20 •NATIONALREGISTER BULLETIN Technical information on comprehensive planning, survey of cultural resources, and registration in the National Register of Historic Places.

U.S. Department of the Interior Interagency Resources Division

Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places James P. Delgado and A National Park Service Maritime Task Force* INTRODUCTION For over two hundred years, the relied on ships as connective links of a nation. Vessels crossing the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific Oceans, and our inland waters made fundamen- tal contributions to colonial settle- ment, development of trade, exploration, national defense, and territorial expansion. Unfortunately, we have lost much of this maritime tradition, and most historic vessels have gone to watery graves or have been scrapped by shipbreakers. Many vessels, once renowned or common, now can only be ap- preciated in print, on film, on can- vas, or in museums. To recognize those cultural resources important in America's past and to encourage their preser- vation, Congress expanded the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Among the ranks of prop- erties listed in the National Register are vessels, as well as buildings and structures, such as canals, drydocks, shipyards, and lighthouses that survive to docu- ment the Nation's maritime heritage. Yet to date, the National Register has not been fully utilized for listing maritime resources, par- ticularly historic vessels. The National Register of Historic Places is an important tool FIGURE 1: Star of India, built in 1863, is now berthed at the Maritime Museum. for maritime preservation. Utilizing (Photo credit: Roscoe Smith, courtesy of Maritime Museum Association of San Diego) uniform National Register criteria to State Historic Preservation Officers, craft built to navigate a waterway evaluate significance and integrity certified local governments, (oceans, lakes, rivers, canals), is an important first step in plan- maritime preservation professionals, regardless of type of construction ning for the preservation of historic and concerned citizens in identify- or motive of power employed, vessels. The National Register is ing, evaluating, and nominating which meets the National Register the best means of defining historic vessels and shipwrecks to criteria for evaluation. Because of categories and establishing priorities the National Register of Historic the special nature of nominations for significance of historic vessels in Places. General instructions for for shipwreck sites, this bulletin is the United States. Listing provides preparation of nominations are divided into two sections. Section 1 an incentive for maritime preserva- available in National Register discusses the evaluation and tion by recognizing resources as Bulletin 16, "Guidelines for Com- nomination of maritime resources worthy of preservation. Finally pleting National Register of Historic emphasizing historic vessels. Sec- listing affords a measure of protec- Places Forms." Particular emphasis tion 2 exclusively focuses on the tion from Federal undertakings and has been placed here on the specialized documentation re- can be a source of funding when preparation of National Register quirements for shipwreck monies are available. nomination forms for vessels. For nominations. This bulletin is intended to the purposes of the National guide Federal Preservation Officers, Register, a historic vessel is any SECTION ONE: NOMINATING HISTORIC VESSELS

TYPES OF HISTORIC VESSELS

There are five basic types of historic vessels which may be eligi- ble for listing in the National Register. These types are:

1. Floating historic vessels. Large vessels (usually greater than 40 feet in length or weighing over twenty tons) that are maintained in and on the water, including artificial moor- ing basins. (U.S.S. Constitution in Boston, Star of India at San Diego, and Queen Mary at Long Beach.) 2. Dry-berthed historic vessels. Vessels that are preserved out of the water and are located in a dry- dock or setting close to or part of a waterfront. (S.S. Ticonderoga at Burl- ington, ) 3. Small craft. Floating or displayed vessels generally less than forty feet in length and twenty tons in weight. (Chesapeake Bay log canoes are examples of historic small craft.) 4. Hulks. Substantially intact vessels that are not afloat, such as abandoned or laid up craft that are FIGURE 2: U.S.S. North Carolina, a World War II battleship now preserved as a floating historic vessel, is moored in an artificial basin dredged into the Cape Fear River's banks at on a mudflat, beach, or other Wilmington, North Carolina. (Photo credit: courtesy U.S.S. NORTH CAROLINA Battleship shoreline. (Schooners Hesper and Commission)

*James P. Delgado wrote Section 1 of this bulletin and compiled the bibliography and source listings. Mr. Delgado is maritime historian for the National Park Service. Section 2 was drafted in December of 1985 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, by a National Park Service task force composed of Edwin C. Bearss, Toni Carrell, Calvin Cummings, James P. Delgado, Ron Ice, Diane ]ung, Roger E. Kelly, Daniel ]. Lenihan, Larry Murphy, Larry Nordby, Richard Sellars, Yvonne Stewart, Melody Webb, and Edward M. Miller, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Primary responsibility for editing and rewriting the preliminary guidelines outlined by the task force participants was assigned to Toni Carrell of the National Park Service's Cultural Resource Unit. Luther Little at Wiscasset, ) 5. Shipwrecks. A submerged or buried vessel that has foundered, stranded, or wrecked. This includes vessels that exist as intact or scat- tered components on or in the sea bed, lake bed, river bed, mud flats, beaches, or other shorelines, excepting hulks. (U.S.S. Monitor, which lies 16 miles off North Carolina in 230 feet of water, or Peter Iredale, whose steel remains lie on the beach near Astoria, )

Qualifications for Evaluating Historic Shipwrecks and Vessels for the National Register of Historic Places Individuals recommended to prepare nominations for historic vessels and shipwrecks should be FIGURE 3: C. A. Thai/er, an 1895 three-masted schooner, is a floating historic vessel moored knowledgeable in maritime studies. at the National Maritime Museum, . (Photo credit: Richard Frear, NPS) Usually, such persons have designer or builder; or 3) was in- of her individual characteristics academic backgrounds or ex- volved in important maritime trade, based on a physical inspection of perience in such fields and naval, recreational, government, or the vessel and a documentation of disciplines as marine survey, commercial activities. The her history. maritime history, archeology, significance of a historic vessel can historic preservation, and American 2. Identification of the historic only be determined through a context(s) associated with the vessel studies. Individuals competent to systematic investigation of the conduct work described in this based on a documentation of her vessel's qualities, associations, and history. bulletin should be familiar with the characteristics. A typical investiga- terminology used to describe 3. Determination that the tion for a historic vessel nomination characteristics of the vessel make wooden and iron vessel construc- should include: tion, hull types, rigging, marine her either the best, or, a good steam, and other machinery. They representative of her type. should also be familiar with the 1. Identification of the specific 4. Evaluation of the significance of development, trends, and type of vessel and documentation the vessel based on the National chronology of vessel types and "1 maritime trades in North America.

Evaluating Historic Vessels for the National Register of Historic Places

To qualify for the National Register, a historic vessel must have significance as one of the vessel types listed above and retain integrity of location, design, set- ting, materials, workmanship, feel- ing, and association, and meet one or more of the National Register criteria A, B, C, and D. Determining the significance of a historic vessel depends on establishing whether the vessel is 1) the sole, best, or a good represen- tative of a specific vessel type; 2) is FIGURE 4: S.S. Tkonderoga, a sidewheel steamer, is now a dry-berthed exhibit displayed on associated with a significant the land at the . (Photo credit: courtesy, Shelburne Museum, Vermont) Register criteria. 5. Evaluation of the vessel's in- tegrity and a listing of features that the vessel should retain to continue to possess integrity. 6. Evaluation of a vessel's special characteristics that might qualify her for National Register listing even though she might be less than 50 years old or some aspect of her present condition generally would not qualify her for listing.

Type and Characteristics

The evaluation should begin with the compilation of a narrative description of the vessel. This description should commence with a discussion of type, dimensions, materials, method of construction, FIGURE 5: The deteriorating hulks of the four-masted schooners Hesper, and Luther Little lie layout, rig, and date of construc- off Wiscasset, Maine. (Photo credit: James P. Delgado, NPS) tion. "Type of vessel" can mean many things; for example, a vessel windlass. A capstan was ing New England town of the could be described by her rig (bark, located aft. Two hatches, fore mid-nineteenth century. barkentine, schooner, ship) or by and aft of the main hull form (clipper, "downeaster") deckhouse, opened into the Vessels may be located in a and materials used in the hull's cargo holds. Amidships, the variety of situations; some may be construction (steel, iron, wood). main deckhouse supported a afloat or beached on a shoreline; Vessels are also typed by their small house. Aft, two others may be located in drydock, trade or occupation (cargo ship, small deckhouses provided artificial mooring basin, or be container ship, hospital ship, access via circular stairways to displayed on dry land, either in the freighter). A description of vessel the grand saloon below. The open or under cover. type should attempt to incorporate sponson decks were set well There are special considerations all of these aspects. For example, above the water; built on when evaluating a hulk. Descrip- "As built in 1856, King Philip was a them and into the wheel- tions of hulks, which as a general wooden-hulled medium clipper; her houses were the heads. rule lack much of their rigging three masts were bark-rigged." (many are dismasted), and have The description should also in- The discussion of rig should in- deteriorated to a point where struc- clude a vessel's registered dimen- clude the number of masts, the tural integrity of the vessel no sions and tonnage. The citation of materials from which the masts are longer remains, should concentrate registry information should be as fashioned, the material used in the on a discussion of surviving con- follows: standing rigging (such as wire or struction and its potential to yield hemp), and a discussion of any information about the materials and Baldutha is 256.0 feet long missing spars, if, for example, a methods used in the vessel's with a beam of 38.6 feet, and ship is missing her topgallant construction. a depth of hold of 22.7 feet. yards. The description of the vessel Baldutha is registered at 1835 should include a narrative discus- gross tons and 1583 net tons. sion of the vessel's setting and Historic Contexts location. For example: A vessel's significance is based The description should include on her representation of vessel type some discussion of the vessel's Charles W. Morgan is moored and her association with significant method of construction. For exam- in the Mystic River at Chubb's themes in American history and ple, "Baldutha is of single hull con- Wharf, a stone and earth comparison with similar vessels. struction with riveted steel plates modern structure built in the The World Ship Trust, in an effort laid as inner and outer strakes over style of a 19th century New led by historian Norman Brouwer steel frames." A discussion of the England wharf, at Mystic of New York's South Street Seaport layout of the deck, including Seaport Museum, a large com- Museum, has published the Inter- houses, should be included: plex of historic and reproduc- national Register of Historic Ships, Tennessee's elevated forecastle tion buildings and structures an inventory of known historic deck mounted a pump-break which interpret life in a seafar- vessels in the world. A con- siderable portion of the book is steam technology, however, then a In analyzing a 19th century Pacific dedicated to vessels in the United discussion of local steamboating Coast schooner, a researcher would States. This inventory should be would be essential. look for an emphasis on Douglas fir consulted early in the evaluative The State Historic Preservation timbering, heavily-fastened "over- process. Officer should be consulted before built" construction, lumber loading The evaluation of a vessel must beginning work to determine if the ports in the stern, a beamy, include thorough historical research State has information which will shallow hull form, and a fore-and- into a vessel's construction, assist in the evaluation of the aft rig. A vessel largely rebuilt owners, and career. Rather than vessel. Local and regional maritime through the years without attention offering a chronological discussion museums, the Council of American to preserving the original design of a vessel's career, the historical Maritime Museums, the Depart- features (such as hull form, original narrative should be organized into ment of Maritime Preservation at materials, method of construction, specific context statements which the National Trust for Historic and, to a lesser degree of impor- specify a vessel's place in the Preservation, the National Maritime tance, rig) that is not readily iden- development of American maritime Historical Society, the Steamship tifiable would not be a good trade, naval power, recreation, Historical Society of America, the representative of her type. For ex- government use, commerce, or North American Society for Oceanic ample, the best representatives of various designs of waterborne craft. History, Association World War II naval vessels would Specific historic contexts may for Maritime History, American be warships unaltered in hull form, include a vessel's involvement in Canal Society, the World Ship layout, equipment, and armament. the Pacific Coast lumber trade, a Trust, and other maritime historical and/or preservation organizations vessel's role in the packet trade, or Significance how a particular vessel's design fit and professionals also should be into the development of Great consulted because one of these Lakes bulk ore carriers. The organizations may have already To be eligible for the National significance statement should be researched a vessel's career or Register of Historic Places, a vessel concise and well-developed. The evaluated her significance. A direc- must be significant in American amount of information presented in tory listing, including address and history, architecture, archeology, the nomination will vary according telephone number, of these and engineering, or culture, and to the vessel's significance to the hundreds of such groups is possess integrity of location, local community, State, or the available from the Maritime Preser- design, setting, materials, Nation. It is not necessary to vation Department of the National workmanship, feeling, and associa- discuss the development of local Trust for Historic Preservation. tion. To be considered significant , for example, when the vessel must meet one or more discussing a steamer significant in Representative of a Type of the four National Register the national development of marine criteria: steam technology. If the steamer A vessel must possess certain has no demonstrated or outstand- features to be a good representative A. be associated with events ing importance in the national or of her type, period, or method of that have made a signifi- statewide development of marine construction. These features vary. cant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or B. be associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of con- struction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction;

FIGURE 6: The wreck of the 1856 ship King Philip lies on the beach at San Francisco, . Periodically exposed by winter storms, her remains are being documented by National Park Service archeologists. (Photo credit: Richard Frear, NPS) or D. have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Under Criterion A, association with "events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history," a vessel may qualify for listing in the National Register through her association with historic themes. Applicable areas of significance (listed in Bulletin 16) would include the ob- vious "maritime" theme and several other "catch-all" categories. Therefore, historical information must be provided to explain the significance of the vessel. Common areas of significance to consider are:

1. AGRICULTURE: Vessels en- gaged in agricultural trade and commerce, such as vessels which transported produce to market. FIGURE 7: The wreck of the passenger/package freighter Monarch, built in 1890 and wrecked in 1906, lies on the bottom of inside Isle Royale National Park. A National Park Service diver is shown inspecting the wreck as part of a project to document 2. COMMERCE: Merchant Isle Royale submerged wrecks by the National Park Service's Submerged Cultural vessels which were involved in Resources Unit. (Photo credit: Larry Murphy, NPS) maritime trade and commercial activities; vessels which also 6. GOVERNMENT: Lightships, 11. MILITARY: Naval warships carried passengers could dredges, snagboats, survey and other vessels, military possess significance in the area boats, and similar vessels of a transports, and support craft. of Transportation. non-military nature. 12. RECREATION/ENTER- 3. COMMUNICATIONS: Vessels 7. INDUSTRY: Vessels associated TAINMENT: Yachts, racing engaged in telegraph and with industrial enterprises, boats, or house boats used for telephone cable laying opera- such as Great Lakes ore- the practice of leisure tions, and pioneer ship-to- carrying freighters and Alaskan activities, diversion, amuse- shore, or ship-to-ship wireless fishing boats. ment, or sport. transmissions. 8. INVENTION: Vessels which 13. SCIENCE: Vessels on which 4. ENGINEERING: Vessels im- were the of a scientific significant scientific experimen- portant for technological process of experimentation, tation or other research was developments in hull form, such as John Ericsson's "hot- conducted, such as the barken- propulsion systems, and ship- air" propelled Caloric Ship tine Galilee's use as a magnetic board equipment. Ericcson of 1854. charting vessel by the Carnegie Institute in 1901. 5. EXPLORATION/SETTLE- 9. LAW: Vessels involved in MENT: Vessels involved in ex- landmark legal cases which 14. SOCIAL/HUMANITARIAN: ploration and the expansion of established tenets of admiralty Hospital ships, vessels in- the Nation, such as river law or seamen's right. volved in rescuing life and steamers which carried sup- property from maritime plies to frontier settlements on 10. LITERATURE: Vessels disasters and life-saving craft rivers in the Midwest, Old associated with noted authors such as a Francis lifeboat or a Northwest, Great Lakes or poets, such as Equator, United States Life-Saving Serv- region, and , or vessels which was chartered for a ice surfboat. used in Arctic or Antarctic South Seas cruise by Robert exploration. Louis Stevenson. 15. THEATER: Showboats, movie ships, and vessels used in or nationally, regionally, or lo- sion (such as paddlewheels modified for the filming of mo- cally important naval architects and all types of propellers) as tion pictures. and shipwrights may be eligi- representatives of their type. ble for the National Register. The 1891 ferryboat , at 16. TRANSPORTATION: Ferry the National Maritime Museum boats and vessels engaged in 2. ART: Many sail and steam in San Francisco, is nationally the transportation of vessels had distinguished significant because she has the passengers; vessels which car- accommodations, sometimes only operable, 19th century ried cargo could also possess executed in luxurious taste, walking beam marine steam significance in the area of which set them apart from the engine afloat. The engine and Commerce. utilitarian "working" areas of boiler work of renowned the vessel. These design marine engineering firms, such Under Criterion B, association features, ship-board decora- as New York's Novelty Iron with "persons significant in our tions, figureheads, joiner's Works, Maine's Bath Iron past," a vessel will possess work, cabin interiors, and Works, and San Francisco's significance if a historically signifi- saloons, particularly on river Union Iron Works may impart cant person's importance is tied steamers, ferries, and certain significance to a vessel. directly to the vessel, such as Ad- oceanic passenger steamers, miral Dewey's association with could qualify the vessel for in- U.S.S. Olympia. Applicable themes Under Criterion D, a vessel is clusion in the National significant if she has yielded or is under criterion B may include Register. numbers 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 likely to yield information impor- above. tant to history, i.e., the physical 3. ENGINEERING: Vessels may characteristics (or remains) of the Under Criterion C, a vessel be significant because of their vessel provide important informa- possesses significance if she em- design, propulsion systems, tion about her use, method of con- bodies "the distinctive charac- specific types of marine struction, and operation. A vessel teristics of a type, period, or need not be wrecked or an ar- method of construction, or engines, and modes of propul- represents the work of a master, FIGURE 8: The yacht Doris sails on the Massachusetts coast, circa 1905. (Photo credit: Hart possesses high artistic values, or Nautical Collections, MIT Museum) represents a signficant and distinguishable entity whose com- ponents may lack individual distinction." Vessels are usually found to be eligible for the National Register listing within the following categories:

1. ARCHITECTURE: A vessel that is a good representative of a specific type of naval Ik. m architecture such as Pacific Coast lumber schooner like the C.A. Thayer or is the only representative of the type, Mm such as the Great Lakes whaleback Meteor. A vessel may also possess significance if she is a good example of a naval architect's work, "representing the work of a master." Naval architects of national signficance in the 19th century include Isaac Webb, Donald McKay, William H. Webb, and John W. Griffiths. Naval architects of national note in the 20th century in- A clude Francis Herreshoff and William Francis Gibbs. Examples of the work of any of these men, as well as other cheological site to qualify under tegrity through seven aspects, or When changes to a vessel are in criterion D, but this is its most qualities: location, design, setting, the form of renewal and replace- common application. materials, workmanship, feeling, ment, either to continue operation Section 8 of the nomination and association. historically or to perform a restora- must address the period of tion, the structure will remain eligi- significance of which a vessel Location ble if renewed features are replaced achieved her importance and meets The National Register con- with materials, which in their com- National Register criteria. There are sideration of "integrity of location" position, design, color, texture, and blanks on the forms where the should be construed to mean that a workmanship retain the historic dates for the period of time the vessel is located in a port or other character of the vessel. These vessel achieved significance are location with which the vessel changes do not affect a vessel's entered. Enter the most specific historically had some association, integrity. dates known. If a vessel's sig- such as a port of construction, or a The noted maritime historian, nificance occurred in one year, as port of call. Location should not be Allan Villiers, once observed that for a shipwreck associated with an confused with integrity of setting, historic vessels maintained and/or important sea battle, enter that which generally means that a vessel operated in the water ultimately single year. If a vessel achieved is maintained in the water. How- become reconstructions or wrecks. significance for several distinct ever, it is recognized that preserva- While historic structures and periods of time, enter each period tion of a vessel's original fabric may buildings on land also deteriorate on a separate line in the order of compel the removal of the vessel and require maintenance and importance. Avoid including dates from the water. This issue will be replacement of original fabric, the of less than 50 years, unless these examined in the discussion of corrosive nature of the marine en- events and associations can be integrity of setting. vironment greatly accelerates the justified as having exceptional process. Any historic vessel main- historical importance. Continuous Design tained in the water will ultimately function does not indicate the con- lose all of her original fabric. U.S.S. tinuation of the period of A vessel, like any other struc- Constitution, now berthed at significance. The nomination must ture, changes with time. Vessels Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston, discuss significant events or may be lengthened, deckhouses retains as little as 10 to 23 percent associations that occurred during added or removed, and interior of the wood that was in the each period of significance in the spaces modified for new uses. when launched in 1797 or when narrative. Changes which occur over time, she earned her reputation as "Old particularly those associated with a Ironsides." Yet this is largely in- Integrity shift to different owners or trades, distinguishable because of attention if those owners or trades are to maintaining historic materials The National Register tradi- historically significant, acquire and workmanship during her many tionally recognizes a property's in- significance in their own right. restorations. These increasingly restored historic vessels retain their integrity in those cases when in- tegrity as evidenced by hull form, rig, use of materials, or craftsman- ship is maintained. It is important to retain original fabric though, for the greater the amount of historic fabric, the greater the quality of in- tegrity for the vessel.

Setting Integrity of setting usually means that a vessel is maintained in the water. National Register guidelines generally rule that vessels out of water, particularly if in an enclosed structure, were in- eligible for National Register listing unless they were in a "natural" waterfront setting, such as in a dry dock. Yet limiting the National Register only to vessels maintained FIGURE 9: The Jersey Schooner-Oyster Dredge Boat Katheryn M. Lee continues to work afloat or in the open air ultimately actively in her historic trade at Liepsic, Delaware. (Photo credit: Stephen Del Sordo) dooms original fabric. In some Workmanship Integrity of workmanship is maintained when materials are renewed in-kind. When original but deteriorated riveted iron hull plates are replaced, integrity of workman- ship is maintained when the new iron plates are also riveted. Double sawn timber frames should be replaced with double sawn timber frames to maintain integrity of workmanship. Feeling Integrity of feeling means that the vessel evokes an aesthetic or historic sense of the past. Usually this depends on the presence of the vessel's significant physical characteristics to convey her historic qualities. However, it must be recognized that extreme deteriora- tion of a vessel, such as major rot and inherent structural collapse, would not interfere with the ability of the vessel to yield important information through analysis of her construction and career, and she would possess archeological integ- rity and be eligible under Criterion D. Association A period or accurate waterfront setting for a historic vessel is desirable and adds to the integrity of setting for the vessel. A vessel loses her integrity of association if FIGURE 10: An in-kind historic restoration of the whaler Charles W. Morgan at Mystic she is removed from the water and Seaport Museum. Here shipwrights are driving a drift into a breasthook. (Photo credit: displayed out of sight of the water, Mary Anne Stets, courtesy Mystic Seaport Museum) such as a 19th century schooner placed on a lawn, surrounded by a cases, the preservation of that historic design and construction chain-link fence, in front of a fabric may be essential. Craftsman- have been maintained. For exam- factory. ship cannot be replaced, nor ple, integrity of materials would be archeologically recovered. Fragile retained when a vessel's steel intact vessels can only be preserved plates are replaced in-kind with The Need for Special "under glass." To preserve historic steel plates, oak planks are replaced Justification fabric in rare vessels, integrity of in-kind with oak planks, copper setting will be maintained if the sheathing is replaced in-kind with Certain types of historic vessels craft is associated with the water by copper sheathing, and tarred hemp as a general rule do not qualify for means of a waterfront location. standing rigging is replaced in-kind the National Register. These would This setting must not detract from with tarred hemp standing rigging. be 1) vessels less than 50 years of appreciating the vessel as a water- This is not to suggest that failure to age, 2) vessels owned by religious borne craft or present her as a follow strict in-kind replacement institutions and used for religious museum object. could keep a vessel from being purposes, 3) replica vessels, and listed on the National Register. 4) collections of vessels. However, Materials Modern materials for patching and these properties may qualify for Integrity of materials means repair, such as epoxies and National Register listing if they that the physical elements that fiberglass, may be necessary to meet the criteria and meet the were combined in the vessel's preserve a vessel. following exceptions: 1. A vessel achieving significance part of an overall restoration meet the special justification within the past fifty years if plan for the entire resource. discussed above. she is of exceptional sig- For example, a replica craft 4. Small craft and larger vessels nificance. (A vessel must be may be eligible as part of a in collections may be indi- compared with other vessels of restoration master plan for a vidually eligible if they retain her type that have similar 19th century ferry landing integrity of setting. Collections associations and qualities to historic district, which includes of vessels are not eligible for establish exceptional authentic historic properties, the National Register. (In ex- significance, or be associated such as landings, docks, and ceptional cases, vessels may with important but recent associated commercial have collective historic themes or developments which buildings. In this case, the significance when they are ex- scholarly or professional replicated craft may be essen- hibited in an appropriate set- research has recognized as tial to convey the transporta- ting, such as the vessels at the significant to the maritime tion significance of the Mystic Seaport Museum. This trades or naval architecture district). museum collection, founded in and engineering. Vessels con- Individual replica vessels are 1929, has historic significance sidered eligible under these not eligible for the National for its associations with the circumstances include N.S. Register of Historic Places development of the American Savannah, (1950) the first because they are not authentic historic preservation movement nuclear-powered merchant historic resources. A replica and represents a landmark in ship built in the United States, vessel is a modern vessel early twentieth century and the nuclear submarine which recreates either a maritime preservation.) U.S.S. Nautilus, the first sub- specific vessel or a class or marine to navigate the seas type of vessels. After the under the ice pack of the passage of fifty years, a replica Preparing the National North Pole. Other vessels less vessel may attain significance Register Nomination than fifty years of age that the in her own right as a product National Register currently of one generation's perception While basic instructions for accepts as being eligible are of its maritime history. In this completing nominations are found vessels which played an im- case it may be possible for a in National Register Bulletin 16, portant role in World War II). replica to qualify on that basis "Guidelines for Completing 2. A vessel owned by religious under Criterion A, B, C or D. National Register of Historic Places institutions and used for If a replica vessel has achieved Forms," several sections of the religious purposes may be significance within the last fifty form will require the specialized in- eligible if her primary years, she will be required to formation provided in the following significance is derived from naval architecture (Criterion C and/or D) or historical impor- tance (Criterion A). 3. In rare instances, replica vessels can be a contributing component of a National Register property if: 1) the replication is based on schol- arly analysis of graphic, writ- ten, and archeological sources; 2) the vessel's construction is accurately executed, using appropriate period materials and construction techniques; 3) the replica vessel is presented in a historically appropriate manner as a part of a restora- tion master plan; 4) no other vessel with the same associa- tions has suvived. (Being part of a restoration plan means that the replica is an essential component in a group of historic properties which together constitute a historic FIGURE 11: Stairway and stateroom hall on board the S.S. Ticonderoga. (Photo credit: district. The replica must be courtesy, Shelburne Museum, Vermont)

10 guidelines. For the purposes of the National Register, vessels are classified as "structures" because they are made up of interdepen- dent and interrelated parts in a definite pattern of organization. In the past, the National Register has accepted vessels categorized as ob- jects, but during the preparation of this bulletin, it was determined that a vessel better fits the National Register definition of "structure." The number and combination of characteristic features required for National Register eligibility will vary from property to property. In some cases, a vessel need only possess a single quality or characteristic to be eligible. If a vessel is not individually eligible for the National Register, she may still be eligible as a contributing compo- nent of a historic district. For exam- ple, historic life boats may not be individually eligible, but they could contribute to a Coast Guard station historic district. When she is registered, the legal description of a vessel can be FIGURE 12: Lifeboat on board the S.S. Jeremiah O'Brien. (Photo credit: Joanie Morgan) her merchant or naval registry. For active vessels still registered by the Norman Brouwer and his associates The International Congress of United States Coast Guard, citation for the World Ship Trust. Maritime Museums Historic Ship of the current Consolidated Enroll- Brouwer's International Register of Evaluation Progam assesses vessel ment and License, with the office Historic Ships is a good place to structure along with historic address of the applicable Coast start the research. The book is con- significance and preservation con- Guard District, will suffice. For stantly being updated and revisions siderations. The ICMM evaluation merchant vessels no longer may be obtained from the National seeks descriptions of primary struc- registered, the former enrollments Maritime Historical Society. The tural material members. Not all and registries will be found in the Historic Ship Register of the Inter- structural members listed by ICMM National Archives. They can be ob- national Congress of Maritime require discussion in a National tained by supplying the name of Museums (ICMM) is another logical Register nomination; essential the vessel, the date of construction, place to look. Some vessels may features such as the keel, keelson, and the port of construction to the have been surveyed during local or frames, reinforcing members, hull Judicial, Fiscal, and Social Branch statewide heritage inventories. planking or plating, fastenings, of the National Archives in Shipwrecks may be listed in State decking, masts, rigging, deck fur- Washington, D.C. National Ar- archeological inventories. niture, interior spaces, including chives staff will locate all registry In the narrative Description and joinery, deck machinery, armament, and enrollment documents for the Significance portions of the decorations, coating and vessel and will provide photocopies nomination form, it is important to sheathings, boats, and tackle—all of for a fee. Citation of the last docu- develop fully the information and these need to be described and ment issued to the vessel will suf- analyses conducted in the evalua- assessed with comments in each fice for the vessel's legal descrip- tion process. It is important to be case on original material, deteriora- tion. For naval vessels, the registra- concise. In the Description section, tion, adherence to original con- tion data are at the Ships History the integrity of the vessel needs to figuration, and impacts by previous Division. The annual publication be thoroughly documented, dis- restoration, repair, or alteration. listing Vessels of the United States cussing original form, materials, Alterations need to be dis- (1869 to the present), Lloyd's workmanship, and any changes. cussed and assessed in relation to a Register, and other classification The National Register currently re- historically significant context. If a society registers also provide a legal quires a detailed architectural vessel was built for a specific use— description. Nearly every floating, description for nominated buildings the grain trade, for example—and preserved historic vessel in the and structures. A comparable level then altered for another historic United States has been surveyed by of detail is required for vessels. purpose—such as fishing—these

li FIGURE 13: Builder's plate in the engine room of the 1908 steam screw tugboat Her- cules. (Photo credit: Stephen A. Haller, NPS)

tions of source materials is desirable but not required. To aid in the National Register assessment of significance and in- tegrity, good illustrative views of the vessel, her rig, her charac- teristic and significant design features, and alterations need to be documented with individual photographs. Instead of a site map, as is the case with land-base prop- erties, deck plans, inboard profiles, lines, and rigging plan should be included, if available. A USGS map locating the vessel in a city or other geographical unit, with Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates marked, must be included. If a vessel is engaged in active sailing, her regular mooring at the home changes would be significant and would not have an adverse effect on the integrity of a vessel. On the other hand, if a vessel has been changed for a later non-significant career, then those changes repre- sent a loss of integrity. It is impor- tant to remember that integrity is not always construed as "as built." In discussing significance, it is essential to link the vessel to inter- national, national, regional, or local historic contexts. It is also impor- tant to convey the vessel's par- ticipation in specific historical events and to discuss the vessel's important changes in design, such as alterations to the hull or propul- sion systems and to use this infor- mation in the evaluation of historic integrity. If applicable, a vessel's association with significant in- dividuals, including builders, masters, officers, crew, owners, or passengers should be discussed. An assessment of the vessel's relation to similar properties is needed. Is she a sole survivor? Is she representative of a type? Is she the best example of a type? Statements of significance should be derived from primary sources and scholarly secondary historical assessments. Thorough historical research is recommended in preparing a Na- tional Register form so that the best FIGURE 14: The assembly of instruments in the pilothouse of the S.S. Clipper represent the available information is analyzed various navigational technologies used on the vessel during her career. Documentation of a vessel for the National Register should include views which interpret changes or altera- and presented. Footnotes for cita- tions. (Photo credit: Harry Weese and Associates)

12 port should be the location cited and marked. Major bibliographic references should include sources referred to in the evaluation process as well as sources cited. The reference should be organized alphabetically, in categories such as manuscripts, published works, plans, and historic photographs and other graphics. The boundary of the vessel should be all of that area enclosed within her extreme dimen- sions. It is the vessel that is being nominated, not the water or land that surrounds her. A boundary description for a vessel usually refers to the area enclosed by the vessel's extreme dimensions, for ex- ample: "The Showboat Jimmy 80' x 40' at permanent berth at Pier 56." Acreage should be given as less than one. FIGURE 15: Significant historical events that occur on board a vessel should be documented. In this view, sailors on board the U.S.S. Intrepid battle a shipboard fire on the flight deck off Luzon, the Philippines, on November 25, 1944. (Photo credit: National Field Work, Research, and Archives) Documentation Techniques such as lines, profiles, deck plans, various American ports were com- Field Work sail plans, scantlings, engine, piled by the Works Progress Ad- boiler, and machinery plans. Half- ministration and the National Ar- Adequate field examination of a models and builder's models chives. Consultation of these lists, vessel may involve more than one should be consulted. If extant, particularly for the port of New visit to acquire a thorough under- builder's models may aid in identi- York, will provide a necessary lead standing of the vessel's construc- fying original features no longer in beginning to research these tion, layout, rig, and machinery. If present or modified. Historic photo- vessel "titles." Lloyd's of evaluating a property for the first graphs, lithographs, and drawings possesses detailed descriptions of time, it is essential that a guided of the vessel, particularly including vessels surveyed by Lloyd's for cer- tour of the vessel, with discussions views of the vessel under construc- tification, and the National Mari- emphasizing condition, restoration tion, deck views, and overall views, time Museum, Greenwich, England, or maintenance work, and the may be helpful in assessing method is also a vital source for English vessel's history, be provided by of construction and features of the vessels lost in American waters. knowledgeable individuals intimate- vessel. Local newspapers may have Logbooks, journals, and letters ly associated with the vessel. Tours references to a vessel's launch and written on board the vessel may of engine rooms and other machin- discuss her particulars. Various provide physical descriptions and ery spaces should be discussed vessel types, machinery, and some document details of her career. with a marine engineer. The specific vessels may also be dis- Local newspapers may include method of construction should be cussed and described in various discussions of sailings, accidents, derived from discussions with a professional journals such as that of and marine disasters. Contem- naval architect. The field examina- the Society of Naval Architects and porary accounts of a vessel's career tion of the vessel should be a slow, Marine Engineers. also can be found in the annual meticulous process which leaves The registry and enrollment reports of the United States Life- the evaluator with as complete an papers provide the dimensions of Saving Service (published between understanding as possible of how the vessel, tonnage, the number of 1878 and 1915). Insights into a the vessel was built, operated, masts, and the type of bow and vessel's history also can be gained modified, and maintained through stern decoration for American through researching owners' names time. vessels. A run of these documents listed in the registries and may provide evidence of alteration enrollments. A variety of secondary Research or change. Summaries of this infor- source works which assess local, mation can be found in the annual regional, and national maritime Historical research should in- List of American Merchant Vessels history may discuss a vessel and clude the examination of any extant of the United States. Lists of her career. Especially valuable are drawings or plans of the vessel, vessels registered or enrolled at articles that are found in historical

13 NORTH CAROLINA as outfitted during her overhaul Sound Navy Yard, July-October 19U- USS NORTH CAROLINA (BBSS)

FIGURE 16: Documentation of a vessel plans do not exist, modern plans of also appear as discrete elements of should include a plan, if available. This is the outboard profile and deck plan of the vessel might be prepared. This hull, machinery, artifacts, or other U.S.S. North Carolina as outfitted. (Photo is highly desired but is not required remains, widely separated with lit- credit: U.S.S. NORTH CAROLINA for nominations. tle or no continuity, or as a single Battleship Commission, drawing by Alan B. representative item. In this in- Chesley) SECTION TWO: stance, they compare most closely DOCUMENTATION OF to objects or artifacts. society and maritime museum quar- SHIPWRECK It should be noted, however, terlies, such as the American Nep- that for review purposes the Na- tune, Bill, Sea History, NOMINATIONS tional Register views each of the Inland Seas, Waterways Journal, or above site manifestations as arche- the Mariner's Mirror. A recom- This section of the bulletin ad- ological sites. Further, if these mended bibliography can be found dresses the evaluation and nomina- remains have been purposefully at the end of the bulletin. tion of shipwrecks. A shipwreck is moved to another location (e.g., any vessel that has foundered, museum display or wharfside inter- Documentation stranded, or wrecked. This includes pretive site), they are no longer vessels that exist as intact or scat- considered archeological sites by As the field work and research tered components on or in the sea the National Register. The progresses, files of notes, sketches, bed, lake bed, river bed, mud flats, documentation and evaluation of reproduced reference materials, and beaches, or other shorelines. significance for each of the above photographs should be compiled. If The unique nature of ship- examples (i.e., an archeological site a vessel has changed over time, a wrecks has resulted in uneven and or a structure) requires a different chronologically arranged series of contradictory treatment of this class research approach. Clearly the plans or photographs may aid in of resource by historians and arche- research orientation, methods, and understanding these alterations. ologists. The National Register types of data collected may differ Color slides of the vessel may aid categorizes all submerged cultural based on the degree of wreck later when the nomination is being resources as either sites or struc- preservation or dispersal. While the prepared and a site visit is not tures; shipwrecks may fit either of individual historian or archeologist possible. these categories. Vessels may ap- may have a clear understanding of Numerous black and white pho- pear in the material record as most- the research questions and data tographs of the vessel and her ly intact hulls. In this instance they gathering technologies necessary to features should be taken. The quali- are historic structures. Vessels may document these sites, the applica- ty of the photographs actually in- also appear as broken or scattered tion of the National Register criteria cluded in the nomination form will sections of a structure with local- to shipwrecks has not been well- benefit from as wide a selection as ized deposition of apparel, arma- defined or understood. possible. Exemplary historic photo- ment, cargo, and other artifacts, or The study of shipwrecks may graphs and other graphics should other remains, widely separated pose difficulties not encountered in be reproduced for inclusion with with little or no continuity, or as a the study of land-based sites. These the nomination. Historic plans single representative item. In this difficulties result from environmen- should be included to aid in instance, they compare most closely tal conditions (e.g., currents, cold, documenting the vessel. If historic to archeological sites. Vessels may depth, turbidity), research time

14 constraints, and the degree to which remains may be encrusted or buried. Further, simply because many shipwreck sites are under- water, they are unavailable to other interested, but non-diving researchers. Because of the above difficul- ties, nomination of shipwreck sites requires particular attention to detail and approach. Clarity and specificity throughout the nomina- tion are essential. Lack of clarity and specificity are at the crux of the past problems with shipwreck nom- inations. Several factors must be ad- dressed during the preparation of shipwreck nominations. Arche- ologists, historians, and interested individuals may be unfamiliar with the application of National Register conceptual and technical concerns critical for determinations of significance for this class of resource. These concerns fall in the general areas of description, significance, and geographical data. Specifically, they are: a) description including historic and present site description, natural and cultural post-depositional impacts, and description of loss or wreck event; b) significance including the direct application of National Register criteria, context, and integrity; and c) geographical data, including boundary justification and verbal description. Each of the above can be addressed in the entry categories of the National Register form. FIGURE 17: Features particularly significant to a vessel should be documented in the Na- tional Register nomination. The filter cover had been removed by the crew of the German The following discussion of U-boat U-505 when they scuttled their ship to prevent its capture. An American boarding environmental categories and con- party bravely risked their lives to close this cover on June 4, 1944. U-505 was the only Ger- cerns is a guideline for the prep- man U-boat captured by the United States during World War II and is now on display at aration of National Register the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. (Photo credit: courtesy, Museum of Science nominations of shipwrecks. and Industry, Chicago)

1. DESCRIPTION George M. Cox was built in was 233 feet long, 40 feet Shipwrecks exist in environ- 1901 in Toledo, Ohio, at the wide, and 21.9 feet deep. She mental conditions that at times Craig Shipbuilding Company. now lies broken and scattered make various forms of documenta- Hull number 82 was originally in a shallow, gravel lined gul- tion difficult. Nonetheless, nomina- consigned to the Holland and ly and on an adjacent slope, tions should draw from all available Chicago Steamship Company. separated by a reef southwest descriptive information and should However, the vessel was pur- of Rock of Ages at the western be as explicit as possible. chased by Graham and Mor- end of Isle Roy ale. The description section should ton Transportation Company, open with a summary paragraph named Puritan, and given US The description discussion which includes brief background in- registry number 150898. Based should consist of two parts: an formation about the vessel, her out of Chicago and used pri- original (historical) description and general characteristics, present loca- marily in the excursion trade a present (archeological) site tion, and condition. For example: on Lake , the vessel description. The historical descrip-

15 tion should discuss the vessel prior osition. Environmental impacts may and artifacts, stratigraphic profiles, to her loss or what is known as the include erosion, slumping, silt dep- and historic views or plans of the wreck event (primary deposition). If osition, storm activity, encrustation, vessel. In those situations where the vessel identity is known, the and deterioration of the vessel, her photography is not possible, i.e., description should include the fabric, or other material remains. extremely turbid water, the Na- characteristics of the vessel as a Human impacts may include con- tional Register will still accept floating entity including, but not temporary or recent salvage, dredg- nominations. However, a complete limited to, as-built and modified ing, looting, or vandalism, as well explanation of the circumstances characteristics. If the vessel identity as archeological investigations and and water conditions preventing is not known, the type, period, collections. The effect of these post- photography must accompany the general characteristics, nationality, depositional impacts must be de- documentation. and function should be described. scribed and discussed. The archeological site descrip- A narrative of the events lead- 2. SIGNIFICANCE tion must include a discussion of all ing up to and including the loss of exposed and identifiable features, the vessel or the wreck event will The significance section should artifacts, machinery, and architec- also be helpful. The discussion may open with a summary paragraph tural components. These should be be used to explain partially the clearly stating the areas of vessel explicitly documented and de- nature of site deposition and the significance, the National Register scribed. The description should also extent of human impacts to the criteria used for evaluation, and consider buried features and arti- vessel while in a transition period, how these criteria apply to the facts. If buried materials are to be prior to human abandonment and vessel. The summary should be a addressed in the nomination, they up to its equilibration with the en- concise statement of facts, or sup- should be documented through vironment. If the events sur- portable hypotheses, which address testing or remote sensing and the rounding the loss of the vessel con- anthropological research issues, data that were generated should be tribute to the significance of the followed by documentation that ad- discussed. When exposed material site, they should appear in that dresses each of the areas of remains allow for reasonable in- section. significance and demonstrates the ference concerning the nature of Graphic documentation is an applicability of the criteria selected. buried features, the information or essential element of a well-prepared Shipwrecks may be nominated data used to determine the nature, nomination. Nominations must in- using any or all of the National extent, and potential significance of clude a plan view site map. Other Register criteria as discussed in Sec- the buried remains must be clearly graphic documentation could in- tion 1 of this bulletin. The appli- presented. clude: contoured magnetometer cation of National Register criteria Environmental and human im- data, side-scan sonar images, determines the significance of a pacts will affect a shipwreck site photographs and/or drawings of shipwreck, which is partially de- during and after archeological dep- diagnostic or significant features rived from an understanding of the overall cultural context and the specific role of the vessel and her FIGURE 18: Operator's flat in the engine room of S.S. Eureka. The 1891 walking beam steam marine engine on board Eureka is the only operable 19th century walking beam component elements within that engine afloat in America. (Photo credit: Edward de St. Maurice, NPS) context. The context statement nor- mally addresses two aspects of vessel significance. The first is the historical overview of that class of vessel, her function, role, and con- tribution to national, regional, or local maritime history, technology, commerce, or similar topics. This information is to be used in con- junction with the second aspect of context: an assessment of the nominated vessel's specific role in history. The nominated vessel's role and function can be docu- mented using categories, such as: 1) naval architecture 2) marine technology 3) engineering 4) commerce 5) transportation 6) exploration/settlement or 7) military

16 FIGURE 19: A number of historic vessels It may also be applied to scattered ing, or other technological aspects; remain in operation around the United or broken remains, if data can be or discussion of the spatial relation- States. The last unaltered World War II Liberty Ship, Jermiah O'Brien, makes an generated that will permit the ship with similar significant re- annual memorial cruise on San Francisco development of anthropological in- mains; and a discussion of eligibil- Bay. (Photo credit: Donald Kearns) ferences and/or the formulation of ity or significance. testable research questions. Arti- facts, soil stains, or casts of material 3. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA If the vessel identity is known, and remains (resulting from encrusta- this information is used to establish tion and later deterioration of the General guidelines for verbal context and/or role, her identifica- artifact) may also contribute to boundary descriptions are provided tion must be documented beyond integrity. in National Register Bulletins 12 reasonable doubt. and 16; those guidelines should be Context statements may also Intensive salvage, looting, or applied to shipwreck sites. The address anthropological and ar- the collection of artifacts, does not purpose of a verbal boundary cheological perspectives. These can necessarily compromise integrity. description is to describe both the include: patterns of activity; con- Instead, these activities may change location and the physical extent of temporary cultural milieu and its either the focus of research or the the nominated site. The open ocean effect on the role, function, or National Register criteria to be ap- or lake, however, can present a physical manifestation of the vessel plied. In the event of salvage, problem in the description of a as a floating entity; the range of looting, or vandalism, the site's re- shipwreck site location because variability within a class of vessel; maining research value must be there may be no readily identifiable or similar topics, if they can be demonstrated. If artifact association landmarks or reference points. As a clearly demonstrated to contribute with the site can be authenticated, result a somewhat different ap- to context. collections from the site may be proach from that normally used for used to aid in establishing the re- Most importantly context state- locating a terrestrial site is needed maining research potential of the for the description of a shipwreck ments must be confined to salient shipwreck. points relating to historic and ar- location. Relocation of the vessel cheological contexts. They should Isolated structural components, either on a nautical chart, USGS not become an indiscriminate listing or other widely dispersed remains map, or on-the-water should be of facts. scattered on a coast line or sea bed, possible from the information Shipwreck integrity is not may also possess integrity. Suffi- provided. limited to the survival of intact cient diagnostic attributes must be Four elements can be combined hulls. Integrity may also extend to present to permit identification of to create an accurate verbal bound- a structure that exists in sufficient the vessel type and historical con- ary description for National form to address architectural, text or discussion of significant con- Register forms. They are: 1) a technological, and other concerns. struction details, marine engineer- general verbal description of the

17 degrees true from the port- hand can buoy (C5) between Barnum and Booth Islands. The vessel is marked by a privately maintained port- hand navigation buoy in North Gap channel. America can be located in the channel by rounding the tip of Thomp- son Island, entering Washing- ton Harbor, using the white beacon on Thompson as a point of reference on a true bearing of 119 degrees and traveling a distance of 0.2 statute miles.

UTM coordinates should enclose all sites following standard National Register guidelines out- MONARCH 189O 1SOS MUHMMMl LM «#1 lined in Bulletins 12 and 16. If MEB CIATUUL WKUHff ^T UTMs are not available, longitude and latitude or Loran C coordinates FIGURE 20: Site plan for the wreck of the Monarch, Isle Royale National Park, Michigan. are acceptable. (Photo credit: Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, NPS) Area Definition: This describes the site and shape of the location, 2) a chart description, 3) known as North Gap, out of nominated area. When combined UTM coordinates, Latitude and Washington Harbor at the wth the general verbal description, Longitude, or Loran C, and 4) the western end of Isle Royale. chart description, latitude/longi- area definition. An example of each tude, Loran C, or UTMs, this is provided below. Chart description: Bearings should provide an accurate location must be accurate. The chart mag- of the vessel and the area to be in- Verbal location: This should be the netic variation should be indicated cluded in the nomination, for starting point for the section, for and bearings referenced as true or example: example: magnetic. This information should be computed from current nautical The area included in the site is America is located in the chan- charts and be complete enough to a square 2,000 feet on a side; nel between Thompson Island allow accurate field location, for the geographical center is the and the main island, locally example: charted vessel position; UTMs, latitude/longitude, or Loran C FIGURE 21: Plan of the substantially intact The vessel is 0.7 statute miles coordinates. wreck of the Civil War ironclad warship from the northeast tip of U.S.S. Monitor (Photo credit: courtesy, Grace Island on a true bearing A detailed boundary justifica- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) of 331.5 degrees and 20 tion is a required part of the

18 FIGURE 22: The documentation for the 18th century Brown's Ferry Wreck in South Carolina included a site plan, a photograph of the vessel remains, a significant diagnostic artifact recovered from the wreck, an Improved Davis Quadrant, and a model of what the vessel is presumed to have looked like when afloat. (Photo credit: Gordon Brown, photographer and Darby Erd, illustrator, courtesy of Institute of Archeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina)

19 FIGURE 23: Documentation of the wrecked steel screw steamer Emperor at Isle Royale National Park included a view of surviving deck equipment such as this bow anchor winch. (Photo credit: Larry Muphy, NPS)

geographical documentation for the America is an intact vessel with separate boundary. Magnetic National Register. General guide- little structural damage. The contour maps, test excavation, lines for boundary delineation of boundary for this site is based and artifact location maps are archeological resources are provided upon visual examination of attached. in Bulletin 12 from the National the bottom, accomplished by: 4. CONCLUSION Register. The approaches advocated 1) swimmer survey of the im- by the National Register in that mediate area, and 2) swimmer Many concerns encountered in bulletin should be fully applied. survey on compass transects nominating a historic shipwreck are Adequate determination of of the surrounding area out similar to those addressed in boundaries and site limits may be 300 yards from the vessel. The nominations for other types of difficult for shipwreck sites. The ship's physical remains and historic vessels. Preparers of Na- site may be partially buried or coral geologic formation in the area tional Register nominations for encrusted; water turbidity or ex- are stable; little deterioration shipwrecks should consult Section treme depth may hamper site delin- of the vessel, erosion, or 1 of this bulletin. A final word eation; or, as a result of both slumping at the site has about documentation concerns the natural and human impacts, remains occurred. potential of a historic vessel to be a may be broken into discontiguous National Historic Landmark. If the scattered features. The latter situa- An example of a justification for vessel has national significance, this tion presents the most difficult a partially buried shipwreck with should be documented in the problem for boundary determina- scattered remains, is: nomination. Designation as a Na- tion and justification. If material re- La Fontaine is a broken and tional Historic Landmark will re- mains from a shipwreck have been scattered vessel that is partial- quire that the property be studied widely dispersed, anything other ly buried. The boundary for by the National Park Service. than a discontiguous site boundary the site is based upon: 1) con- Usually this occurs as part of a must be justified by empirical data toured magnetometer data in a major theme study. A well- such as site testing, magnetometry plus or minus 4 gamma range; documented National Register supported by ground-truthing, or 2) site testing through the nomination for a potential National- similar activities. long and short axis of the site Historic-Landmark quality vessel In all cases, a concise statement as determined by magnetom- will facilitate its review by National justifying the site boundary loca- etry; 3) artifact density on the Park Service professionals. Further tion, the delineation of the area, surface and in the test loca- information concerning the National and all factors considered in the tions diminishing to sterile Historic Landmark Program may be boundary determination, must be soil; and 4) the location of an obtained by writing: provided along with supporting isolated feature (rudder) ap- NATIONAL HISTORIC documentation in the boundary jus- proximately Vz mile from the LANDMARK PROGRAM tification. An example of a justifica- main concentration of wreck- NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (418) tion for an intact vessel, resting on age. The rudder is treated as a U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR the bottom, is: discontiguous element with a P.O. BOX 37127 WASHINGTON, D.C., 20013-7127.

20 Recommended Bibliography and Sources

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Adkins, Jan, Wooden Ship: The and the Spanish Empire Therein, PUBLICATIONS Building of a Wooden Sailing 1492-1821. (Bisbee, Arizona: The Vessel in 1870. (Boston: Houghton Press, 1986) Mifflin Company, 1978) Brewington, Marion V., Chesa- NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS Albion, Robert Greenhalgh, The peake Bay: A Pictorial Maritime Rise of New York Port, 1815- History. (Cambridge, Maryland: 2 Nomination of Deteriorated 1860. (New York: Charles Scribner's Cornell Maritime Press, 1953) Properties Sons, 1939) 9 Improvement of Documentation Brouwer, Norman J., International for Properties Nominated to the , Naval and Maritime Register of Historic Ships. (An- National Register History: An Annotated Bibliogra- napolis, Maryland: United States 12 Definition of Boundaries for phy. (Mystic, Connecticut: The Naval Institute Press, 1985) Archeological Properties Marine Historical Association, Inc., 14 Guidelines for Counting Con- 1972) "The Building of the Ship," The tributing and Non-Contributing Harper's New Monthly Maga- Resources , William A. Baker, zine, XXIV (143), 1862: 608-620. 15 How to Apply the National Benjamin W. Labaree, and Register Criteria for Evaluation Marion V. Brewington, New Butowsky, Harry A., Warships (Draft 1982) England and the Sea. (Mystic, Associated with World War II in 16 Guidelines for Completing Connecticut: The Marine Historical the Pacific: National Historic National Register of Historic Association, Inc., 1972) Landmark Theme Study. (Wash- Places Forms ington, D.C: National Park Service, 19 National Park Service "The American Clyde/' The 1985) Procedures and Policies for Harper's New Monthly Maga- Processing Nominations zine, LVI (335), 1878: 641-653. Carrell, Toni, Shipwrecks of Isle 21 How to Establish Boundaries Royale National Park Thematic for National Register Properties Baker, William Avery, The New Group Nomination (Santa Fe: Na- 22 How to Evaluate and Nominate : Her Design and Con- tional Park Service, 1983). Potential National Register struction. (Barre, Massachusetts: Properties Jhat Have Achieved Barre Gazette, 1958) Chapelle, Howard I., The History Significance Within the Last 50 of American Sailing Ships. (New Years , Colonial Vessels. (Barre, York: W.W. Norton and Company, 23 How to Improve Quality of Massachusetts: Barre Publishing Inc., 1935) Photos for National Register Company, Inc., 1962) Nominations , The History of the 25 Directory of Technical , The Engine Powered American Sailing Navy: The Assistance Vessel. (New York: Grosset & Ships and Their Development. 28 Using the UTM Grid System to Dunlap, 1965) (New York: W.W. Norton and Com- Record Historic Sites pany, Inc., 1949) , Sloops and Shallots. The above publications may be (Barre, Massachusetts: Barre , American Sailing Craft: obtained by writing to the National Publishing Company, Inc., 1966) Their Design, Development, and Register of Historic Places, U.S. Construction. (New York: W.W. Department of Interior, National , A Maritime History of Norton and Company, Inc., 1951) Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Bath, Maine and the Kennebec Washington, D.C. 20013-7127. River Region. (Bath, Maine: , The Search for Speed Marine Research Society of Bath, Under Sail, 1700-1855. (New York: PUBLISHED SOURCES 1973) 2 volumes. W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1967) , Maine Shipbuilding: A These are provided as an in- Bibliographic Guide. (Portland, , The American Fishing dication of the variety of source Maine: The Maine Historical Society, Schooners, 1825-1935. (New York: materials available as well as certain 1974) W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., highly recommended works which 1973) will aid researchers. This listing is Bankston, J., An Introductory not intended to be a comprehensive Bibliography of Maritime , The National Watercraft bibliography. References for the New World Collection. U.S. National Mu-

21 seum Bulletin 219. (Washington, Anthropology. (Albuquerque: Uni- , San Francisco Bay: A D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, versity of New Mexico Press, 1983) Pictorial Maritime History. 1960.) (Cambridge, Maryland: Cornell Haas, Irvin, America's Historic Maritime Press, 1957) Colleta, Paolo E., A Bibliography Ships: Replicas and Restorations. of American Naval History. (An- (New York: Arco Publishing Com- Kemp, Peter, ed., The Oxford napolis, Maryland: United States pany, Inc., 1975) Companion to Ships and the Sea. Naval Institute Press, 1971) (London: Oxford University Press, Hall, Henry, Report on the Ship- 1976) Cutler, Carl, Greyhounds of the Building Industry of the United Sea: The Story of the American States. (Special report in the Tenth Kerchove, Rene de, International Clipper Ship. (Annapolis, Census of the United States) (Wash- Maritime Dictionary: An Encyclo- Maryland: United States Naval In- ington, D.C.: Government Printing pedic Dictionary of Useful Terms stitute, 1967) Reprint of 1930 Office, 1880) and Phrases, Together with edition. Equivalents in French and Ger- Haviland, E.K., "Classification man. (New York: Van Nostrand Davis, Charles G., American Sail- Society Registers from the Point Reinhold Company, 1961) ing Ships: Their Plans and of View of a Maritime Historian/' History. (New York: Dover Books, American Neptune, XXI (1), 1970: Levingston, Steven E., Historic 1984) Reprint of 1929 edition. 9-39. Ships of San Francisco: A Collec- tive Guide to the Restored His- Delgado, James P., The Maritime Heyl, Eric, Early American toric Vessels of the National Connotations of the California Steamers. (Buffalo, New York: Maritime Museum. (San Francisco: Gold Rush: National Historic Author, 1953-1956) 6 volumes. Chronicle Books, 1984) Landmark Theme Study. (Wash- ington, D.C.: National Park Service, Holdcamper, Forrest R., "Registers, Lubbock, Basil, The Down Easters, 1986) Enrollments and Licenses in the American Deep Water Sailing National Archives," American Ships, 1869-1929. (Glasgow: Desmond, Charles, Wooden Ship- Neptune, I (3), 1941: 275-294. Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd., 1929) building. (New York: Vestal Press, 1984) Reprint of 1919 edition. , Biography of the List of , The Last of the Windjam- Merchant Vessels of the United mers. (Glasgow: Brown, Son & Estep, H. Cole, How Wooden States, XXIV (2), 1964: 119-123. Ferguson, Ltd., 1927) 2 volumes. Ships are Built: A Practical Treatise on Modern American , List of American-Flag McGregor, David R., Clipper Wooden Ship Construction with Merchant Vessels That Received Ships. (Watford, Herts, England: a Supplement on Laying Off Certificates of Enrollment or Reg- Argus Books, Ltd., 1979) Wooden Vessels. (New York: istry at the Port of New York, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1789-1867. (Washington, D.C.: The , Merchant Sailing Ships, 1983) Reprint of 1918 edition. National Archives, 1968) 2 volumes. 1775-1815. (Watford, Herts, England: Argus Books, Ltd., 1980) Fairburn, William Armstrong, Mer- Howe, Octavius T. and Frederick C, chant Sail. (Center Lovell, Maine: American Clipper Ships, 1833-1858. , Schooners in Four Cen- Fairburn Marine Educational Foun- (Salem, Massachusetts: Marine turies. (Annapolis, Man/land: dation, Inc., 1955) 6 volumes. Research Society, 1926 and 1927)2 United States Naval Institute Press, volumes. 1982) Flexner, James Thomas, Steamboats Come True: Ameican Inventors Johnston, Paul F., ed., Proceedings , Merchant Sailing Ships, in Action. (Boston: Little Brown of the Sixteenth Annual Confer- 1815-1850. (Annapolis, Maryland: and Company, 1978) ence on Underwater Archeology. United States Naval Institute Press, (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Society for 1984) Goldenberg, Joseph A., Ship- Historical Archeology, 1985) building in Colonial America. , Merchant Sailing Ships, (Charlottesville: University of Johnstone, Paul, The Archaeology 1850-1875. (Annapolis, Maryland: Virginia Press, 1976) of Ships. (New York: Henry Z. United States Naval Institute Press, Walck, Inc., 1974) 1984) Greenhill, Basil, Archaeology of the McKelvey, William J., Champlain Boat: A New Introductory Study. Kemble, John Haskell, The Panama to Chesapeake: A Canal Era (Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan Route, 1848-1869. ( and Los Pictorial Cruise (Berkeley Heights, University Press, 1976) Angeles: University of California New Jersey: Canal Captain's Press, Press, 1943) Gould, Richard A., ed., Shipwreck 1986)

22 MacMullen, Jerry, Paddle-Wheel (Newark: University of Delaware ed., Proceedings of the Sixteenth Days in California. (Stanford, Press, 1981) Annual Conference on Historic California: Stanford University Press, Archeology. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: 1944) Robinson, Bill, The Great American Society for Historical Archeology, Yacht Designers. (New York: 1985) , and Jack McNairn, Ships Alfred A. Knopf, 1974) of the Redwood Coast. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, Sawyer, L.A., and W.H. Mitchell, JOURNALS 1945) The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo American Neptune Ships Constructed in the United Matthews, Frederick C, American Inland Seas Merchant Ships, 1850-1900: Series States During the Second World I. (Salem, Massachusetts: Marine War. (London: Lloyd's of London International Journal of Nautical Research Society, 1931) Press Ltd., 1985) Archaeology The Log of Mystic Seaport Morrell, Robert W., Oil Tankers. Society of Naval Architects and Sea History (New York: Simmons-Boardman Marine Engineers, Historical Seaport Publishing Company, 1931) Transactions, 1893-1945. (New York: SNME, 1945) Steamboat Bill Morris, Paul C, American Sailing Waterways Journal Coasters of the North Atlantic. Stanford, Peter, The Ships That (New York: Bonanza Books, 1979) Brought Us So Far. (New York: National Maritime Historical Society, COLLECTIONS Morrison, Samuel Eliot, The 1971) Maritime History of Massachu- This is a representative sam- setts, 1783-1860. (Boston: Houghton , "Take Good Care of Her, pling of major maritime collections Mifflin Company, 1949) Mister." (New York: National Maritime Historical Society, 1974). in the United States with a general indication of source materials Muckelroy, Keith, Maritime available. Archaeology. (Cambridge and Still, William N., Jr., Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Ar- London: Cambridge University Press, Maine Maritime Museum, Bath, morclads. (Columbia: University of 197 S) Maine—Library, reference files, ship South Carolina Press, 1985) plans, manuscripts, photographs. Murphy, Larry, and Allen R. Saltus, Phase II Identification Underhill, Harold A., Deep-Water Mariners Museum, Newport and Evaluation of Submerged Sail. (Glasgow: Brown, Son & News, Virginia—Library, reference Cultural Resources in the Tom- Ferguson, Ltd., 1952) files, manuscripts, photographs. bigbee River Multi-Resource District, Alabama and Missis- Watts, Gordon P., "Towards Mystic Seaport Museum, Mystic, sippi. (Mobile: University of Establishing Research and Connecticut—Library, manuscripts, Alabama, 1981) Significance Criteria for Civil War photographs. Shipwrecks," in Paul F. National Archives, Washington, National Museum of American Johnston, ed., Proceedings of the D.C.—Manuscripts including History, The Smithsonian Collec- Sixteenth Annual Conference on registry enrollment and licensing tion of Warship Plans: A Catalog Underwater Archeology. (Ann Ar- documents, crew lists, reports of of Warship Plans, Ordnance bor, Michigan: Society for Historical maritime disasters, inspections, Drawings, and Ship Model Archeology, 1985) Naval records. Photographs Available from the Division of Naval History, Na- Way, Frederick, Jr., Way's Packet National Maritime Historical Socie- tional Museum of American Directory, 1848-1893. (Athens, ty, Croton-on-Hudson, New York- History. (Washington, D.C.: Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1983) updates Brouwer, International Smithsonian Institution, 1982) Register of Ships, publishes in Sea , Way's Directory of History. Western Rivers' Towboats. Purdy, T.C., Report on Steam National Maritime Museum, San (Privately printed by Frederick Way, Navigation in the United States. Francisco—Library, reference files, Jr., 121 River Avenue, Sewickley, (Special Report in the Tenth Census manuscripts, ship plans, photo- Pennsylvania 15143) of the United States) (Washington, graphs. D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1880) Wilde-Ransing, Mark, "National Navy Historical Center, Washing- Register Districts as a Manage- ton, D.C.—Library, biographical Ridgely-Nevitt, Cedric, American ment Tool for Underwater Re- files on Naval officers, ship Steamships on the Atlantic. sources," in Paul F. Johnston, histories, photographs, ship plans.

23 Peabody Museum, Salem, MARITIME MUSEUM ASSOCIA- U.S. FRIGATE CONSTELLATION Massachussets—Library, reference TION OF SAN DIEGO Constellation Dock 1306 North Harbor Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21202 files, manuscripts, ship plans, San Diego, California 92101 U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY photographs. MARITIME MUSEUM OF THE MUSEUM ATLANTIC Annapolis, Maryland 21402 Riverboat Photograph Collection, 1675 Lower Water Street Murphy Library, University of U.S. NAVY MEMORIAL MUSEUM Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1S3 Bldg. 76, Washington Navy Yard , La Crosse, Wisconsin. CANADA Washington, D.C. 20390 South Street Seaport, New MYSTIC SEAPORT MUSEUM U.S.S. CONSTITUTION MUSEUM Mystic, Connecticut 06355 FOUNDATION York—Library, reference files, NANTUCKET HISTORICAL Boston Naval Shipyard photographs. ASSOCIATION Boston, Massachusetts 02129 P.O. Box 1016 Steamship Historical Society, VANCOUVER MARITIME Nantucket, Massachusetts 02554 MUSEUM Baltimore, Maryland—Library, NATIONAL MARITIME MUSEUM, 1905 Ogden Street reference files, ship plans, SAN FRANCISCO Vancouver, British Columbia photographs. San Francisco Maritime National V6J 3J9 CANADA Historical Park WHALING MUSEUM SOCIETY National Park Service Cold Spring Harbor, New York Ft. Mason, Bldg. 201 11724 THE COUNCIL OF San Francisco, California 94123 NORTH CAROLINA MARITIME AMERICAN MARITIME MUSEUM MUSEUMS 315 Front Street CREDITS AND Beaufort, North Carolina 28516 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OLD DARTMOUTH HISTORICAL CALVERT MARINE MUSEUM SOCIETY WHALING MUSEUM P.O. Box 97 18 Johnny Cake Hill This bulletin first took form as a Solomons, Maryland 20688 New Bedford, Massachusetts 02740 presentation for the Association for THE CANAL MUSEUM Preservation Technology's short 318 Erie Blvd., East PEABODY MUSEUM OF SALEM course on standards for maritime Syracuse, New York 13202 East India Marine Hall preservation, which was held at the Salem, Massachusetts 01970 National Maritime Museum, San CHESAPEAKE BAY MARITIME Francisco, in September 1985. The MUSEUM PENOBSCOT MARINE MUSEUM Searsport, Maine 04974 discussion and interaction with the St. Michaels, Maryland 21663 various professionals attending the MARITIME PHILADELPHIA MARITIME course considerably guided the MUSEUM preparation of the bulletin. Carol MUSEUM 321 Chestnut Street Astoria, Oregon 97103 D. Shull, William B. Bushong, Beth Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 Savage, Linda McClelland, and EAST HAMPTON TOWN MARINE RADCLIFFE MARITIME MUSEUM Patrick Andrus of the National MUSEUM The Maryland Historical Society Register, and National Park Service Bluff Road, P.O. Box 858 210 West Monument Street Chief Historian Edwin C. Bearss Amagansett, New York 11930 Baltimore, Maryland 21201 helped define the final form of the FLAGSHIP bulletin in discussions at the Na- SAG HARBOR WHALING AND tional Register. Steve Haller of the P.O. Box 1026 HISTORICAL MUSEUM Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108 National Maritime Museum provid- P.O. Box 1327 ed a well-researched list of vessel THE GREAT LAKES HISTORICAL Sag Harbor, New York 11796 types he had prepared. Alicia SOCIETY THE SMITHSONIAN Weber of the National Park Service 480 Main Street INSTITUTION provided a listing of vessels in the Vermilion, Ohio 44089 Curator of Naval History National Register as of September HUDSON RIVER MARITIME National Museum of American 1984. The cooperative effort of all History the task force members assembled CENTER Washington, D.C. 20560 One Roundout Landing at Santa Fe, New Mexico, resulted Kingston, New York 12401 THE SMITHSONIAN in the section of the bulletin devoted to shipwreck nominations; THE KENDALL WHALING INSTITUTION Curator of Maritime History Toni CarreD of the Submerged MUSEUM National Museum of American Cultural Resource Unit worked the P.O. Box 297 History initial draft into the final product. Sharon, Massachusetts 02067 Washington, D.C. 20560 Glennie Wall of the National MAINE MARITIME MUSEUM Maritime Museum reviewed the SOUTH STREET SEAPORT 963 Washington Street early draft of the bulletin. Review MUSEUM Bath, Maine 04530 comments were provided by Roger 207 Front Street E. Kelly, Peter Stanford, Carl Hugh MANITOWOC MARITIME New York, New York 10038 Jones, Nicholas Dean, Lynn Hicker- MUSEUM SUFFOLK MARINE MUSEUM son, Marcia Myers, Stephen T. 809 South 8th Street Montauk Highway Rogers, Lou Wall, Anne Giesecke, Manitowoc, Wisconsin 54220 West Sayville, New York 11796 Don Lanihan, Larry Murphy, Toni Carrell, Cal Cummings, John THE MARINERS' MUSEUM THOUSAND ISLANDS SHIPYARD Newport News, Virginia 23606 Fitzhugh Miller, Gordon Chappell, MUSEUM M.I.T. MUSEUM AND Paul Putz, Peter Kurtze, Stuart 750 Mary Street Frank, the New Jersey Diving HISTORICAL COLLECTION Clayton, New York 13624 Hart Nautical Collection Council, and others. 265 Massachusetts Avenue U.S. COAST GUARD MUSEUM Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 U.S. Coast Guard Academy New London, Connecticut 06320

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