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WARRING IDENTITIES: the Impact of the EU’S Strategic Narratives Relating to the CSDP on European Identity Amongst Security Practitioners

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WARRING IDENTITIES: the Impact of the EU’S Strategic Narratives Relating to the CSDP on European Identity Amongst Security Practitioners WARRING IDENTITIES: The Impact of the EU’s Strategic Narratives Relating to the CSDP on European Identity amongst Security Practitioners A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in European Studies in the National Centre for Research on Europe at the University of Canterbury by Katharina Stirland University of Canterbury 2019 Contents Abstract 1 Dedication and Acknowledgements 3 Dedication 3 Acknowledgements 3 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 6 List of Abbreviations 8 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 10 Research Objective 14 Hypotheses 16 Epistemological Approach to Research 17 Chapter Outline 19 CHAPTER 2: The Development of the CSDP and the Changing Role of the European Union as a Security Provider 24 The Beginnings of European Security and Defence Cooperation 26 The End of the Cold War – the Beginning of a New Era? 28 The Saint-Malo Declaration 30 The European Security Strategy 31 The Treaty of Lisbon 33 Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Policy for the European Union 35 Reception of the EUGS 37 CSDP Missions and Operations- the Story So Far 38 The Practicalities of European Security and Defence Cooperation 45 The Changing Role of European Security Practitioners 47 Non-Military Approaches to Security Provision 49 Conclusion to Chapter 2 50 CHAPTER 3: Theoretical Landscape 51 Do We Need a EU(ropean) Identity in Security and Defence? 54 Models for a European Identity 55 European Identity and National Identity 55 The Europeanisation of National Identities 59 European Identity = Constitutional Patriotism? 61 Current Notions of European Identity: One Phrase – Many Interpretations 65 Civic and Cultural Pillars of European Identity 66 The EU as an International Actor – Normative Power Europe? 73 European Integration Identity 78 Previous Studies on Identity Formation amongst EU Workers 80 European Identity amongst CSDP Practitioners 82 Conclusion to Chapter 3 84 CHAPTER 4: Assessing the Construction of a European Integration Identity: Employing the Concept of ‘Strategic Narratives’ 85 Using the Concept of Strategic Narratives to Explore the Internal Communication of the EU’s CSDP 86 Strategic Narratives of European Identity 89 Applying the Concept of Strategic Narratives to CSDP Training 92 International System Narratives – New Security Threats and Security Priorities 93 (National) Identity Narratives - EU vs. National Identity 95 Policy-Specific Narratives 97 The Importance of Socialisation 97 Conclusion to Chapter 4 99 CHAPTER 5: Methodology and Methods 101 Methodological Approach: Mixed Method Approach 101 Projection of Strategic Narratives 103 Research Strategy and Rationale 103 Research Design - Content Analysis 103 Expert Interviews 106 Course Observations 107 Reception of Strategic Narratives 108 Research Strategy 108 Research Design – Online Surveys 109 Interviewing CSDP Training Participants 118 Employing Semi-Structured Interviews 118 Developing the Interview Guide 121 The Logistics of Interviewing Security Practitioners 123 Data Analysis 123 Framework for Analysing Data 123 Using NVivo for Qualitative Data Analysis 127 Obtaining Ethical Approval 128 Data Protection and Storage 129 Focusing on CSDP Training Courses 129 Working with the European Security and Defence College 131 The Role of the Researcher 133 Reliability of Findings and Limitations 135 Conclusion to Chapter 5 136 CHAPTER 6: The Formation of European Security and Defence Narratives 137 The Role of the ESS and EUGS in Forming CSDP-Related Strategic Narratives 138 The European Security Strategy 138 Shaping a New Narrative for the EU in the EUGS - an Interview with Natalie Tocci, Special Advisor to HR/VP Mogherini 142 The European Security and Defence College – Shaping EU Security and Defence Thinking? 146 EMILYO – European Initiative for the Exchange of Military Young Officers 151 The ESDC's Approach to Shaping a Common Security Culture 152 Conclusion to Chapter 6 156 CHAPTER 7: Projecting Strategic Narratives Relating to European Security and Defence 157 Section a): Analysing the Strategies: What is Their Purpose? 160 The ESS - Catalyst for a Fledgling CSDP? 160 The EUGS – An Insecure Europe in an Unstable World? 162 The Bigger Picture: The EU’s Place in the International System 164 The Changing Nature of Security Threats 164 The EU’s Multilateralist Approach to Security and Defence 168 The EU and NATO 171 The EU’s Relationship with Other International Actors 172 Notions of European Identity in the EU’s Security Strategies 175 The EU’s Expanding Role as a Security Actor 177 The EU – No Longer Just a Soft Power? 179 The EU as the Epitome of Common European Values and Interests? 182 Principled Pragmatism as the EU’s New Guiding Principle 184 The CSDP as the Best Tool to Protect Europe’s Security 186 Strategic Narratives on CSDP in the ESS and EUGS 187 Cooperation as the Only Way Forward 188 Dealing with a Changed/Changing Security Environment 190 The EU’s Comprehensive Approach 192 EU Security and Defence Provision Steered by Principled Pragmatism 194 Creating Resilience 194 Conclusion to Chapter 7 Section a) 196 Section b): Observing and Analysing the Content of ESDC-Coordinated Training Courses 197 CSDP Orientation Courses 199 High Level Course - Module 2 200 EMILYO Common Modules 201 Are Narratives Communicated Successfully to CSDP Practitioners during ESDC Training Courses? 202 (Mis-) Communicating the CSDP During Training Courses 205 Conclusion to Chapter 7 Section b) 208 CHAPTER 8: Receiving EU Strategic Narratives 210 Section a) The EU in the International System according to Security Professionals 212 Security Practitioners’ Views of the International System Prior to Participation in CSDP Training 212 Exploring the Reception of International System Narratives Amongst CSDP Practitioners 217 The EU’s Priorities in a Changing Security System 217 Security Practitioners’ Views on the Roles of the EU and NATO 220 The EU’s Relationship with Other Global Actors 223 Conclusion to Chapter 8 Section a) 224 Section b) Notions of European Identity amongst CSDP Staff 226 (European) Identity amongst Survey Respondents Prior to CSDP Training 230 Personal Notions of European identity 230 Does a European Identity Currently Exist? 232 How Do Security Practitioners Define Being an EU Citizen? 234 The Impact of Personal Experiences on the Concept of European Identity 238 Variations in Values Associated with European Identity 243 The EU’s Identity Abroad 246 External Perceptions of EU Security Practitioners 247 A Clash of Identities? 248 Perceptions of EU Power – The EU’s International Identity 253 Perceived Threats to European Identity 255 Conclusion to Chapter 8 Section b) 257 Section c): Practitioners’ Views of the CSDP and the Future of European Security and Defence 260 Understanding of CSDP Amongst Security Practitioners Prior to Participating in ESDC-Coordinated Training 261 The EU’s Credibility as a Security Actor 263 Security Priorities and Threat Perceptions amongst European Security Practitioners 268 EU security cooperation as the way forward in a complex security environment? 270 Security Practitioners’ Perceptions of the CSDP after Participating in Training 273 Towards a Common European Security Culture? 273 Creating a European Security Culture - The Idea of an EU Army 277 The Future of European Security and Defence 280 Perceived Key Messages Regarding the CSDP 282 CSDP – Lacking a Common Strategic Vision? 285 Conclusion to Chapter 8 Section c) 287 Conclusion to Chapter 8: A Profile of Security Practitioners as Internal Receivers of CSDP-related Strategic Narratives 289 CHAPTER 9: Reflections 297 Research Question 1: Is a Common European Identity Emerging and What Role Does CSDP Training Play? 299 Situating Security Practitioners’ Notions of European Identity within a Wider Theoretical Context 301 Research Question 2: Is a Common Security Culture Emerging Amongst Practitioners? 303 The Effectiveness of the EU’s Internal Projection of Strategic Narratives 304 What do These Findings Mean for the Creation of a Common Security Culture through CSDP Training? 305 View of the EU as a Security Provider 306 Research Question 3: How do Security Practitioners View the Future of European Security and Defence? 308 Situating EU Security Practitioners’ Views within a Wider Context 309 European Security and Defence since the Launch of the EUGS 310 The Usefulness of the Strategic Narrative Framework for Analysing Notions of European Identity amongst Security Practitioners 311 The Importance of Personal Experiences for the Reception of Strategic Narratives 314 Reflections on the Research Process – Limitations and Ideas for Future Research 316 Final Thoughts 318 Bibliography 321 Appendix 1: University of Canterbury Human Ethics Approval 332 Appendix 2: Research Proposal for the European Security and Defence College 333 Appendix 3: Study Information Sheet – CSDP Training Experts 349 Appendix 4: Consent Form - Experts 351 Appendix 5: Study Information Sheet – Participant Interviews 352 Appendix 6: Consent Form – Interview Participants 353 Appendix 7: Study Information Sheet –Participant Survey 354 Appendix 8: Consent Form – Survey Participants 356 Appendix 9: Online Survey 357 Appendix 10: Interview Guide – CSDP Training Participants 379 Appendix 11: Interview Guide – CSDP Experts 381 Abstract European security and defence cooperation has experienced some potentially significant advances since the release of the European Union Global Strategy in 2016. Furthermore, due to recent developments such as more aggressive behaviour
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