DOCSLIB.ORG

009741/EU XXVII.GP Eingelangt Am 30/01/20

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
009741/EU XXVII.GP Eingelangt Am 30/01/20 009741/EU XXVII.GP Eingelangt am 30/01/20 Council of the European Union Brussels, 30 January 2020 (OR. en) 14250/99 DCL 1 PVD 89 ASIE 61 PESC 488 DECLASSIFICATION of document: ST 14250/99 RESTREINT dated: 20 December 1999 new status: Public Subject: Meeting of the Asia/Oceania Working Group, Brussels, 16 December 1999 - Report Delegations will find attached the declassified version of the above document. The text of this document is identical to the previous version. 14250/99 DCL 1 KAL SMART 2.C.S1 EN www.parlament.gv.at EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 20 December 1999 THE COUNCIL 14250/99 RESTREINT PVD 89 ASIE 61 PESC 488 OUTCOME OF PROCEEDINGSROCEEDINGS from : the Asia OceaniaOceania WorkingWorking GroupGroup dated: 16 Decembermber 11999999 Subject: Meeting ofof the Asia/OceaniaAsia/Oceania WorkingWorking GrouGrouup,p, BBrussels,ruusss ele s,s 16 December 1999.199 Report I. OPERATIONALTIONAL CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONNS 1. CHINA The Presidencyy will circulate,circulate,, byby coreu,cooreu,, possipossibleble terms of reference for a TroikaTroika demarche in Beijing, to be mademade as soonsooon asa possible,posssisibblle, which would raise EU concern at respectrespe for basic individual humanman rightrights,s,s iincludingnccluuddingn bbutut not restrictedrestricted to the cases of thosethose wwhoho aarer followers of the Falun Gong. 2. SRI LANKA/AFGHANISTAN:/AFGHHANNISI TTAN: EUEU ACTIONACTION PLANSPLANS AAGAINSTGAINST ILLEILLEGALGA IMMIGRATIONION Partners are invited to offer, by Coreu, their views on how to implement the recommended foreign policy measures included in the Asylum and Migration HLWG Action Plans adopted by GAC and the European Council (Council Docs 11424/99 and 11428/99). The Group will revert to this issue at one of its next meetings. 11842/99 EN DG E VI www.parlament.gv.at 1 3. AFGHANISTAN: REVIEW OF THE COMMON POSITION Partners are invited to circulate, before 6 January 2000, any comments on and/or suggestions for amendments to the Common Position, which the Group will examine at its next meeting. 4. PHILIPPINES EU HOMs in Manila are invited to identify priorities among the ideas set out in their report on strengthening the EU presence in the Philippines (coreu HEL/1410HEL/1410/99),/99)), the GrGroupo having taken note of the intentionention of the Commission to take accountaccount of the HOMs'HOMMs's iideasdeeasa in tthat report in its forthcoming EECC cco-operationo-operation stratestrategy.gy. 5. LAOS EU HOMs in VentianeVentiane are requested to make a demardemarcheche tot ttheirheir hhostost GovernGovernmentm regarding the human rights situation,situation, especiallyespecially the fate of those arrestedarrrese tet d onn 26 October, and partnerspa are invited to offer as soonn as possible and by coreu the namesnames ofo thosethoses whomwhom they believebelieve may have been arrested on thatat occasion. The Group will considerconsiddere ffurtherururthher tthehe situation in LaosLaos,, including the other proposalsls made by EU HOMs (see ccoreusorreus HEHEL/1484/99EL/L 14484/99 and HEL/1546/HEL/1546/99),9 in the light of the reaction too thethe demarche.demarche. 11842/99 EN DG E VI www.parlament.gv.at 2 II.OTHER POINTS 6. ASEM - China's investment symposium initiative The Group was not prepared to endorse the Chinese initiative; it was suggested that China should consider organising such a symposium outside the ASEM framework. - Preparation of SOMTI-6: follow-up to TFAPA and IPAP letter sent to the Asian co-ordinatorss The Commissionion invited partnerspartners to completecomplete a questionnaire onn ttraderarade bbarriersarrriiers aand return it by 21 January 2000. Ireland offered to host the next Young LeadeLeadersrss SySymposiumymposo iuum in JuneJu or September 2000. The Commissionmmission suggested that the Group discuss a nunumbermbmberr ofof currentccurrent iinitiativesn on education at onene of its future meetingmeetings.s. 7. DPRK The Group notedted the Secretariat report (coreu SESEC/1885/99)EC/C 188855/9999) of the EU-DPRKEU-DPRK PoliticalP Dialogue meeting held inn Brussels on 24 November 191999.999. It aagreedgreed to keep the situation iinn the DPRK under review. The Commissionommission briefed on the vivisitsit ofo forforo mmemerr Japanese PM Murayama to the DPRK (1-3 December 1999)99) and JJapan'sapan's announcannouncement,emmennt,t ffollowingolo lowwing thatthat visit,visit, that it intends shortly to take a number of stepsps towards the normalisatnormalisationioon ofof iittss relations with the DPRK. The Commission also drew attentionn to the signature off thethe KEDOKEDDO turn-keyturn-key contract on 14 DecemberDecember 1999. 8. SECURITY IN NONORTHRTH EAEEASTSTS ASIAASISIA Following the invitationinvitation offeredofffferred byby the Political Committee in its conclusions of 5 December 1999 (SEC/1936/99)9) thethe GroupGrGroup tooktoookk note of the COPLA paper (HEL/1443/99). A numbernu of partners considered thatat some rrecommendationseccomo mendations in the paper should be borne in mind iinn the ongoing debate in the AAOWGOWG oonn thtthee Korean peninsulapeninsula.. 9. INDIA The Presidency and the Commission debriefed delegations on further details of the EU-India SOM and Ministerial Meeting of 2-3 December, and, in particular, on the practical follow-up to be 11842/99 EN DG E VI www.parlament.gv.at 3 given to the agreed initiatives (Think tank network and the EU-Indian Round table, Consular WG, and high level economic dialogue). The Commission briefed delegations on the short bilateral talks held between Commissioner Patten and FM Singh. The Group agreed to come back to New Delhi EU HOMs recommendations for further EU action (cf. Coreu HEL 1200/99) when preparing for the next round of EU-India contacts during the Portuguese Presidency. 10. AFGHANISTAN Italy debriefed the Group on further details of the Rome meeting and on the short-term follow-up agreed among the participants. Italy indicated thatthat the Italian GoveGovernmentrnmem nt wouwouldl provide further assistance andd that the UN was prepared to support the Loya JirgahJirgahh iinitiative.nin tit attivi e. 11. EC-ASEAN The Group welcomedelcomed the results of the first EEC-ASEANC-ASEAN susub-committeeub-cocommmitttee oonn thethe environment which took placeace in Brussels from 223-243-24 NovemberNovember upuponponn wwhichhhichh ttheyhhey were briebriefed by the Commission, whichwhich noted, in particular,particular, that, despspiteitte a thtthinhinn attendanceattt endance on the partp of some ASEAN members,bers, agreement had been reached on a nnumberumbeb r of followfollow-up-up meetingsmeet at expert level. The Presidencysidency also drew attention to the decisiondecissioi n byb Coreper to extend, for another year, the arrangementsnts for the participation of nonon-son-sisiignatoriesgngnattoriei s to the EEC-ASEANC-ASEAN CCo-operationo Agreement in the susub-committeesb-committees of the JCC.JCCCC. 12. THAILAND The Commissionion briefed the groupgror upp oonn thtthee reresultsesults of the sixth EEC-ThailandC-Thailand SOSOMM that took place in Brussels from 16-1716-17 November,Novembberr, ddrawingraawingn particular attention to the worrying sisituationt of Karin refugees in campsmps in NNorthernorrthherrn ThThailand.haia llannd. 13. PHILIPPINESES The Commissionion briefedbrieffedd thethe group on the resultresultss of the second ECEC-Philippines-Philippines SOM held in Brussels from 222-232-23 NNovemberovveember and noted, in particular,particular, the request from the PhilippinesPh for EU co-operation in judicial matters regarding the death penalty. 14. EAST TIMOR 11842/99 EN DG E VI www.parlament.gv.at 4 The Group received an information note from the Commission services on the visit of Commissioner Nielson to East and West Timor as well as Jakarta. It was also briefed by Portugal on FM Gama's visit to East Timor as well as their concerns at continued militia activity and possible mining of the land border between East Timor and Indonesia. The Commission noted that it hoped to come forward with a programme of reconstruction assistance for East Timor in the light of the Tokyo donors' conference (16-17 December). 15. ARF The Group endorseddorsed the Presidency paper on EU policy towards the AARFRF (cor(coreue HEL/1360/99) and welcomedd the intention of the incoming PresidencyPresidency to prepare,preparee, iinn cocco-operation-opo erat with the Commission andand Council Secretariat, a "brainstorming""brainstorming" sessiosessionn onon tthehe bbasisaasiis of the policy set out in that paper. 16. MALAYSIA The Group welcomedelcomed the intention of EU HOHOMsMs to preparepreepap rer a common responserespons to the note verbale from thehe MaMalaysianlaysian MFA accuaccusingsing EU (and(andd ootherthherr WWesterneestern missions) ofof interference in Malaysia's internalernal affairs though support of MaMalaysianalaysiaan popoliticalllitical parties and NNGOs.G 17. AOB BURMA/MYANMARNMAR : The Group consconsideredidderede CCOREUOOREU HAG/622/HAG/622/9999 and invited EU Ambassadors accredited to Rangoon/Yangongoon/Yangon to fofollowllloww the ppractraacticeice regarding attendance at BurBurma/Myanmar'sm national day, as setet out in coreu PRPRES/DUB/1014/RES/DDUBU /1/ 0114/96,96, for the forthcominforthcomingg national dday celebrations in January 2000. ----------------------- 11842/99 EN DG E VI www.parlament.gv.at 5 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy
    bailes_hb.qxd 21/3/06 2:14 pm Page 1 Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) is A special feature of Europe’s Nordic region the Director of SIPRI. She has served in the is that only one of its states has joined both British Diplomatic Service, most recently as the European Union and NATO. Nordic British Ambassador to Finland. She spent countries also share a certain distrust of several periods on detachment outside the B Recent and forthcoming SIPRI books from Oxford University Press A approaches to security that rely too much service, including two academic sabbaticals, A N on force or that may disrupt the logic and I a two-year period with the British Ministry of D SIPRI Yearbook 2005: L liberties of civil society. Impacting on this Defence, and assignments to the European E Armaments, Disarmament and International Security S environment, the EU’s decision in 1999 to S Union and the Western European Union. U THE NORDIC develop its own military capacities for crisis , She has published extensively in international N Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: H management—taken together with other journals on politico-military affairs, European D The Processes and Mechanisms of Control E integration and Central European affairs as E ongoing shifts in Western security agendas Edited by Wuyi Omitoogun and Eboe Hutchful R L and in USA–Europe relations—has created well as on Chinese foreign policy. Her most O I COUNTRIES AND U complex challenges for Nordic policy recent SIPRI publication is The European Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation L S Security Strategy: An Evolutionary History, Edited by Shannon N.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Eu Foreign Policy Architecture
    THE NEW EU FOREIGN POLICY ARCHITECTURE REVIEWING THE FIRST TWO YEARS OF THE EEAS NIKLAS HELWIG PAUL IVAN HRANT KOSTANYAN CENTRE FOR EUROPEAN POLICY STUDIES (CEPS) BRUSSELS The Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) is an independent policy research institute in Brussels. Its mission is to produce sound policy research leading to constructive solutions to the challenges facing Europe. The views expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed to CEPS or any other institution with which they are associated or to the European Union. Niklas Helwig is a Marie Curie Researcher of the EXACT network at the University of Edinburgh and Cologne and focuses on the institutional development of EU foreign policy. He worked for the Centre for European Policy Studies and the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Paul Ivan is a Romanian diplomat. Previously, he worked as a researcher for the Centre for European Policy Studies, where he focused on EU political and institutional issues and the European External Action Service. Hrant Kostanyan is an associate research fellow at CEPS and a PhD candidate at the Centre for EU Studies at Ghent University. He worked as an external expert for International Alert, based in London, in the Eastern Europe and South Caucasus research project. He also worked as an expert on a European Commission-funded project on the EU’s relations with Russia and the Eastern Partnership at the EU Neighbourhood Info Centre. The authors thank Piotr Maciej Kaczyński for his comments on an earlier draft. ISBN 978-94-6138-262-7 © Copyright 2013, Centre for European Policy Studies and the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic 2007
    CONTENTS INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................6 I. MULTILATERAL COOPERATION ................................................................................. 14 1. The Czech Republic and the European Union ........................................................ 14 The Czech Republic and the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy ............. 33 The Czech Republic and European Security and Defence Policy ........................ 42 2. The Czech Republic and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) ............ 48 3. The Czech Republic and Regional Cooperation ..................................................... 74 Visegrad cooperation ............................................................................................. 74 Central European Initiative (CEI) .......................................................................... 78 Regional Partnership .............................................................................................. 80 Stability Pact for South East Europe ..................................................................... 82 4. The Czech Republic and other European international organisations and forums .. 84 The Czech Republic and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)................................................................................................................... 84 Council of Europe .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Manchesterhive.Com at 09/26/2021 02:07:14PM Via Free Access 2444Ch5 3/12/02 2:02 Pm Page 116
    2444Ch5 3/12/02 2:02 pm Page 115 5 Andreas Maurer1 Germany: fragmented structures in a complex system Introduction: preferences of a tamed power2 Germany’s political class is marked by a positive and constructive attitude towards European integration. The main objective of European policy was and still is to achieve effective and democratic European co-operation and integration.3 All governments and the vast majority of political parties contrive their general European policy agenda around the funda- mental aim of far-reaching integration towards some kind of political union. Although the diplomatic class does not follow any kind of altruis- tic or ‘naive’ European policy geared to achieve a European federation, the majority of political actors are reluctant to explicitly play a leading role within the evolving European Union. That is not to say that they are immune from searching ways to influence the European agenda. But German initiatives regarding ‘great bargain’ decisions (IGCs, CAP reforms, decisions on the Union’s financial resources)4 are generally pre- arranged jointly with other Member State governments. Until 1989, this ‘leadership avoidance reflex’5 was a typical feature of Germany acting under the paradigm of a ‘semi-sovereign’ state.6 ‘Deutschlands Interessen liegen in Europa’ (Germany’s interests lie in Europe) – this paradigm reflects the political elites’ view of Germany’s potential leadership in Europe, the mediation of its power within the EC and its institutional arrangements.7 With its large industrial sector and dependence on foreign trade, Germany is largely linked to the Common Market. Establishing close economic links within the EC is therefore politically advantageous as it demonstrates the FRG’s commitment to economic and political integration.8 Time is another country: the impact of the Maastricht Treaty and German re-unification The end of the Cold War decisively changed the fundamental parameters for the European Union and its Member States.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutions, Policies and Enlargement of the European Union
    This booklet is published in all the ofiicial EU languages of the European Union: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, ltalian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish. European Commission Directorate-General for Education and Culture Publications Unit, rue de la LoiAffetstraat 200, B-1049 Brussels A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000 lsBN 92-828-8282-9 O European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authonsed provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Pnrrurro oN wHtrE cHLoRtNE-FREE pApER Foreword This publication is an update of the previous edition of 'Glossary: The reform of the European Union in 150 definitions' that was produced in 1997. As indicated by its original title, this glossary was produced in order to help people to gain a better understanding of the challenges facing the European Union at the time of the Intergovemmental Conference that opened in 1996. It was subsequently expanded to cover the fundamentals ofEuropean integration, the operation of the institutions, the policies of the Community and the contributions of the Amsterdam Treaty. The inclusion of the essential aspects of the enlargement process and of Agenda2}O} and, in the future, the results of the Intergovemmental Conference of 2000, confirms the glossary's vocation of follow- ing European current affairs and explaining them to the public. An update of the definitions contained in this publication is available on the SCADPIus site, which can be accessed on the Europa server at the following address : http ://europa.eu.infl scadplus/.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Multi-Level Governance
    United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. It functions as an international community of scholars engaged in research, postgraduate training and the dissemination of knowledge to address the pressing global problems of human survival, development and welfare that are the concern of the United Nations and its agencies. Its activities are devoted to advancing knowledge for human security and development and are focused on issues of peace and governance and environment and sustainable development. The Univer- sity operates through a worldwide network of research and training centres and programmes, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Global multi-level governance The United Nations University-Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS) is a research and training programme of the UNU that focuses on the role of regions and regional integration in global gov- ernance. The aim of UNU-CRIS is to build policy-relevant knowledge about new forms of governance and cooperation, and to contribute to capacity-building on issues of integration and cooperation, particularly in developing countries. UNU-CRIS is based in Bruges and works in partnership with initiatives and centres throughout the world that are concerned with issues of integration and cooperation. The author worked at UNU-CRIS from September 2003 till March 2005 to compare the regionalisation of higher education in Europe and East Asia within a multi-level globalization context with funding from a post-doctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, co-funded by the European Social Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Bilateral Disputes Between EU Member States and Russia
    Bilateral Disputes between EU Member States and Russia CEPS Working Document No. 319/August 2009 Mathias Roth Abstract Over the past years, a series of bilateral disputes between EU member states and Moscow have significantly affected EU–Russian relations and exposed sharp internal divisions over the EU’s approach towards Russia. Despite their potential for having a highly disruptive impact on EU foreign policy, the EU still lacks a consensus on how to handle bilateral disputes. This paper employs a case-study approach to provide an in-depth analysis of selected disputes and reviews several questions of importance for the coherence of EU policy towards Russia: What kinds of issues are at the centre of bilateral disputes? What strategies do member states adopt to resolve them? Under what circumstances are disputes raised to the EU level? The paper concludes that the scope of ‘EU solidarity’ in bilateral disputes remains deeply contested and draws on insights from the case studies to propose a set of guidelines for the EU’s approach to bilateral disputes. CEPS Working Documents are intended to give an indication of work being conducted within CEPS research programmes and to stimulate reactions from other experts in the field. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which he is associated. ISBN 978-92-9079-916-0 Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.eu) © Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009 Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Community competence and EU solidarity in bilateral disputes...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • First Draft - Work in Progress - Please Do Not Quote
    Artur Gruszczak Associate Professor Institute of Political Science and International Relations Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Intelligence Support for Diplomacy: Information Sharing and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union Paper to be presented at the International Studies Association (ISA) Annual Convention, 26-29 March 2014, Toronto, Canada FIRST DRAFT - WORK IN PROGRESS - PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE Introduction The birth of the European Union coincided with dramatic, violent and destructive processes taking place in the Balkans, the Horn of Africa and the region of Great Lakes. The European Union, having been developing its international actorness and identity, decided to start building and enhancing its capacities to prevent and respond to external crises and violent conflicts in the most effective and coherent way. This meant at that time, the mid- 1990s, the widening of the external dimension of its policies and entering the area of diplomacy and security. The complex and demanding system of international relations and interactions in the era of post-Cold War strategic conundrum became increasingly dependent on information, communication and data management. Governance, management and policy-making processes in the digitalised world, based on complex information networks and communication channels, were saturated with mass information flowing from sources dispersed all over the world. Diplomacy has always been connected to information and knowledge: about other states, their political systems, economic resources, demographic features, cultural traits, etc. As the foreign relations went global, more 1 complex and interrelated, involving more actors belonging in different categories, state diplomacy was in a growing need of learning and understanding different components of the world system for they permeated state sovereignty and interfered in national interests and objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Law and Policies in Europe
    Intelligence Law and Policies in Europe Dietrich / Sule 2019 ISBN 978-3-406-69455-4 C.H.BECK schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de steht für Kompetenz aus Tradition. Sie gründetauf über 250 Jahre juristische Fachbuch-Erfahrung durch die Verlage C.H.BECK und Franz Vahlen. beck-shop.de hält Fachinformationen in allen gängigen Medienformaten bereit: über 12 Millionen Bücher, eBooks, Loseblattwerke, Zeitschriften, DVDs, Online- Datenbanken und Seminare. Besonders geschätzt wird beck-shop.de für sein umfassendes Spezialsortiment imBereich Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft mit rund 700.000 lieferbaren Fachbuchtiteln. Dietrich/Sule Intelligence Law and Policies in Europe Intelligence Law and Policies in Europe A Handbook edited by Jan-Hendrik Dietrich Satish Sule 2019 Published by Verlag C. H. Beck oHG, Wilhelmstraße 9, 80801 München, Germany, eMail: [email protected] Co-published by Hart Publishing, Kemp House, Chawley Park, Cumnor Hill, Oxford, OX2 9PH, United Kingdom, online at: www.hartpub.co.uk and Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG Waldseestraße 3–5, 76530 Baden-Baden, Germany, eMail: [email protected] Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing, c/o Independent Publishers Group, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA ISBN 978 3 406 69455 4 (C.H.BECK) ISBN 978 1 5099 2617 6 (HART) ISBN 978 3 8487 3086 5 (NOMOS) © 2019 Verlag C.H.Beck oHG Wilhelmstr. 9, 80801 München Printed in Germany by Kösel GmbH & Co. KG Am Buchweg 1, 87452 Altusried-Krugzell Typeset by Reemers Publishing Services GmbH, Krefeld Cover: Druckerei C.H.Beck, Nördlingen All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The High Representative of the Union the Constrained Agent of Europe’S Foreign Policy
    The High Representative of the Union The constrained agent of Europe’s foreign policy Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2014 vorgelegt von Dipl.-Volksw. Niklas Helwig aus Schwalmstadt Referent: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wessels, Universität zu Köln Korreferent: Dr. Juliet Kaarbo, University of Edinburgh Tag der Promotion: 8. September 2014 Fr Oma Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help and support of the kind people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. I would like to thank the EXACT Marie Curie ITN on EU external action funded by the European Commission for their generous financial, intellectual and administrative support. The extremely well-organised project director Wulf Reiners deserves a special mention. Without his cool-headed management, the ambitious endeavour of a European-wide PhD school would hardly have been as successful as it was. EXACT provided a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for me and the other early-stage re- searchers to connect, learn and grow. I would like to thank my supervisors. I am grateful for the ideas and encouragement of John Peterson over the past four years. Especially during the period that the EXACT fellows were based in Edinburgh, he took great care of us, making sure we felt at home and as a part of the scientific community of the Politics and International Relations de- partment. I know for sure that my academic progress so far would not have been possible without my second supervisor and mentor, Wolf- gang Wessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Phishing Diplomacy
    PHISHING DIPLOMACY PHISHING DIPLOMACY / AREA1SECURITY.COM / ©2018, REV 121918 142 STAMBAUGH STREET 650.491.9371 REDWOOD CITY, CA 94063 [email protected] PHISHING DIPLOMACY The mission of Area 1 Security is to eliminate phishing, and through the course of our normal business, we often discover the origins and outcomes of cyber campaigns. Phishing Diplomacy is our report that details a Chinese government cyber campaign targeting Intergovernmental Organizations, Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Ministries of Finance, trade unions, and think tanks. Over 100 hundred organizations were identified in this campaign by Area 1 Security as targets of the Chinese government’s Strategic Support Force (SSF), which ultimately led to the breach of a diplomatic communications network of the European Union. This report is not the first to expose a specific cyber campaign, nor will it have a direct impact on deterring the actors responsible. Our report shows that Chinese government hacking is technically unremarkable and consistent in three areas across all cyber campaigns: 1 Phishing remains the dominant method through which cyber actors gain access into computer networks 9 out of 10 times. 2 Cyber attacks are more akin to an assembly line than to individual snowflakes. Rather than characterizing the attacks as sophisticated we see them as imaginative and persistent. Very little about cyber attacks is cutting-edge computer science. However, there is a high level of creativity in the diverse phishing lures used to gain access and in the attackers’ ability to identify non-obvious targets that allow them to achieve their desired outcomes. 3 Cyber actors continually use their imagination to find the weakest links in the digital chain, breaching their intended targets through open side doors instead of breaking the locks down on the front door.
    [Show full text]
  • Consistency As an Issue in EU External Activities
    Consistency as an Issue in EU External Activities Simon Duke Working Paper 99/W/06 © EIPA CONSISTENCY AS AN ISSUE IN EU EXTERNAL ACTIVITIES Simon Duke Associate Professor The significance of consistency The European Community (EC) was initially only competent in the area of trade and gradually developed a common commercial policy. The 1970s onwards saw increasing foreign policy co-operation in the framework of European Political Co-operation (EPC). Over the next two decades the increasing number of external activities of the Union highlighted the need for consistency between the EC’s external competencies conducted in the context of the first pillar and the intergovernmental ones of the second pillar and, to an growing extent, the third pillar. By the late 1990s the European Union (EU) accounted for a greater percentage of global gross national product than the U.S. and Japan. The EU also contributes more to the UN budget and peacekeeping operations than either the U.S. or Japan. Given the enormous importance of the EU as a global actor and its potential to play an even more influential role, it is not difficult to see why concerns of consistency in the EU’s external activities are legitimate. Consistency has become something of a refrain. Most recently the consolidated Treaty on European Union (CTEU) states that, ‘The Union shall be served by a single institutional framework which shall ensure the consistency and the continuity of the activities carried out in order to attain its objectives while respecting and building upon the acquis communautaire.’ [CTEU, 1997, Article 3] To this end, it is to the Union generally that the task of ensuring ‘consistency in its external activities as a whole in the context of external relations, security, economic and development policies’ falls.
    [Show full text]