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Vascular Synphenology of Plant Communities Around Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Nunavut, During the Growing Season of 2015

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Vascular Synphenology of Plant Communities Around Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Nunavut, During the Growing Season of 2015 POLAR KNOWLEDGE Aqhaliat POLAR KNOWLEDGE Aqhaliat allow growth rates to be determined could be used to Fauchald, P., Park, T., Tømmervik, H., Myneni, R., and establish the ages of rock surfaces or detect changes in Hausner, V.H. 2017. Arctic greening from warming VASCULAR SYNPHENOLOGY OF PLANT COMMUNITIES climate. Local lichen communities need to be described promotes declines in caribou populations. Science with input from local people (e.g., elders) to assess how Advances 3:e1601365. AROUND CAMBRIDGE BAY, VICTORIA ISLAND, NUNAVUT, communities may have changed over time and how snow cover might influence the occurrence of lichen Green, T.G.A., Sancho, L.G., Tuerk, R., Seppelt, R.D., DURING THE GROWING SEASON OF 2015 communities. The actual biomass of lichens present and and Hogg, I.D. 2011. High diversity of lichens at 84º S their annual contribution to ecosystem productivity also suggests preglacial survival of species in the Ross Sea need to be determined, as this is relevant to predicting Region, Antarctica. Polar Biology 34:1211–1220. effects of climate change. McLennan, D.S., MacKenzie, W.H., Meidinger, D., Acknowledgements Wagner, J., and Arko, C. 2018. A standardized ecosystem classification for the coordination and design of long- Johann Wagner1 *, Donald S. McLennan1, and A.K. Pedersen1 We are grateful to George Angohiatok, Erin Cox, and term terrestrial ecosystem monitoring in Arctic-Subarctic Simona Wagner for assistance in the field and/or biomes. Arctic 71(Suppl. 1):1–15. Available from https:// 1 Polar Knowledge Canada, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada laboratory; to Donald McLennan, Johann Wagner, Sergei doi.org/10.14430/arctic4621. * [email protected] Pomanorenko, and Samantha McBeth for their input and advice; and to Monica Young for producing Figure Meidinger, D., MacKenzie, W., and Wagner, J. 2015. Abstract 1. We also thank helicopter pilot Fred Jones for safely Vegetation and ecosystems. Anon 2015. (pp. 29-46) Phenology is the study of the timing of life cycle facilitate the overview of the phenological development transporting us to the remote field sites. events, and the phenological development of plant of entire plant communities as well as the comparison of Persson, H. and Holmen, K. 1961. Bryophytes collected species is strongly dependent on seasonal variations different years. during the Arctic field trip of the 9th International References in environmental factors, especially temperature. Botanical Congress. The Bryologist 64:179–198. Phenological records of entire plant communities— Canadian High Arctic Research Station. 2015. Towards Résumé synphenology—over periods of many years can the development of the Canadian High Arctic Research Thomas, P.A., Sheard, J.W., and Swanson, S. 1994. serve as invaluable proxies for interannual changes La phénologie est l’étude de la chronologie des Station (CHARS) as a centre for science and technology Transfer of 210Po and 210Pb through the lichen-caribou- in temperature that are due to climate change and événements du cycle de vie, et le développement in Canada and the circumpolar north: Regional social wolf food chain of northern Canada. Health Physics global warming. While the synphenology of temperate phénologique des espèces végétales dépend and ecological context, baseline studies, and monitoring 66:666–677. ecosystems has been fairly well researched, there fortement des variations saisonnières des facteurs pilots. Available from https://above.nasa.gov/ are comparatively fewer phenological observations environnementaux, en particulier la température. Les Documents/CHARS_Science_Summary_June_2015_ Thomson, J.W. and Weber, W. A. 1992. Lichens collected in the Arctic, and synphenological work has never enregistrements phénologiques de communautés DRAFT.pdf. on the Arctic excursion of the 9th International Botanical been performed in the high-latitude regions around végétales entières – la « synphénologie » [synphenology] – Congress. The Bryologist 95:392–405. Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Nunavut. The phenology sur des périodes de nombreuses années peuvent Edwards, R.Y., Soos, J., and Ritcey, R.W. 1960. Quantitative of the most representative vascular plant species in servir de repères précieux pour les changements de observations on epidendric lichens used as food by the region was recorded during the growing season of température interannuels attribuables au changement caribou. Ecology 41:425–431. 2015, from mid-June to the beginning of September. climatique et au réchauffement de la planète. Bien que Vegetative (leaf) as well as generative (flower/seed) la synphénologie des écosystèmes tempérés ait fait development in shrubby, herbaceous, and graminoid l’objet de recherches assez poussées, il y a relativement plant species was assessed at weekly intervals using moins d’observations phénologiques dans l’Arctique, et a phenological key with 11 phenological stages, from des travaux synphénologiques n’ont jamais été effectués the development of the first leaf / first floral bud to dans les régions de haute latitude à Cambridge Bay, sur leaf death/seed dispersal. In addition, the different l’île Victoria, au Nunavut. La phénologie des espèces phenological stages of plants were documented by de plantes vasculaires les plus représentatives de la digital photographs that were taken at the time of région a été enregistrée pendant la saison de croissance phenological assessment. This phenological data has de 2015, de la mi-juin au début de septembre. Le been assembled into synphenological diagrams, which développement végétatif (feuilles) ainsi que génératif Suggested citation: Wagner, J., McLennan, D.S., and Pedersen, A.K. 2018. Vascular synphenology of plant communities around Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Nunavut, during the growing season of 2015. Polar Knowledge: Aqhaliat 2018, Polar Knowledge Canada, p. 9–19. DOI: 10.35298/pkc.2018.02 8 REPORT 2018 REPORT 2018 9 POLAR KNOWLEDGE Aqhaliat POLAR KNOWLEDGE Aqhaliat (fleurs/graines) chez les espèces de plantes arbustives, Thórhallsdóttir 1998; Wagner and Simons 2008; Wookey Table 1: Sites on which synphenological observations were performed during the growing season of 2015. herbacées et graminoïdes a été évalué à intervalles et al. 1993; Bjorkman et al. 2015; Wheeler et al. 2015). hebdomadaires à l’aide d’une clé phénologique à However, most methods focus on an individual species Site Name Mount Wetland Seashore Long Point Dew Line West Road 11 stades phénologiques, depuis le développement de or a limited number of species (Bean and Henry 2003; Pelly Road Road la première feuille et du premier bourgeon floral jusqu’à Molau et al. 1996; Mark et al. 2016; Panchen and la mort des feuilles et à la dispersion des graines. De Gorelick 2015; Reynolds 1984), either using historical Latitude 69.15672 69.15849 69.10578 69.09373 69.15757 69.11432 plus, les différents stades phénologiques des plantes ont phenological sources (Panchen and Gorelick 2017) or Longitude -104.91185 -104.91240 -105.38382 -105.44079 -105.19082 -105.37647 été documentés par des photographies numériques qui studying species taken out of their plant community Ecosite 01 – Dryas 09 – Carex 16 – Leymus 16 – Leymus 01 – Dryas 01 – Dryas ont été prises au moment de l’évaluation phénologique. context (Panchen and Gorelick 2016). Synphenological integrifolia aquatilis mollis (marine mollis (marine integrifolia integrifolia Ces données phénologiques ont été rassemblées en approaches, which investigate the phenological rhythms – Saxifraga littoral) littoral) – Saxifraga – Saxifraga diagrammes synphénologiques, qui facilitent l’aperçu of entire plant communities (Dierschke 1989b; Puppi oppositifolia oppositifolia oppositifolia du développement phénologique de communautés 2007), have been employed predominantly in temperate, (lithic) with Vaccinium végétales entières ainsi que la comparaison des mostly forest ecosystems (Coldea and Wagner 1993– uliginosum différentes années. 1994; Dierschke 1972, 1982, 1989a, 1991; Pilková 2015; Description Mesic tundra, Sedge fen, Seashore Seashore Mesic tundra, Mesic tundra, Wagner 1994). Few phenological studies investigating zonal ecosite the most ecosite on ecosite on zonal ecosite zonal ecosite most Introduction entire plant communities have been performed in high- most reflective common sandy substrate sandy substrate most reflective reflective of regional latitude, tundra environments. of regional wetland of regional bioclimate Phenology can be defined as the study of life cycle bioclimate type bioclimate phases (phenophases) of plants and animals in their This paper presents the results of a preliminary temporal occurrence throughout the year, whereas synphenological study in several of the Arctic ecosystems phytophenology is the branch of phenology studying described around Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Table 2: The phenological stages recorded for vascular plants at the site. the seasonal rhythms of plants (Puppi 2007; Forrest and Nunavut (McLennan et al. 2018) during the growing Miller-Rushing 2010). The phenology of plants is strongly season of 2015, from mid-June, shortly after snowmelt, Shrubs dependent on environmental factors in harsh and highly to the beginning of September, after the senescence of seasonal environments such as tundra ecosystems most plant species. Vegetative phenological stage Generative phenological stage (Thórhallsdóttir 1998), with temperatures having the 0 — buds completely closed 0 — no floral buds most important influence (Mooney and Billings 1961; Materials and methods
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