Ruth Kelly MP (Labour, Bolton West) Powers Powers of the Committee of Public Accounts are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 148.
    [Show full text]
  • Informing You Every Stop of the Way
    London Buses iBus Informing you every stop of the way MAYOR OF LONDON Transport for London London Buses London Buses informing you every stop of the way The most important priority for London Buses is to provide the best possible bus service for its 6.3 million daily bus passengers. By introducing a £117m state-of-the-art Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) technology system and comprehensive telecommunications across London, millions of bus passengers are soon to benefit from a more reliable, consistent bus service and will have access to real time passenger information (RTPI) at bus stops, on board buses and from SMS text messaging. With an 8000-strong and increasing bus fleet, Try the new bus travelling London Buses’ existing radio communications experience systems can no longer cope. iBus - one of the largest projects of its kind in the world - will Imagine having real time bus service revolutionise how services are delivered and information at your fingertips. A typical monitored. bus journey could be like this: A wealth of journey time data will be available You receive an up to the minute SMS text to analyse and improve on, and three of the message on your mobile as you walk out of same number buses arriving at once at a bus your house. As you arrive at the bus stop you stop will be a thing of the past, as every bus can confirm on the Countdown display that will be tracked and monitored ensuring an your bus will arrive in an accurately predicted efficient service on all routes.
    [Show full text]
  • Abercrombie's Green-Wedge Vision for London: the County of London Plan 1943 and the Greater London Plan 1944
    Abercrombie’s green-wedge vision for London: the County of London Plan 1943 and the Greater London Plan 1944 Abstract This paper analyses the role that the green wedges idea played in the main official reconstruction plans for London, namely the County of London Plan 1943 and the Greater London Plan 1944. Green wedges were theorised in the first decade of the twentieth century and discussed in multifaceted ways up to the end of the Second World War. Despite having been prominent in many plans for London, they have been largely overlooked in planning history. This paper argues that green wedges were instrumental in these plans to the formulation of a more modern, sociable, healthier and greener peacetime London. Keywords: Green wedges, green belt, reconstruction, London, planning Introduction Green wedges have been theorised as an essential part of planning debates since the beginning of the twentieth century. Their prominent position in texts and plans rivalled that of the green belt, despite the comparatively disproportionate attention given to the latter by planning historians (see, for example, Purdom, 1945, 151; Freestone, 2003, 67–98; Ward, 2002, 172; Sutcliffe, 1981a; Amati and Yokohari, 1997, 311–37). From the mid-nineteenth century, the provision of green spaces became a fundamental aspect of modern town planning (Dümpelmann, 2005, 75; Dal Co, 1980, 141–293). In this context, the green wedges idea emerged as a solution to the need to provide open spaces for growing urban areas, as well as to establish a direct 1 connection to the countryside for inner city dwellers. Green wedges would also funnel fresh air, greenery and sunlight into the urban core.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime on Public Transport March 2016
    Police and Crime Committee Crime on public transport March 2016 ©Greater London Authority March 2016 Police and Crime Committee Members Joanne McCartney (Chair) Labour Jenny Jones (Deputy Chair) Green Caroline Pidgeon MBE (Deputy Chair) Liberal Democrat Tony Arbour Conservative Jennette Arnold OBE Labour Kemi Badenoch Conservative Andrew Dismore Labour Len Duvall Labour Roger Evans Conservative Role of the Police and Crime Committee The Police and Crime Committee examines the work of the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) and reviews the Police and Crime Plan for London. The Committee can also investigate anything that it considers to be of importance to policing and crime reduction in Greater London and make recommendations for improvements. Contact Janette Roker, Scrutiny Manager Email: [email protected] Contact: 020 7983 6562 For media enquiries: Mary Dolan, External Relations Email: [email protected] Contact: 020 7983 4603 2 Contents Chair’s foreword ................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary ............................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ 8 2. Types of crime committed on public transport .......................................... 9 3. Tackling crime and anti-social behaviour on public transport ................. 13 4. Policing the 24 hour city ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Revue Française De Civilisation Britannique, XV-4 | 2010 All ‘Kens’ to All Men
    Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique French Journal of British Studies XV-4 | 2010 Présentations, re-présentations, représentations All ‘Kens’ to all Men. Ken the Chameleon: reinvention and representation, from the GLC to the GLA À chacun son « Ken ». Ken le caméléon: réinvention et représentation, du Greater London Council à la Greater London Authority Timothy Whitton Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/6151 ISSN: 2429-4373 Publisher CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique Printed version Date of publication: 1 June 2010 ISSN: 0248-9015 Electronic reference Timothy Whitton, “All ‘Kens’ to all Men. Ken the Chameleon: reinvention and representation, from the GLC to the GLA”, Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XV-4 | 2010, Online since 01 June 2010, connection on 07 January 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/6151 This text was automatically generated on 7 January 2021. Revue française de civilisation britannique est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. All ‘Kens’ to all Men. Ken the Chameleon: reinvention and representation, fro... 1 All ‘Kens’ to all Men. Ken the Chameleon: reinvention and representation, from the GLC to the GLA À chacun son « Ken ». Ken le caméléon: réinvention et représentation, du Greater London Council à la Greater London Authority Timothy Whitton 1 Ken Livingstone’s last two official biographies speak volumes about the sort of politician he comes across as being. John Carvel’s title1 is slightly ambiguous and can be interpreted in a variety of ways: Turn Again Livingstone suggests that the one time leader of the Greater London Council (GLC) and twice elected mayor of London shows great skill in steering himself out of any tight corners he gets trapped in.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Government in London Had Always Been More Overtly Partisan Than in Other Parts of the Country but Now Things Became Much Worse
    Part 2 The evolution of London Local Government For more than two centuries the practicalities of making effective governance arrangements for London have challenged Government and Parliament because of both the scale of the metropolis and the distinctive character, history and interests of the communities that make up the capital city. From its origins in the middle ages, the City of London enjoyed effective local government arrangements based on the Lord Mayor and Corporation of London and the famous livery companies and guilds of London’s merchants. The essential problem was that these capable governance arrangements were limited to the boundaries of the City of London – the historic square mile. Outside the City, local government was based on the Justices of the Peace and local vestries, analogous to parish or church boundaries. While some of these vestries in what had become central London carried out extensive local authority functions, the framework was not capable of governing a large city facing huge transport, housing and social challenges. The City accounted for less than a sixth of the total population of London in 1801 and less than a twentieth in 1851. The Corporation of London was adamant that it neither wanted to widen its boundaries to include the growing communities created by London’s expansion nor allow itself to be subsumed into a London-wide local authority created by an Act of Parliament. This, in many respects, is the heart of London’s governance challenge. The metropolis is too big to be managed by one authority, and local communities are adamant that they want their own local government arrangements for their part of London.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Ungovernable'? Financialisation and the Governance Of
    Governing the ‘ungovernable’? Financialisation and the governance of transport infrastructure in the London ‘global city-region’ February 2018 Peter O’Briena* Andy Pikea and John Tomaneyb aCentre for Urban and Regional Development Studies (CURDS), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE1 7RU. Email: peter.o’[email protected]; [email protected] bBartlett School of Planning, University College London, Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, 620 Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London, UK WC1H 0NN. Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author 1 Abstract The governance of infrastructure funding and financing at the city-region scale is a critical aspect of the continued search for mechanisms to channel investment into the urban landscape. In the context of the global financial crisis, austerity and uneven growth, national, sub-national and local state actors are being compelled to adopt the increasingly speculative activities of urban entrepreneurialism to attract new capital, develop ‘innovative’ financial instruments and models, and establish new or reform existing institutional arrangements for urban infrastructure governance. Amidst concerns about the claimed ‘ungovernability’ of ‘global’ cities and city-regions, governing urban infrastructure funding and financing has become an acute issue. Infrastructure renewal and development are interpreted as integral to urban growth, especially to underpin the size and scale of large cities and their significant contributions within national economies. Yet, oovercoming fragmented local jurisdictions to improve the governance and economic, social and environmental development of major metropolitan areas remains a challenge. The complex, and sometimes conflicting and contested inter-relationships at stake raise important questions about the role of the state in wrestling with entrepreneurial and managerialist governance imperatives.
    [Show full text]
  • 62 Autumn 2012.Qxp
    Issue 62 Autumn 2012 Price £3 newsforum The London Forum - working to protect and improve the quality of life in London The London Forum of Amenity and Civic Societies Founded 1988 w www.londonforum.org.uk In this issue 1 Is the BBC impartial? 9 Outsourcing public sector development 2 London Forum AGM services 16 News from the Mayor and GLA Spotlight on 4 London Forum Survey 2012 10 Spotlight on Hammersmith 17 Update on Thames Tunnel project 5 London Forum responses Society 18 Round the Societies Hammersmith 6 Volunteering at the Olympics 12 Airports Update 19 News briefs 8 A round up of recent legislative 13 Transport matters 20 Events and meetings Society Page 10 matters 14 Heritage, planning and A matter of public concern Is the BBC impartial? Heathrow third runway was championed by a supposedly “impartial” BBC interviewer when interviewing London’s Mayor on the newly established Commission on Aviation Capacity. Newsforum editor Helen Marcus found the BBC complaints procedure a barrier to communication. n November 2nd 2012 Radio 4’s complain. However when I tried to find a Today Programme ran an item on Evan Davis sounded as phone number or email address to contact on Othe announcement of the Davies the BBC website complaints page, it seemed Commission on aviation capacity. Evan Davis though he was a lobbyist for designed to be a barrier to prevent people interviewed three people. He first spoke to from complaining or contacting the BBC at all. MP Julian Huppert, who said that we should the Heathrow 3rd runway The complaints web-page is circular – you make better use of existing infrastructure, and Johnson quite need to be tech-savvy to decipher it.
    [Show full text]
  • Cutting Carbon from the London Bus Fleet
    Cutting Carbon from the London Bus Fleet Finn Coyle Environmental Managg(er (Trans port Emissions) TfL Presentation Overview • Environmental Priorities • EiEnvironmen tlItal Impac tfthTfLBFltt of the TfL Bus Fleet • Initiatives to date • Short / Medium term Environmental Strategy • Long Term Environmental Strategy Environmental priorities • Climate Change • Mayor’ s Climate Change Action Plan sets target of 60% CO2 reduction across London by 2025 • Air Quality • EU Limit Values for – Fine particles (PM10) – Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Calculating the Environmental Impact of the Bus Fleet • TfL developed with Millbrook a ‘real world’ drive cycle based on Route 159 from Brixton to Oxford Street • Every new type of bus is tested to ensure CO2, PM and NOx emissions meet TfL’s requirements • Enables TfL to model the impact of the Bus Fleet on London emissions and predict the impact of interventions 60.00 50.00 40.00 ) 30.00/h mm k ( 20.00eed p S 10.00 0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Test Time (secs) CO2 impact of the bus fleet • 6% of London’s transport CO2 emissions come from buses • Buses are largest contributor to TfL’s CO2 footprint accounting for 31% of emissions • Network consumes 250 million litres of diesel per year • 650,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions produced per annum Millions of Passengers per Day 2008/09 New York Buses (Greater) Paris Buses London/South‐East Trains London Underground London Buses 01234567 Air Quality impact of the bus fleet • Link between air quality and cardio-respiratory health is clear • Air
    [Show full text]