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Hummingbird Neonicotinoid Pesticide Study

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Hummingbird Neonicotinoid Pesticide Study NOAH’S NOTES PROJECT TITLE: Nontarget effects of neonicotinoids on Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) PI: Vera Krischik, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, [email protected] COOPERATORS: Pending Abstract Neonicotinyl insecticides are systemic, which means they are applied to the soil or on seeds and move from the soil to roots, leaves, pollen, and nectar. In the U.S., one-third of all crop (143 million acres / total 442 million acres) are treated with over 2 million pounds of neonicotinyl insecticides. The high use of neonicotinyl insecticides makes it probable that a foraging bee or hummingbird will consume nectar and pollen from a neonicotinoid-treated plant, which can reduce foraging, health, and perhaps increase mortality, although we do not know this until we do research. We know that higher amounts of neonicotinoids are used on ornamental plants compared to field crops. In addition, even higher rates are used on trees when they are injected or have a soil drench of a neonicotinoid insecticide. We do not know if these higher levels of neonicotinoids found in ornamental plants affect hummingbirds. However, field relevant doses of neonicotinoid insecticides were shown to affect bee colony health, foraging, and queen production of native bees. In ornamental flowering plants grown for residential and commercial landscapes, a soil application of imidacloprid is 300 mg for a 3-gallon pot (Marathon 1%G or Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub, Bayer CropScience). This is a 230 times higher rate when compared to a seed treatment rate on corn (1.3 mg AI /seed), and a 75 times higher rate when compared to a field crop rate (4 mg AI /sg ft. rate). In trees, a soil surface drench under the canopy permits 14 g imidacloprid for a 25 cm (10 in) diameter at breast height (dbh) tree. If we calculate the area under a 25 cm dbh tree to be 10 sq. m, then the amount of imidacloprid applied is 1,400 mg/sq. ft. compared to 4 mg/sq. ft. in agriculture, a 350 times greater amount. If these higher amounts of insecticide used in urban landscapes are translocated to pollen and nectar, then nectar-feeding bees and hummingbirds may be affected. Introduction The research in our lab has focused on the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on beneficial insects and bees. We know that higher amounts of neonicotinoids are used on ornamental plants compared to field crops. In addition, even higher rates are used on trees when they are injected or have a soil drench of a neonicotinoid insecticide. We do not know if these higher levels of neonicotinoids found in ornamental plants affect hummingbirds. For more information visit noahsnotes.org. 1 ©2018 NOAH’S NOTES, INC. NOAH’S NOTES Neonicotinyl insecticides are systemic, which means they are applied to the soil or on seeds and move from the soil to roots, leaves, pollen, and nectar. In the U.S., one-third of all crop (143 million acres / total 442 million acres) are treated with over 2 million pounds of neonicotinyl insecticides. The high use of neonicotinyl insecticides makes it probable that a foraging bee or hummingbird will consume nectar and pollen from a neonicotinoid-treated plant, which can reduce foraging, health, and perhaps increase mortality, although we do not know this until we do research. There are six neonicotinoid active ingredients, imidacloprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin, of which acetamiprid and thiacloprid are the least toxic to bees. The neonicotinoid class of insecticides is highly toxic to bees and kills them at around 40-180 ppb in flower nectar or pollen. However, sublethal doses of neonicotinoid insecticide starting around 10 ppb, causes bees to lose navigation and foraging skills. Research showed that bee brains have 40x more nicotinic receptors compared to other insects, as bees perform higher brain functions dealing with memory, spatial orientation, and learning. The longevity and amount of the neonicotinoid in the pollen and nectar will depend on application method, concentration applied, and binding capacity of the soil. More research is needed to determine residual levels from different applications. In ornamental flowering plants grown for residential and commercial landscapes, a soil application of imidacloprid is 300 mg for a 3-gallon pot (Marathon 1%G or Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub, Bayer CropScience). This is a 230 times higher rate when compared to a seed treatment rate on corn (1.3 mg AI /seed), and a 75 times higher rate when compared to a field crop rate (4 mg AI /sg ft. rate). In trees, a soil surface drench under the canopy permits 14 g imidacloprid for a 25 cm (10 in) diameter at breast height (dbh) tree. If we calculate the area under a 25 cm dbh tree to be 10 sq. m, then the amount of imidacloprid applied is 1,400 mg/sq. ft. compared to 4 mg/sq. ft. in agriculture, a 350 times greater amount. If these higher amounts of insecticide used in urban landscapes are translocated to pollen and nectar, then nectar-feeding bees and hummingbirds may be affected. Our research demonstrates that these levels cause mortality in beneficial insects and bumblebees. Currently we have a field study investigating the effects of the EPA NOEL (no observed effect level) of 25 ppb on bumblebees. In caged greenhouse studies and in current field studies by 3 weeks 25 ppb caused reduced foraging, reduced storing of nectar, and reduced reproduction. From numerous experiments we know the residue in landscape plants and trees from an approved application rate are high. For instance, an imidacloprid soil drench (56g) of large 20in dbh (diameter breast height) linden trees, Tilia Americana, showed that flowers in yr. 2 had around 80 ppb imidacloprid,. Levels in the soil under the tree for 2 yrs. was 15,430 ppb; 5,956 ppb; 1634 ppb; and 534 ppb which would result in high levels in flowers growing under the trees. Based on data from other experiments, flowers would have around 3130 ppb, 900 ppb, 313 ppb, and 100 ppb imidacloprid, which are all high enough to kill foraging bees. (Data current, not published yet, cannot be quoted). For more information visit noahsnotes.org. 2 ©2018 NOAH’S NOTES, INC. NOAH’S NOTES Another example is the residue in Calibrachoa flowers. By 10 wk. post treatment, flowers in 1X treatments of imidacloprid (383 ppb) and dinotefuran (386 ppb, not on graph) contained similar amounts of residue. These residues could cause mortality in foraging bees. (Data current, not published yet, cannot be quoted). For more information visit noahsnotes.org. 3 ©2018 NOAH’S NOTES, INC. NOAH’S NOTES Research Objectives Objective 1. Determine from a consumer landscape imidacloprid application the residue in soil, leaves, and flowers of two herbaceous plants, anise hyssop, Agastache foeniculum, and tropical milkweed, Ascelpias curassavica; and two woody species, rose Rosa x hybrida, and linden tree, Tilia americana. Determine from a professional application the imidacloprid residue in soil, leaves, and flowers of linden trees from a professional trunk injection application and professional soil drench. We will determine how much residue accumulates in pollen and nectar of the plant growing under the treated linden trees. These data will be supported by other research funds. Objective 2. Determine the effects of the imidacloprid residue levels on Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) from toxicology data done on other birds. A single imidacloprid treated seeds is toxic to a house sparrow, Passer domesticus (see calculations below). According to Goulson 2013 …"Although neonicotinoids do show relatively low toxicity to vertebrates, we might expect seed-eating vertebrates to be exposed to lethal doses if they consume treated seeds spilled during sowing. Typically, maize seeds are treated with ~1 mg of active ingredient per seed, beet seeds with 0.9 mg and the much smaller oilseed rape seeds with 0.17 mg. A grey partridge, typically weighing approximately 390 g, therefore needs to eat ~5 maize seeds, six beet seeds or 32 oilseed rape seeds to receive an LD50. A grey partridge typically consumes ~25 g of seeds per day…." LD50 imidacloprid for birds: For bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), imidacloprid was determined to be moderately toxic with an acute oral LD50 of 152 mg AI/kg. It was slightly toxic in a 5-day dietary study with an acute oral LC50 of 1,420 mg AI/kg diet, a NOAEC of < 69 mg a.i./kg diet, and a LOAEC = 69 mg AI/kg diet. Exposed birds exhibited ataxia, wing drop, opisthotonos, immobility, hyperactivity, fluid-filled crops and intestines, and discolored livers. In a reproductive toxicity study with bobwhite quail, the NOAEC = 120 mg AI/kg diet and the LOAEC = 240 mg AI/kg diet was determined. Eggshell thinning and decreased adult weight were observed at 240 mg AI/kg diet( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid). Imidacloprid is highly toxic to four bird species: Japanese quail, house sparrow, canary, and pigeon. The acute oral LD50 for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) is 31 mg AI/kg bw with a NOAEL = 3.1 mg AI./kg. The acute oral LD50 for house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is 41 mg a.i./kg bw with a NOAEL = 3 mg AI./kg and a NOAEL = 6 mg AI./kg. The LD50s for pigeon (Columba livia) and canary (Serinus canaria) are 25–50 mg AI./kg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidacloprid). House sparrow weight ranges from 24g–39.5 g= 41mg/kg = 0.041mg/g x 24g=0.98 mg AI. One corn seed is 1.6 mg AI/corn seed, so one corn seed is toxic. Objective 3. Determine the residue in cut flowers shipped from Mexico or Costa Rica to florists.
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