MYCENAEAN and CYPRIOT LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS to KOMMOS: an Investigation by Neutron Activation Analysis Author(S): Jonathan E

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MYCENAEAN AND CYPRIOT LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS TO KOMMOS: An Investigation by Neutron Activation Analysis Author(s): Jonathan E. Tomlinson, Jeremy B. Rutter and Sandra M. A. Hoffmann Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April-June 2010), pp. 191-231 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835485 . Accessed: 18/03/2014 10:14

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This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HESPERIA 79 (2010) MYCENAEAN AND Pages IÇI-2JI CYPRIOT LATE BRONZE AGE CERAMIC IMPORTS TO KOMMOS An Investigation by Neutron Activation Analysis

ABSTRACT

The resultsof a small-scaleprogram of neutronactivation analysis of 69 ceramicfragments from the Minoan harbortown of Kommos are presented andcritically evaluated. Prior to analysis,the vessels represented in the sample werethought to be importsfrom outside of Crete,manufactured either on Cyprusor in theMycenaean cultural sphere. The chemicalanalyses support theidentifications of thevessels as importsfrom the regions in questionin roughly80% ofthe cases. They further suggest that the vast majority of these ceramicimports were produced in a comparativelysmall number of produc- tioncenters.

INTRODUCTION

The Minoan harbortown known by the modernname of Kommosis locatedon Crete'ssouth-central coast, just to thenorth of the Hellenistic and Romanharbor of Mátala.1 The sitewas excavatedfor a totalof 15 seasons, from1976 to 1985 and againfrom 1991 to 1995,by an internationalteam directedby J. W. Shaw of theUniversity of Toronto under the auspicesof theAmerican School of Classical Studiesat Athens.The resultsof these excavationshave been publishedover the past two decades in a seriesof fivevolumes (one in twoparts, for a totalof sixseparate books), and a final

1. The authorswould like to thank Josephand Maria Shaw,codirectors Pfaffand havebeen reformatted for theeditor of Hesperia as wellas Priscilla ofthe Kommos Excavations and co- thispublication by Tina Ross.The Keswaniand thetwo anonymous Hes- editorsof the associated publications. photographswere taken by Taylor periareviewers for numerous helpful Forsuggesting the collaboration that Dabney. suggestions,including the recommen- has resultedin thisarticle, we owe a The contributionsof the authors dationto add illustrativematerial. For specialnote of thanks to Elizabeth areas follows:the opening sections, activeencouragement throughout the French.For successfully locating and discussion,and conclusionswere writ- extendedpublication process, especially makingavailable the relevant Kommos tenby Jeremy Rutter, the section on forthe latest versions of the site plans analyticaldata in Manchesterlong chemicalanalysis by Sandra Hoffmann, (Figs. 1,2) and thefinancial support afterthe analyses were run, we are and thesections on statisticalanalysis to publishthe second of these in color, verygrateful to John Prag. The draw- and resultsby Jonathan Tomlinson. we gratefullyacknowledge our debt to ingswere initially prepared by Julia

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0 5 10 15 20 25 m - 1. Site of Kommos. Josephw.shaw giuliana bianco 2010 Figure plan G. Bianco.Courtesy J. W. Shaw

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Figure2. Periodplan ofthe South- volumein two parts is currentlyinpreparation.2 The purposeof the present ernArea at identified Kommos, articleis to reporton theresults of a proveniencestudy of Late Bronze in Figure 1 as the Greek Sanctuary. ceramics to tothe site. Neutron activation G. Bianco.Courtesy J.W. Shaw Age thought representimports analysis(NAA) wasundertaken in orderto assessthis possibility. Excavationsatthe site were concentrated inthree distinct sectors, from northto south,the Hilltop, Central Hillside, and SouthernArea (Fig. 1, inwhich the Southern Area is labeled"Greek Sanctuary")- In the first two sectorsthe remains dated exclusively from the Final Neolithic and Bronze Ageeras, between approximately 3500 and 1200 b.c. In theSouthern Area (Fig.2) theprehistoric remains were overlaid, after an apparentoccupa- tionalhiatus of roughly a century, by an extra-urbansanctuary that was in continuoususe from the endof the Bronze 1100 until 2. KommosI-V. In preparationare very Age (ca. b.c.) Shawand Shaw,forthcoming, and Rut- RomanImperial times. The periodmost abundantly represented at the ter,forthcoming. siteis theLate BronzeAge (LBA), or Late Minoan(LM) era,to which

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 194 J- E- TOMLINSON, J. B. RUTTER, AND S. M. A. HOFFMANN a substantialnumber of residential buildings in theHilltop and Central Hillsidesectors belong. In theSouthern Area a seriesof LM monumental structures(BuildingT below Buildings N andP) lieto the south of a major east-westroad, on thenorth side of which is a particularlywell-appointed domesticbuilding (House X) thatincorporated a shrine during its later phasesof use.

IMPORTEDPOTTERY AT LATEBRONZE AGE KOMMOS

Duringthe four-century span of the Late BronzeAge, Kommos enjoyed an exceptionalrange of contacts, as attestedby the presence of imported ceramics,with regions both within and beyond the Aegean.3 At thetime ofwriting, vessels originating from the Greek mainland, at least two west- ernAegean islands (Kythera and Melos, possibly also Naxos and Thera), southwesternAnatolia, Sardinia, Egypt, various locales along the Syro- Palestiniancoast, Cyprus, and possibly portions of central Anatolia have beenrecognized. This extraordinary body of evidence for maritime contacts withregions of the Mediterranean outside of Crete shows that Kommos was a uniquelywell-connected trading emporium.4 It was one ofa small numberof sites throughout the eastern Mediterranean that functioned as majornodes of intercultural exchange during an era of increasingly intense culturalinteraction, especially between ca. 1450and 1200 b.c. These sites includeEnkomi, Kition, and Hala SultanTekke on the southcoast of Cyprus,Ras Shamraand its port at Minetel-Beida in coastalSyria, Tell AbuHawam at thenorth end of the Carmel Ridge in Israel,and perhaps alsoTroy and Tiryns within the Aegean. Althoughthe external contacts of Kommos were already impressive priorto theend ofthe Neopalatial era, ca. 1450 b.c.,when it probably servedas theprincipal port of entry for goods entering the polity controlled fromeither Phaistos (in Protopalatialtimes) or AyiaTriada (from the developedLM IA phaseuntil near the end of LM IB),5the site reached itsacme as an entrepôtin LM II-LM IIIA2 Early,ca. 1450-1375b.c. Duringthis relatively brief interval of two to threegenerations, when the siteof Knossoswas hometo theonly known functioning palace center on Crete,Kommos served as theprincipal southern port of the Knossian administration.This roleno doubtaccounts for the fact that the only EgyptianNew Kingdom ceramic containers known from the Aegean come fromKommos and were recovered from strata datable between 1500/1475 and1375/1350 b.c.

3. The principalpublications of duringthe LBA areextremely rare, ofthis site has unfortunatelybeen lost ceramicimports to Late Minoan arguablybeing limited to Troy in the to archaeologicalexploration due to the Kommoshave been Watrous 1985; northeastand Tiryns in thesouthwest, moderndevelopment of the harbor at KommosIII, pp. 149-183; Cline 1994, butin thecase ofthe latter, they are Herakleion. esp.p. 106; Knappand Cherry1994, evidentonly from the LH IIIA through 5. Fora convenientchart laying out pp. 138-141; Rutter1999, 2006b. The earlyLH IIIC phases,ca. 1400 through developmentsat thesite of Kommos lastof these offers the most up-to-date 1150 b.c. withinthe broader context of events andwide-ranging overview of the evi- 4. The northernharbor of Knossos throughoutthe Mesara plain of south- dence.Other Aegean sites with com- at Poros-Katsamba was almostcertainly ernCrete during the Bronze Age, see parablywidespread external contacts as wellconnected as Kommos,but most Shaw2006, pp. 866-871,table 5:1.

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Despitethe wealth of importedceramics from Kommos identified alreadyby Watrous in his 1992 publicationof the site'sLBA pottery, onlya smallselection of these imports had been specifically targeted for petrologicaland trace-elementanalyses prior to 1995.6Up to thattime, mostof the analytical work on ceramicsfrom Kommos was concentrated on the characterizationof products of thelocal ceramicindustry. The discoveryof a LM IA kilnand its associated dump in theSouthern Area duringthe 1993 and 1994 seasons provided a copious quantity of material forthe study of this local industry for several more years.7 Two additional programsof ceramic provenience analysis were instituted inthe mid-1990s. The firstof these was aimed at theimports identified as originatingfrom eitherthe Mycenaean cultural sphere to thenorth or from Cyprus to the east.Because these two groups of material were comprised largely of fine wares,the method chosen to investigatethem was instrumentalneutron activationanalysis. A secondprogram that focused on bulk transport ves- selsproduced in a varietyof medium coarse fabrics (identified as Egyptian, Syro-Palestinian,and Minoan)made use ofboth petrological as wellas chemicalmethods of analysis and will be publishedseparately.8 In August1996 a seriesof 21 suspectedMycenaean ceramic imports to Kommosand a further48 suspectedCypriot imports were sampled at the excavation'sapothiki (storage facility) in Pitsidia(Figs. 3-5; Tables1, 2).9 The sampleswere transported shortly thereafter tothe University ofMan- chesterfor neutron activation analysis by Hoffmann in order to determine theprovenience of the 69 vesselsrepresented. Although the samples had alreadybeen analyzed by early 1997, a seriesof unforeseen events includ- ingthe closing of the archaeometryprogram at Manchesterprevented anyfurther assessment of the significance ofthese analyses for a number ofyears.10 Unfortunate as the delay in publicationhas been, one positive consequencehas been the full presentation ofthe overwhelming majority ofthe sampled pieces in priorpublications, along with a broadoverview ofthe full range of ceramic imports to LBA Kommos.11 Both theMycenaean and the Cypriotselections represented two- thirdsor less of theimports identified from each of thesetwo cultural

6. KommosIII; Watrous,Day, and permitYnnO/IYNT/044/526/17317, volumeof the Kommos publication Jones1998. datedApril 1,1996. seriesto go to press{Kommos V), so 7. Forthe full publication of the kiln 10. Hoffmannsubsequently relo- thatfurther progress on thepublication and an overviewof its production catedto a newplace of employment, ofthe NAA datawas againstalled for a range,see Shaw et al. 2001. See also and thedata became inaccessible for a while. Buxedai Garrigos,Kilikoglou, and Day numberof years, in partbecause of 11. See Tables 1 and 2 and Appen- 2001. Some aspectsof the output of the extensiverenovations at theUniversity dixTable A; also Rutter2006b. Only kilnat Kommosmay now usefully be ofManchester Museum, which now 10 ofthe 69 piecesreported on here comparedwith those from a somewhat housesthe Manchester archaeometry haveyet to be published(C9126 laterbut larger kiln at nearbyAyia archive.Thanks to theefforts of Hoff- [Figs.3, 6] in Table 1; C7237 [Fig. 12], Triadapublished initially by Levi and mannand ManchesterMuseum's then C7238 [Fig. 12], C7239 [Fig. 12], Laviosa(1979), but more recently in Keeperof Archaeology, A. JohnN. W. C9013 [Figs.5, 11], C9382 [Figs.5, Belfioreet al. 2007. Prag,the data were finally located in 10], C9567 [Figs.4, 8], C9612 [Figs.4, 8. Day et al.,forthcoming. December2003, andTomlinson was 8], C10209 [Fig.4], and C10366 9. The samplingwas conductedon able to carryout a statisticalevaluation [Fig.4] inTable 2), and all butthe three August1, 1996,by Hoffmann and and providean initialdraft of the find- Protopalatialpieces (C7237, C7238, Rutterin thepresence of E. Politakias ingsto Rutterby April 2004. By this C7239) willbe includedin therelevant a representativeofthe Greek Archaeo- time,however, it had becometoo lateto sectionof the final volume of the Kom- logicalService, as prescribedunder the includethe results in themost recent mosseries (Rutter, forthcoming).

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C2949 C7643 C6709

^^^^H C2424 WBÊP4 Í .Iff?; / ^ I ' Ä3 ) C9126 lfiSSBi I

' ' ' ' ' C1771 ¿ i ìócm C2140

Figure3. Fifteenof the 21 suspected Mycenaeanimports sampled for chemical analysisby NAA. Scale1:3. J. Pfaff

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TABLE 1. SUSPECTED MYCENAEAN IMPORTS SAMPLED BY NAA IN 1996

Kommos Suggested Inv.No. Shape[Date] Publications Provenience Comments C1473 Stirrupjar (FS 182) KommosIII, p. 74,no. 1264, fig. 46, pl. 29 CentralCrete(?) Possiblyfrom an as yetunidentified [LH IIIB] mainlandGreek center C1771 Stirrupjar (FS 183) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1017, fig. 69, Argolid [LH IIIB] pls.24, 50 C2058 Goblet(FS 255) KommosIII, p. 45,no. 789, pl. 18 Argolid Closestassociation is withgroup [LH III Al] fromnorthwest Péloponnèse C2140 Stemmedbowl (FS 305) Kommoslll,p. 155,no. 1117, fig. 69, Argolid [LH IIIB] pl.51 C2424 Stirrupjar (FS 174) KommosIII, p. 107,no. 1881, pl. 47; Unprovenienced [LH IIIC Early] Rutter2006a, p. 576,no. 79/1, pl. 3:86 C2949 Stirrupjar (FS 171) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1927, pl. 51; Argolid [LH IIIA2] Rutter2006a, p. 495,no. 48/4, pl. 3:53 C3346 Vapheiocup (FS 224) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 338, pls. 46, 50; Argolid Associatedonly [LHI] Rutter2006a, p. 456,no. 37e/16, pl. 3:43 C3896 Stirrupjar (FS KommosIII, p. 93,no. 1621, pl. 41 CentralCrete(?) Possiblyfrom an as yetunidentified 167/171/173/180/182) mainlandGreek center [LH IIIB] C3897 Stirrupjar (FS 167/171/Kommos III, p. 156,no. 1628, pl. 41 Argolid 173/180/182)[LH IIIB] C4271 Bowl(FS 284 or305) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1671, pl. 51 Argolid [LH IIIA2/B] C4693 Kylix(FS 256-257) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1928, pl. 51; Argolid [LH IIIA2] Rutter2006a, p. 580,no. MI/MG/3, pl.3:90 C5425 Piriformjar (FS 37/45) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1133, pl. 51 Argolid Associatedonly, and also with some [LH IIIA2/B] centralCretan groups C5819 Goblet(FS 254) KommosIII, p. 155,no. 1926, fig. 69, Argolid Associatedonly [LH IIB] pl.51 C6709 Deep bowl(FS 284) KommosIII, p. 101,no. 1739, pl. 44; Argolid [LH IIIB] Rutter2006a, p. 574,no. 78/23, pl. 3:86 C6912 Vapheiocup (FS 224) Rutter2006a, pp. 424-425, no. 24/30, Argolid Associatedonly [LH I] pl.3:37 C6919 Bridge-spoutedjug Rutter2006a, p. 467,no. 44b/19, pl. 3:48 UnproveniencedSingle association noted with diffuse (FS 103) [LH ILA] groupof transport stirrup jars from Mycenae,themselves probably of centralCretan origin C7116 Piriformjar (FS 20)(?) Rutter2006a, p. 579,no. MI/MG/1, Argolid Associatedonly [LH IIA] pl.3:90 C7636 Angularalabastron Rutter,forthcoming, no.X5:5/S2 Argolid Associatedonly (FS 94) [LH IIIA2] C7643 Pyxis[LM II] Rutter2006a, p. 501,no. 52b/5, pl. 3:55 Crete Singleassociation noted with group ofeight fine ware samples from Pseira,probably all importedat that site C7876 Stemmedbowl (FS 305) KommosIII, p. 101,no. 1737, pl. 44; Rut- Argolid [LH IIIB] ter2006a, p. 574,no. 78/24, pl. 3:86 C9126 Amphoroidkrater Rutter1999, p. 144,n. 45; forthcoming,Unprovenienced (FS 54) [LH IIIA2/B] nonjoiningfragment ofsame vase as | |no.X5:6/12 | |

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* W C6743 m^^^mb^ <*>y ° ' C10111 C4127 'T¥' '' 'v' -^ r

C5645 v C9612

C335

C10366 C10209

Figure4. Thirteenof the 31 sus- O 5 10cm pectedCypriot pattern-painted imports(White SHp and White Painted Wheelmade)sampled for chemical analysisby NAA. Scale1:3. J. Pfaff

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' C10463 I k C8154 ^H v' X y 11C2753 ■™«^^N^

C4577 0 5 locm

■ C7639

; V ' 0 5 10cm C3171

Figure5. Nineof the 17 suspected Cypriotsolidly coated (Base Ring, Red LustrousWheelmade, Mono- chromePainted) and plain (Mono- chrome,Plain White) imports sampledfor chemical analysis by NAA. Scale 1:3: C9382, C8154, C10463, C2753, C7407, C4577. Scale 1:6: C3171, ° 5 1Ucm C7639,C9013.J.Pfaff C9013

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Kommos Suggested Inv. No. Shape, Ware[Date]* Publications Provenience Comments C335 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1946, Limassolarea [LM III] fig.70, pl. 51 C340 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 570 Limassolarea [LM IIIA1] C344 Milk bowl,White Slip IIA KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1947, Episkopiarea Associatedonly; one ofjust twoexamples of [LM III] pl. 54 White Slip IIA at Kommos[also C4127] C665 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1938, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] fig.70, pl. 52 [mislabeled "19541 C993 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1936, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] pls.51, 52 C1052 Shallowbowl, Base RingI(?) KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1937, Episkopiarea [LM IIIA2] pl. 52 C1262 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 159,no. 985, Limassolarea [LM IIIB] pl. 52 C1981 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1939, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA] pl. 52 C1982 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1940, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA] pl. 52 C2046 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 1935, Limassolarea [LM IIIA1] pls.52, 53 C2141 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1698, Limassolarea [LM IIIB] pls.52, 54 C2753 Spindlebottle, Red Lustrous KommosIII, p. 156,no. 278, Unprovenienced Wheelmade fig.70, pl. 51; Rutter2006a, pp. 460-461,no. 40/35, pl. 3:45 C3156 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, pp. 157-158, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] no. 873,pl. 52 C3171 Pithos,Plain White KommosIII, p. 158,no. 846, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] fig.70, pl. 52 C3218 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 1931, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA2 Early] pl. 51; Rutter2006a, p. 495, no. 48/3,pl. 3:53 C3249 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1941, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA] pl. 52 C3681 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1944, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2-B] pl. 51 C3729 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 808, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] pl. 51 C3947 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 935, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2-B] pl. 51 C4127 Milk bowl,White Slip IIA KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1340, Limassolarea Associatedonly; one ofjust two examples of [LM IIIB] pl. 52; Rutter2006a, p. 547, White Slip IIA at Kommos[also C344] no. 60/32,pl. 3:73 C4143 Pithos,Plain White KommosIII, p. 168,no. 1099, Kitionarea Associatedonly [LM IIIB] pl. 50 C4249 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 1932, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA1] pl. 51 C4432 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 1933, Limassolarea [LM IIIA1] pl. 52 C4577 Bowl,Monochrome KommosIII, pp. 156-157, Chania/western [LM IIIA2 Early] no. 1930,pl. 51; Rutter2006a, Crete p.578,no.MI/Cy/9,pl.3:89 C4734 Juglet,Cretan Fine Gray KommosIII, p. 157,no. 803, CentralCrete Recognizedat thetime of sampling as a Gray Wheelmade fig.76, pl. 53; Rutter2006b, warerather than Base Ringjuglet, hence p. 678 probablyMinoan ratherthan Cypriot

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Kommos Suggested Inv. No. Shape, Ware[Date]* Publications Provenience Comments C4773 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 1934, Limassolarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA1] pl. 53 C5122 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 157,no. 847, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] pl. 52 C5596 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1942, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] pl. 52 C5645 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 158,no. 1943, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] pl. 51; Rutter,forthcoming, no.X10:2/l C5731 Jug,western Anatolian KommosIII, p. 164,no. 814, Unprovenienced Recognizedsome time after the sampling Reddish-BrownBurnished pls.53, 56; Rutter2006b, of 1996 as a misfiredexample of a relatively [LM IIIA1] p. 659 commonclass of jugs importedfrom western Anatolia(Rutter 2006b) C5770 Pithos,Plain White KommosIII, p. 157,no. 807 Kitionarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA] C6743 Milk bowl,White Slip II KommosIII, p. 159,no. 1945; Limassolarea [LM IIIB] Rutter2006a, p. 547, no. 60/31,pl. 3:73 C7237 Jug,Monochrome Painted Forthe context, Van de Unprovenienced Identifiedas a possibleoff-island import from [MM IIB] Moortel2006, pp. 282- a Protopalatialcontext predating Building AA 284, groupBa. (Watrous1985, p. 7) C7238 Jug,Coarse Monochrome Forthe context, Van de Chania/west Identifiedas a possibleoff-island import from Painted Moortel2006, pp. 282- Crete a Protopalatialcontext predating Building AA [MM IIB] 284, groupBa. (Watrous1985, p. 7) C7239 Closed shape,Coarse Forthe context, Van de Chania/west Associatedonly; identified as a possibleoff-island MonochromePainted Moortel2006, pp. 282- Crete importfrom a Protopalatialcontext predating AA [MM IIB] 284, groupBa. Building C7407 Carinatedcup, Base RingII Rutter2006a, p. 578, Episkopiarea Associatedonly [LM IIIA2 Early] no.MI/Cy/2, pl. 3:89 C7639 Canaanitejar, medium Rutter2006a, p. 504, Unprovenienced Recognizedfollowing sampling in 1996 as an coarseunpainted no. 52g/2,pl. 3:57 exampleof a standardCanaanite jar fabricquite [LM IIIA2 Early] commonat Kommos C8154 Juglet,Base RingII Rutter2006a, p. 528, Episkopiarea Togetherwith C10463, partof possible pair of [LM IIIA2] no. 56e/10,pl. 3:61 jug plusdrinking cup, both found in BuildingP C9013 Pithos,Plain White Rutter2006b, p. 657; Enkomi [LM IIIA2] forthcoming,no. X4:2/17 C9382 Carinatedcup, Base RingII Rutter2006b, p. 657; Episkopiarea Associatedonly; together with C12031 (not [LMIIIA2] forthcoming,no. X6:6/4 sampled),part of possible pair of jug plusdrink- ingcup bothfound in House X C9567 Milk bowl,White Slip II Rutter,forthcoming, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] no.X16:Misc./l C9612 Milk bowl,White Slip II Rutter,forthcoming, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] no.X15:Misc./l C9990 Milk bowl,White Slip II Rutter2006a, p. 578, Limassolarea Uniqueexample of White Slip II Late at Kom- Late no. MI/Cy/6,pl. 3:89 mos [Historic] C10034 Milk bowl,White Slip II Rutter2006a, p. 578, Limassolarea [LM IIIA2] no.MI/Cy/7,pl.3:89 C10111 Milk bowl,White Slip II Rutter2006a, p. 578, Limassolarea [LM IIIA] no.MI/Cy/8,pl.3:89 C10209 Tankard,White Painted Rutter2006b, p. 655; Enkomi Associationis witha verydiffuse group and is WheelmadeI forthcoming,no. X3:7/9 notat all close,so theconnection with Enkomi is [LM IIIB] unlikelyto be significant C10366 Tankard,White Painted Rutter2006b, p. 655; Enkomi Associationis witha verydiffuse group and is WheelmadeI forthcoming,no. X3:4/6 notat all close,so theconnection with Enkomi is [LM IB Late] unlikelyto be significant C10463 Carinatedcup, Base RingII Rutter2006a, p. 524, Episkopiarea Togetherwith C8 154,part of possible pair of jug [LM IIIA2] no. 56b/5,pl. 3:59 plusdrinking cup, both found in BuildingP * The date is assignedaccording to the Minoan contextof discovery.

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2O2 J. E. TOMLINSON, J. B. RUTTER, AND S. M. A. HOFFMANN spheres,but at the timeof sampling,the pieces selectedwere considered broadlyrepresentative, both typologically and chronologically,of theves- selsimported to Kommosfrom their respective regions of production. The principalpurpose of the provenienceanalyses was to determinewhether anynoteworthy spatial or temporalpatterns in the importationof either tablewaresor transportvessels from these two distinctcultural spheres couldbe detected. Duringthe eight years that elapsed between the sampling in 1996 and the completionof analysesin 2004, the numbersof importsidentified on stylisticgrounds, especially from Cyprus, increased substantially, thanks to thevisits paid to thePitsidia apothiki by scholars having greater familiarity withthe wares in question.12One unfortunateconsequence of this rise in the numberof recognized imports has beenthat two categories of what are now consideredCypriot imports were inadequately sampled, if sampled at all,in 1996.The firstis a seriesof Red Slip or ProtoBase Ringjugs fromLM IA Finalto LM IB Earlycontexts,13 and the second includes Plain White shapes otherthan pithoi from LM IB throughLM IIIB contexts.14 A comparativelyrecent and morefavorable development has been the proliferationofprograms of provenience analysis directed specifically at My- cenaeanceramic imports from an increasinglywide range of sites in theeast- ernAegean, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, and Egypt.15It is nowpossible, therefore, to comparethe typesof ceramicsthat were sentto southernCrete from variousregions of the Mycenaean cultural sphere with those that were sent to otherregions of the eastern Mediterranean in a waythat would not have been possiblewhen the sampleswere initially selected and analyzed. A furtheraim of thisNAA projectmay be characterizedas a check on the reliabilityof the identificationof importsand theirassignment to specificregions of production outside of Crete.The suspectedMycenaean importsthat were sampled are listed in Table 1 and the suspectedCypriot importsin Table 2, alongwith their assignments after the NAA analysis. A smallnumber of the pieces sampled in 1996 werealready considered on stylisticor technologicalgrounds to be uncertainlyidentified as imports fromthe production zones to which they had beenattributed, notably juglet C4734 and Protopalatialfragments C7237, C7238, and C7239 (Table 2; see Fig. 12,below). A fewadditional pieces were subsequently recognized forsimilar reasons to havebeen erroneouslyidentified as eitherMycenaean (Table 1: C7643; Figs. 3, 6) or Cypriot(Table 2: C5731, C7639 [Fig. 5]) products.The resultsof the presentanalysis are rathersobering, in that the accuracyof the Mycenaeanidentifications in 1996 is shownto have been in the 70%-85% rangeand thatof the Cypriotidentifications in the 83%-88% range.The overallaccuracy of roughly 80% (55 of69) is discussed at greaterlength in the concludingsection of thispaper.

12. Rutter2006b, p. 712,n. 215. Of 15. Mommsen,Hertel, and Mount- 1992 (Tell el-Amarna); Mountjoy and particularassistance with respect to the joy2001; Mountjoy and Mommsen Mommsen2001 (Qantir-Piramesse). Cypriotmaterial were Celia Bergoffen, 2006 (Troy);Niemeier 2002a, 2002b, A morecomprehensive examination Linda Hulin,Vassos Karageorghis, and 2002c (Miletosand Ephesos);Karan- ofimported Mycenaean pottery from SturtManning. tzaliand Ponting2000; Marketouet al. numeroussites in Israelis currently 13. Rutter2006b, p. 654,table 3:104, 2006 (Rhodes);Mommsen and Sjöberg underway as a collaborativeeffort p. 656. 2007 (Cyprus);Badre et al. 2005 (Tell bySharon Zuckerman, David Ben- 14. Rutter2006b, p. 655,table 3:105, Kazel);Gunneweg et al. 1992;Yellin and Shlomo,Penelope Mountjoy, and Hans p. 656. Maeir 1992 (Tell Dan); Mommsenet al. Mommsen;see Zuckermanet al. 2009.

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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

AppendixTable A liststhe results of neutronactivation analysis of 69 potterysamples found at Kommos,including multiple analyses of five sherds.All butone of the 69 sampleswere clipped from sherds at the site. The exceptionwas C3947, which was drilled with a diamond-tipped drill on site.The other68 sherdshad their surface removed using a diamond- tippeddrill head, and thenthe core of the sample was crushedusing an agatepestle and mortar. The powderwas dried for 24 hoursat 150°C.An accuratelyweighed amount (approximately 200 mg) of thepowder was putinto a plastictube that was thenheat-sealed. The sampleswere irra- diatedtwice in theImperial College reactor at Ascotat a neutronflux of ~1 x IO12n cm'2s"1. Podmore red standard clay was used to determinethe preciseconcentrations. The durationof the first irradiation was 90 secondsper sample, and 20 minuteslater the samples were counted on gammaray spectrometers for5 minutes.The elementconcentrations determined from the short irradiationwere aluminum (Al), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), titanium (Ti), vanadium(V), manganese(Mn), and dysprosium (Dy). The second irradiationlasted approximately seven hours, and five to sevendays later thesamples were counted for 30 minutes.Two to three weeks after irradiation,they were counted for two hours. Comparing the gamma peak areas ofthe Podmore standards with the ceramic sample peak areas, concentra- tionswere obtained for the following elements: sodium (Na), scandium (Sc), chromium(Cr), iron (Fe), cobalt(Co), rubidium(Rb), cesium (Cs), lanthanum(La), cerium(Ce), samarium(Sm), europium (Eu), ytterbium (Yb),lutetium (Lu), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf ), andthorium (Th). Since theAscot reactor's flux is onlya thirdofthat of the Universities Research Reactorat Risley,Warrington, which had been used for the analysis of the comparativematerial presented in AppendixTable B, itwas notpossible to measureuranium because the peak area was too small. Altogether23 elementswere measured. After comparing data ana- lyzedon boththe Risley and Ascot reactors, however, it was foundthat concentrationdata for Yb, Lu, andTa obtainedat Ascotwere unreliable. These elementalconcentrations have been omitted, therefore, from the presentationofthe analytical results in AppendixTable A andshould be usedwith great caution in statisticalanalyses.16

STATISTICAL EVALUATION

Sinceall ofthe sherds analyzed are presumed to be importsto Kommos, no statisticalanalyses were carried out to lookfor chemical groups within thedataset. Rather, the Mahalanobis procedures in theMANHATTAN (MAHALA) programwere used to compare the chemical profiles of the 69 sherdswith the 123 chemical reference groups in the Manchester-Berkeley

16.The rawdata areincluded in an Reactor.The archiveis freelyavailable archiveof all NAA datagenerated by fordownload from http ¡//archaeometry. theUniversity of Manchester on the missouri.edu/datasets/uman/index. websiteof the Archaeometry Labora- html. tory,Missouri University Research

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TABLE 3. CHEMICAL REFERENCE GROUPS

Region Sites/AreasRepresented Groups Attica Perati 1 Boiotia Eutresis,Gla, Kallithea,Tanagra, Thebes 3 Argolid-Corinthia Asine,Berbati, Korakou, Mycenae, Tiryns, Tsoungiza,Zygouries 36 Péloponnèse Achaia,Ayios Stephanos, Chora Ano Englianos, (other) Menelaion,Nichoria, Olympia-Kolosakos, Palaiokastro,Peristeria, Platanos-Renia 21 Crete Chania,Knossos, Kommos, Palaikastro, Phaistos, Pseira 31 Cyprus Akhera,Arpera, Enkomi, Episkopi Phaneromeni, Hala SultanTekke, Kalavasos Ayios Dimitrios, Kition,Maa Palaiokastro,Maroni Tsarroukas, PylaVerghi 20 Levant Lachish,Tell Abu Hawam 11 database,listed in Table 3.17Data forall elementscommon to bothsample and groupwere used in each statisticalevaluation.18 For the MANHATTAN program,groups are predefined(by cluster analysisin thiscase) in termsof the mean and standarddeviation of each element.For each samplecompared against a particularreference group, the Manhattandistance to the centerof thatgroup is definedin unitsof standarddeviation (a) of each of the elementsconcerned. The procedurethat was used forestablishing the chemicalgroups in thepresent study was as follows.First, a chemicalgrouping was identified bycluster analysis. Its groupmembership was thenrefined by considering the standarddeviations of the group'selements as each sample in turn was removedfrom the group.If the removalof a particularsample from a groupled to an overallincrease in the standarddeviations ofthat group (i.e.,the group became more diffuse when the samplewas removed),then thesample was in factconsidered a memberofthat group and was returned to it. If,in contrast,the removalof the sampleresulted in an overallde- creasein standarddeviations (i.e., thegroup became tighter upon removal of the sample),then the samplewas indeed excludedfrom the groupin question. Since experiencehas shownthat the samplemembers of a chemical referencegroup have a total distanceto the group centerless than the numberof elementsused in the comparison(i.e., an averageof up to 1 g per element),then it followsthat when comparingsamples of unknown provenienceagainst a group,a sampleis deemedto "fit"with the group if

17. Attica:Tomlinson 1995b; et al 2008;Jones and Tomlinson 2009; Boiotia:Tomlinson 1998, 2000; Crete:Tomlinson 1991; Tomlinson and Argolid-Corinthia:Tomlinson 1995a, Robinson,in prep.;Cyprus: Bryan et al. 1996;French and Tomlinson 1999; 1997; Levant:Hoffmann and Robinson Hoffmannet al.,forthcoming; Tom- 1993;Tomlinson 2004. linson,forthcoming; Péloponnèse 18.The numberof elements in (other):Hoffmann, Robinson, and commonvaries from 21 to 23, depend- French1992; Tomlinson 1997; French ingon thedataset.

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its averagedistance (d) fromthe group center in questionis less than1 o. A sampleis deemedto "associate"with a groupif its d is greaterthan 1 a but less than 1.5 a.19 While the averaged values are a veryuseful indicator, one mustalso considerthe individualvalues foreach element.A samplethat seems to associate(rather than fit)with a groupmay do so because,for example, two of the elementalvalues lie a long wayfrom the groupmean, whereas all othervalues are very close to theirrespective mean. In thiscase, it may be thatthese two values are spuriousfor some reason,and thatthe sample shouldactually be considereda groupmember. Thus, it is importantto look not onlyat the averaged values,but also at theindividual d values.Mathematically, in a normaldistribution, 68% of thedata points lie within one standarddeviation of the mean value, and only 5% lie beyondtwo standarddeviations. Therefore, for a groupcomprising 24 samples,for which 24 elementshave been measured,the concentrations foreach elementin 16 ofthe 24 samples(68%) wouldfall within 1 g ofthe groupmean value,while the concentrationsof one or two (5%) samples wouldfall outside 2 a forthat element. From another perspective, we would also expecteach ofthe 24 samplesto haveconcentrations falling within 1 a of the groupmean for16 of its elements,and foronly one or two of its elementalvalues to be morethan 2 o fromthe mean. The resultsof a comparisonof a samplewith a groupare displayed by the MANHATTAN programnot onlyas the individuald values for each element,but also as theaverage d valuealongside an indicationof the distributionof the individualelemental values. The latteris givenin the formx/yy indicating that x elementalvalues are within1 a of the group mean and y lie beyond2 a of the mean.Thus, an averagegroup member mighthave an x/yvalue of 16/2,while a groupmember close to thecenter of the groupmight have a value of 24/0,and anotherclose to the edge of the groupmight have a value such as 13/2. Some ofthe reference groups are notably more diffuse than the majority,that is, theirstandard deviations are generallysomewhat larger than normal.Since anyindividual sample will associate much more readily with a diffusegroup (because the standarddeviations are larger,the groupex- tendsover a largervolume of hyperspace), associations with such groups are likelyto be less meaningfulthan with "normal" (less diffuse)groups. Thus, the size of the standarddeviation as a percentageof the mean (sometimes referredto as the coefficientof variation)must also be consideredwhen evaluatingthe fitsand associationsindicated by the d values.Appendix Table B liststhe chemicalprofiles of the 19 groupswith which at least one Kommossample fits. For the normalgroups listed in the firstsection of thetable, the averagepercentage standard deviation falls between 7.8% and 13.9%. For the diffusegroups listed in the second section,the values rangefrom 18.1% to 29.9%.

19.This termis used to indicatea particularsample may thus associate sampleoccupying an areaof hyperspace withseveral different chemical groups closeto thegroup in question,i.e., a which,while separable, have similar samplewhose chemistry is quitesimilar chemistry. to thegroup's chemistry. Of course,a

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RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS

Tables4 and5 listfor each Kommos sample the chemical groups for which itsaverage distance (d) fromthe group center in question is less than 1.5 o. The chemicalgroups are broken down into the categories of normal and diffuseon the basis of how tightly the samples forming the group in ques- tionare clustered within that group (see Appendix Table B).The degreeto whicheach sample is relatedto a particulargroup is describedaccording to twodifferent thresholds of correspondence, fitting (with a d valueof less than1.0 a) andassociating (with a d valueof between 1.0 and 1.5 o).

TABLE 4. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUSPECTED MYCENAEAN SAMPLES AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE GROUPS: MANHATTAN DISTANCES

NormalGroups DiffuseGroups

Sample Fits(d<1.0 a) Associates(d<1.5 a) Fits (d<1.0a) Associates(d<1.5 c) C1473 Chania4(072) Kommos1 (1.29) MycSJB (0.65) Pseira1 (1.39) Cyprus15 (0.86) Tsoungiza5 (1.43) Lachish(1.48) C1771 Cyprus2 (0.58) Lachish(1.01) Cyprus15 (1.29) HawamG (0.83) MycWH2 (1.04) Asine1 (0.94) ThebesB (1.07) MycLF1 (0.95) Mycenae2 (1.16) Zygouries2 (1.20) Menelaion4(1.32) ChaniaM4(1.49) C2058a Péloponnèse3 (1.25) MycLF1 (1.28) MycWH1 (1.36) Mycenae1 (1.40) Cyprus2 (1.43) Menelaion7 (1.45) C2058b C2140 Cyprus2 (0.67) MycWH2 (1.10) Cyprus15 (1.46) MycLF1 (0.98) Menelaion4 (1.17) HawamG (1.18) Asinel (1.22) Péloponnèse2 (1.25) Lachish(1.26) Tiryns1 (1.45) C2424 Lachish(1.20) Cyprus15 (1.01) Gla (1.23) MycSJB (1.09) Pseira1 (1.23) C2949 Lachish(0.54) ChaniaM4 (1.16) MycSJB (0.86) Cyprus15 (1.21) Cyprus2 (0.79) Zygouries3 (1.19) HawamI (0.96) Péloponnèse5 (1.21) MycLF3 (1.00) Berbati2 (1.26) Asine1 (1.34) Menelaion4 (1.38) Kommos1 (1.48) C3346 MycLF1 (1.13) Péloponnèse2 (1.24) C3896 Chania4 (0.75) KnossosM3 (1.20) MycSJB (0.83) Cyprus18 (1.25) Lachish(1.24) Kommos2 (1.27)

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TABLE 4- Continued

Normal Groups DiffuseGroups

Sample Fits (d<1.0 g) Associates(d<1.5 o) Fits (d<1.0 g) Associates(d<1.5 a) C3897 Lachish (0.72) MycLF 2 (1.13) MycSJB (1.16) Cyprus2 (0.78) Péloponnèse4 (1.32) Cyprus15 (1.33) Menelaion4(1.39) Pseira 1 (1.39) ChaniaM4(1.40) C4271 Cyprus2 (0.73) MycLF 1 (1.02) Lachish (1.02) MycWH 2 (1.17) Menelaion 4 (1.21) Péloponnèse2 (1.32) Hawam G (1.41) Zygouries2 (1.46) C4693 MycLF 1 (0.87) Cyprus2 (1.07) Péloponnèse2 (1.14) Hawam (1.26) Menelaion 4 (1.27) Berbati1 (1.28) Lachish (1.28) Zygouries1 (1.41) MycWH 4 (1.44) C5425 Lachish (1.05) MycSJB (1.09) Chania M4 (1.13) Cyprus15 (1.19) Cyprus2 (1.19) Kommos 1 (1.43) Pseira 1 (1.45) C5819 Cyprus2 (1.16) MycLF 1 (1.18) MycWH 1 (1.46) C6709 Lachish (0.97) Cyprus2 (1.00) MycSJB (1.29) Gla (1.14) Cyprus15 (1.38) Menelaion 4 (1.41) C6912 MycLF 1 (1.02) Péloponnèse2 (1.16) Cyprus2 (1.24) Menelaion 7 (1.30) C6919 MycSJA2 (1.33) C7116 MycLF 1 (1.18) Cyprus2 (1.39) Péloponnèse2 (1.46) Menelaion 4 (1.48) C7636 Cyprus2 (1.15) MycLF 1 (1.25) Péloponnèse2 (1.29) Menelaion 4 (1.34) Lachish (1.38) C7643 Pseira2 (1.40) MycSJB (1.43) C7876 Cyprus2 (0.85) Péloponnèse3 (1.10) MycSJB (1.32) Menelaion 4 (1.21) Lachish (1.24) MycLF 1 (1.33) Gla (1.36) Pseira 1 (1.49) ~ C9126 Abbreviations:MycLF = Mycenae fabricsamples; MycSJ = Mycenae stirrupjars; MycWH = MycenaeWest House.

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Figure6. SuspectedMycenaean importsC6912, C3346, C6919, C7116, C7643, C4693, C2949, C9126, C7636. Forscale, see Figure 3. PhotoT. Dabney

Mycenaean Samples

Of the21 piecesanalyzed that were thought to be Mycenaean,15 arere- latedto Argolidgroups and three to Crete,while the other three pieces areunprovenienced (Tables 1,4). Argolid.Related to groups displaying chemistry typical of the Argolid, whetherfrom findspots inthe Argolid or elsewhere, are LH I Vapheiocups C3346 andC6912 andLH IIA piriformjar C7116 (Figs.3, 6); LH IIB gobletC5819 (Fig.3); LH IIIAl gobletC2058; LH IIIA2 angularala- bastronC7636, kylix C4693, and stirrup jar C2949 (Figs. 3, 6); LH IIIA2/B bowlC4271 and*piriform jar C5425; and LH IIIB deepbowl C6709 (Fig.3), stemmed bowls C2140 and C7876 (Fig. 3), and stirrup jars C1771 (Fig.3) andC3897.20

20. Eightsamples actually fit with C7636, C5819, C5425; withclosest d northwestPéloponnèse. As thisgroup s groupsof Argolid provenience (C4693, from1.02 to 1.28). Piriformjar C5425 chemistryis quitesimilar to thatof the C2949, C4271, C6709, C2140, C7876, also showsassociations with some Argolid(see Tomlinson 1997), however, C1771, C3897; withclosest d from centralCretan groups, but its associa- and as thissample also showsassocia- 0.54 to 0.97). The otherseven samples tionswith Argolid groups are closer. tionswith Argolid groups, its prove- merelyassociate with Argolid groups GobletC2058 has itsclosest associa- nienceis mostlikely Argolid. (C3346, C6912, C7116, C2058, tionwith a groupof sherds from the

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CentralCrete. Related to centralCrete are the LH IIIB stirrupjars C1473 and C3896.The LM II pyxisC7643 (Figs.3, 6) is identifiedas beingof possible Cretan origin.21 Unprovenienced.The three unprovenienced samples are LH IIA bridge- spoutedjug C6919 and LH IIIA2/Bamphoroid (chariot) krater C9126 (Figs.3, 6), andthe LH IIIC Earlystirrup jar C2424 (Fig.3).22

Cypriot Samples

Ofthe 48 piecesanalyzed that were thought to be Cypriot,40 arerelated to Cypriotgroups, four to Crete,and four are unprovenienced (Tables 2, 5). Cyprus.Related to the groups from the Limassol area are all 26 White SlipII milkbowls, 11 ofwhich are illustrated here (see Figs.4, 7, 8). The

Figure7. CypriotWhite Slip II Late milkbowl C9990. Forscale, see Figure 4. PhotoT. Dabney

Figure8. CypriotWhite Slip II and White Slip HA (C4127) milkbowls C10034 (2 fragments),C6743, C9567, C3218, C9612, C5645, C10111, C4127. Forscale, see Figure 4. PhotoT. Dabney

21. Bothstirrup jars fit with a group 22. Amphoroidkrater C9126 shows Cretanorigin (see Tomlinson1995a). oftransport stirrup jars found at Cha- no associationswhatsoever. The bridge- Stirrupjar C2424 showsassociations nia butof central Cretan provenience. spoutedjug C6919 displaysonly a sin- withgroups from the Argolid (d = 1.20), The pyxisassociates (d= 1.40) only gle association(d= 1.33) witha diffuse Boiotia(d= 1.23),and centralCrete witha groupof eight fine ware vessels groupof transport stirrup jars foundat (d= 1.23),indicating ambiguity at the fromPseira. Mycenaebut of (mostlikely central) veryleast.

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TABLE 5. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SUSPECTED CYPRIOT SAMPLES AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE GROUPS: MANHATTAN DISTANCES

NormalGroups DiffuseGroups

Sample Fits(d<1.0 a) Associates(d<1.5 a) Fits(d<1.0 o) Associates(d<1.5 c) C335 Cypruslib (0.66) CypHMB(1.36) HawamB (0.80) C340 Cypruslib (0.74) CypHMB(1.23) HawamB (0.76) C344 Cyprus3 (1.28) MycSJA2 (1.23) ChaniaM3(1.39) C665a HawamB (0.84) CypHMB(1.17) Cypruslib (0.85) C665b HawamB (1.05) Cypruslib (1.10) CypHMB(1.29) C993 Cypruslib (0.84) HawamB (1.03) _. CypHMB(1.44) C1052 Cyprus3 (0.76) MycSJA2 (1.46) C1262 Cypruslib (0.86) CypHMB(1.19) ; HawamB (0.89) C1981 CypHMB(1.02) HawamB (1.14) Cypruslib (1.21) C1982 HawamB (1.23) CypHMB(1.36) Cypruslib (1.37) C2046 Cypruslib (0.72) CypHMB(1.50) HawamB (0.77) C2141 Cyprus9 (0.86) HawamB (1.14) CypHMB (0.98) C2753 MycSJA2 (1.50) C3156 Cypruslib (0.75) CypHMB(1.26) HawamB (0.89) C3171a Cyprus10 (0.72) C3171b Cyprus10 (1.01) C3171C Cyprus10 (0.56) C3171d Cyprus10 (0.83) Cyprus7 (1.49) C3171e Cyprus10 (0.61) C3218 Cyprus10 (1.09) Cyprus7 (1.47) HawamB (1.12) C3249 Cyprus9 (1.07) CypHMB(1.13) HawamB (1.23) C3681 HawamB (0.80) CypHMB(1.19) Cypruslib (0.86) C3729 CyprusHa (0.70) CypHMB(1.25) HawamB (1.39) C3947 Cypruslib (0.84) CypHMB (1.25) HawamB (0.87) C4127 HawamB (1.39) Cypruslie (1.48) C4143 Cyprus5 (0.98) Cyprus14 (1.37) C4249 CypHMB (1.24) Cypruslib (1.25) HawamB (1.32) C4432 HawamB (0.67) CypHMB(1.21) | | I Cypruslib (0.87) |

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NormalGroups DiffuseGroups

Sample Fits(1.32) Associates(d<1.5 g) Fits (d<1.0 o) Associates(d<1.5 a) C4577 ChaniaMl (1.10) MycSJA2 (0.80) ChaniaBl (1.39) ¡ C4734 Chania4 (0.75) Phaistos(1.09) MycSJB (0.70) Cyprus15 (1.06) Kommos1 (1.15) Lachish(1.19) KnossosM2(1.33) Pseira1 (1.35) HawamJ(1.36) Péloponnèse5 (1.43) Cyprus2 (1.49) C4773 Cypruslib (1.05) HawamB (1.12) C5122 Cypruslib (0.97) CypHMB (1.26) HawamB (0.97) C5596 HawamB (0.61) Cypruslib (0.88) CypHMB (0.99) C5645 HawamB (0.91) Cypruslib (1.14) C5731 MycSJA2 (1.21) C5770a Kommos3 (1.40) Cyprus5 (0.90) Cyprus13 (1.31) MycSJB (1.32) C5770b Kommos3 (1.20) Cyprus5 (1.13) Tsoungiza5 (1.39) Cyprus15 (1.16) MycSJB (1.18) C5770c Cyprus5 (1.04) MycSJB (1.47) C6743 HawamB (0.75) Cypruslib (1.17) C7237 C7238 ChaniaBl (1.23) MycSJA2 (0.87) ChaniaMl (1.23) C7239 ChaniaM2 (1.18) MycSJB (1.06) Cyprus15 (1.26) C7407 ChaniaM2 (1.12) MycSJA2 (0.85) Menelaion1 (1.13) Cyprus3 (1.18) Péloponnèse10 (1.32) Pseira5 (1.41) C7639 C8154 Cyprus3 (0.68) Menelaion1 (1.44) MycSJA2 (0.98) C9013a ChaniaM4 (1.13) MycSJB (0.92) Cyprus4 (1.43) Kommos2 (1.31) Cyprus15 (0.99) C9013b ChaniaM4 (1.02) Cyprus15 (0.75) Cyprus4 (1.26) Kommos2 (1.18) MycSJB (0.82) Pseira1 (1.30) ThebesA (1.45) KnossosMl(1.49) C9013c ChaniaM4 (1.18) Cyprus15 (0.82) Cyprus4 (1.39) Kommos2 (1.38) MycSJB (0.94) C9013d Kommos2 (1.00) MycSJB (0.74) ChaniaM4 (1.05) Cyprus15 (0.75) Pseira1 (1.12) KnossosMl(1.17) Phaistos(1.42) C9382 Cyprus3 (1.17) MycSJA2 (1.18) Continuedon nextpage

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TABLE 5- Continued

NormalGroups DiffuseGroups

Sample Fits(d<1.0 a) Associates(d<1.5 o) Fits(d<1.0 c) Associates(d<1.5 c) C9567 HawamB (0.84) Cypruslib (1.20) C9612 CyprusIla (0.88) CypHMB(1.35) HawamB (0.94) C9990 Cypruslib (0.67) HawamB (0.85) CypHMB (0.97) C10034 HawamB (0.85) Cypruslib (1.02) CypHMB(1.26) C10111 Cypruslib (0.90) CypHMB(1.15) HawamB (0.98) C10209 ChaniaM4 (1.47) MycSJB (1.41) Cyprus15 (1.43) C10366 ChaniaM4 (1.48) MycSJB (1.27) Cyprus15 (1.44) C10463 Cyprus3 (0.68) Menelaion1 (1.44) | MycSJA2 (1.13) Abbreviations:CypHMB = CypriotHandmade Burnished; MycSJ = Mycenaestirrup jars. particularsamples are C335 (Fig.4), C340,C665 (Fig.4), C993,C1262, C1981,C1982, C2046, C2141, C3156, C3218 (Figs. 4, 8),C3249, C3681, C3729,C3947, C4249, C4432, C4773, C5122, C5596, C5645, C6743, C9567, C9612, C10034,and C10111 (forthe last six, see Figs.4, 8), WhiteSlip II Late milkbowl C9990 (Figs.4, 7), and thePlain White pithosC3171 (Fig.5).23 Relatedto a groupfrom the Episkopi area are Base RingI shallow bowlC1052, Base RingII Buccherojuglet C8154 (Figs.5, 9), threeBase RingII carinatedcups (C7407, C9382, and C10463 [Figs.5, 10]), and WhiteSlip IIA milkbowl C344.24 Related to a groupfrom Kition are two PlainWhite pithoi (C4143, C5770).25 Relatedto a groupfrom Enkomi is anotherPlain White pithos, C9013 (Figs.5, 1 1).26 Unknown, but apparently ofCypriot provenience, areWhite SlipIIA milkbowl C4127 (Figs.4, 8) andthe two White Painted Wheel- madeI tankardsC10209 and C10366 (Fig.4).27

23. Fourof the samples, White variousfind sites but thought to origi- C10366), whichcome from the same Slip II milkbowls C2141, C3218, natein theEpiskopi area (Bryan et al. destructionhorizon as thePlain White and C3249 and thePlain White pithos 1997).The White Slip IIA milkbowl pithos,also showassociations with this C3171, arerelated to mixedware and twoof the three carinated cups, group.These samples,however, have = groupsfrom find sites in theLimassol C7407 and C9382, merelyassociate d 1.43 and 1.44 which,with a diffuse region.The remaining24 samplesare withthe group, while the other three group,is notdeemed significant. Their relatedto groupsof White Slip pottery samplesfit well with it. proveniencethus remains unknown, fromvarious Cypriot find sites but 25. The groupis diffuse,and thefits thoughapparently Cypriot. displaychemical profiles most closely arenot especially close (d = 0.98,0.90), 27. C4127 associateswith one of mirroredin theaforementioned Limas- so thesamples should be regardedas theaforementioned White Slip groups. sol groups(see Bryanet al. 1997).All merelyassociated. C10209 and C10366 associatewith a ofthese groups are diffuse, but many of 26. The groupis diffuse,but the groupfrom Enkomi. As bothgroups = thesamples fit closely with them. samplefits well with it (d 0.75). arediffuse, however, the associations = = 24. All sixsamples are related to a Note thatthe two White Painted arenot close (d 1.48; d 1.43,1.44) groupof Base Ringpottery found at WheelmadeI tankards(C10209 and and arenot deemed significant.

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Figure9 (above,left). Cypriot verti- callyribbed Base Ring II juglet C8154. Forscale, see Figure5. Photo T. Dabney

Figure 10 (above,right). Cypriot Base Ring II carinatedcups C 10463, C7407, C9382. Forscale, see Figure5. PhotoT. Dabney

Figure11. CypriotPlain White kraterC9013. Forscale, see Figure5. PhotoT. Dabney

Crete.Related to western Crete are Monochrome bowl C4577 and two peculiarProtopalatial specimens, C7238 andC7239 (Fig.12). Relatedto centralCrete is theFine Gray Wheelmade juglet C4734.28

28. The firstthree examples are butof central Cretan provenience associatedwith groups from Chania (Tomlinson1991;Tomlinson and Rob- (nearestd from1.10 to 1.23).The last, inson,in prep.).It also showsassocia- C4734, fits(d = 0.75) witha groupof tions(d from1.09 to 1.33) withother transportstirrup jars foundat Chania centralCretan groups.

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Figure 12. Medium coarseto coarse Protopalatial(MM IIB) fragments originallyidentified as Cypriot imports:C7238, C7239, C7237. Scale 1:3. PhotoT. Dabney

Unprovenienced.The fourunprovenienced samples are Red Lustrous Wheelmadespindle bottle C2753 (Fig. 5), westernAnatolian jug C5731, Canaanitejar C7639 (Fig. 5), and anotherunusual Protopalatialpiece, C7237 (Fig. 12).29

DISCUSSION

The determinationon thebasis of the NAA resultsthat seven very ques- tionablyidentified imports, one supposedlyMycenaean (C7643 [Figs.3, 6]) and sixCypriot (C4734, C5731, C7237 [Fig. 12], C7238 [Fig. 12], C7239 [Fig. 12], C7639 [Fig. 5]), were,in fact,unlikely to be Mycenaean or Cypriotimports was unremarkable.The failureof a smallernumber of - otherpieces to qualifyunambiguously as non-Cretan imports stirrup jars C1473 and C3896, shownby NAA to be relatedto a centralCretan ratherthan any knownMycenaean production center (Tables 1, 4), and bowl C4577, likewiserelated to a westernCretan rather than any known - Cypriotcompositional pattern (Tables 2, 5) came as a surprise,however. Of course,a certainpercentage of virtually all Mycenaeanceramic groups sampledfor NAA testinghave provento have compositionpatterns that do not correspondwith any previouslyidentified compositional group. It is thusquite possiblethat the threefragments just citedindeed come fromMycenaean and Cypriotproduction centers that have simplynot yetbeen identifiedby NAA workand thusdo not constitutepart of the Manchester-Berkeleydatabase.30

29. The firsttwo vessels (C2753 and showno associationswhatsoever. Kazel (Badreet al. 2005),with the C5731) showassociations (d= 1.50 and 30. In publishingtheir results from equivalentfigure being closer to 10% 1.21) witha groupof transport stirrup Troy,Mountjoy and Mommsen(2006) at Qantir(Mountjoy and Mommsen jarsfound at Mycenaebut of western recentlylisted no fewerthan 22 singles, 2001). Amongthe 20 sherdsfrom Cretanorigin (see Tomlinson 1995a). or piecesunattributed to specificpro- Kommosconsidered to be stylistically This is a diffusegroup, however, and ductionlocales, from a samplepopu- Mycenaean(that is, not counting the theassociation is certainlynot signifi- lationof 151 Mycenaeansherds, or probablyMinoan fragment C7643), cantfor the former vessel and probably roughly15% ofthe sherds tested. They threepieces (15%) arehere considered notsignificant for the latter. There- considerthis figure to be moreor less unproveniencedsingles (C2424, C6919, fore,they remain unprovenienced. The normalfor analytical programs of C9126), whiletwo small and fine lasttwo samples (C7639 and C7237) thiskind; it is closelyparalleled at Tell stirrupjars with similar compositions

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To putthe NAA findingsconcerning Mycenaean ceramic imports to Kommosin a somewhatbroader context, one should begin by noting that comparativelylittle attention has beenpaid to periodsearlier than LM/ LH IIIAl orto individualMinoan sites other than Chania, Knossos, and Kommos.31Birgitta Hallager s detailed2005 presentation ofthe more than 200 LH III Mycenaeanceramic imports to Chania has shown that far more Mycenaeanpots have been recognized there than at anyother Minoan site.She notes a LM IIIB1 temporalspike in these imports to Chania and commentson severalother mainland Greek features that make their initial appearanceat this western Cretan coastal center contemporaneously: fixed centralhearths, figurines of Mycenaean types, and bothstirrup jars and tabletsbearing Linear B texts.In turn,she makes a compellingcase for the actualpresence of Mycenaeans at Chaniain theearlier 13th century b.c., - althoughwhere they may have come from within the Mycenaean world Boiotia,the Argolid, Messenia, and noweven Laconia all seemdistinct - possibilitiesis unclear.32 The importedMycenaean pottery from Knossos may conceivably havebeen comparable in quantity,but no systematicstudy of it has ever beenundertaken. A substantialamount of what may actually have been foundthere, especially if in sherdform, is likelyto havebeen discarded longago and is thusno longer available for study.33 The contributionofthe importedMycenaean pottery identified atKommos lies not in its quantity, whichconstitutes a mere 10%-15% of what has been recovered at Chania and perhapsan equallysmall proportion of what might be identifiedat Knossos,but rather in thetemporal range represented, the percentage of thematerial subjected to chemicalanalysis, and theseeming changes in thepatterns of ceramic importation to thissouth-central Cretan harbor townthrough time. Onlyat Kommoshave Mycenaean pots ranging in datefrom LH I throughto thevery beginning of LH IIIC beenfound. With the excep- tionof theLH IIIC Earlystirrup jar C2424 (Fig. 3), theLH IIIA2/B amphoroidchariot krater C9126 (Figs.3, 6), and theLH ILA bridge- spoutedjug C6919 (Figs.3, 6), all ofthe Mycenaean vessels sampled for NAA arelikely to be Argiveproducts.34 Mycenaean imports of the LH I

(C1473, C3896; another10% ofthe 32. Mountjoy2005; see also the correctlyidentifying mainland imports totalcorpus of Mycenaean pieces being discussionfollowing Hallager 2005 and is consequentlyunblemished by the tested)have been identified as fittinga Mountjoy2005 in D'Agata,Moody, NAA results,even if he also overlooked compositionpattern otherwise repre- andWilliams 2005, pp.299-302. a fewpieces that were, in fact,of My- sentedexclusively by large, medium 33. Foran overviewof LH IIIAl- cenaeanmanufacture (e.g., C2058, coarsetransport stirrup jars. Rather IIIB imports,see Hallager1993; for C6709, C6912, C7116, C7876; see thanconsidering these last two pieces someLH II A imports,see Mountjoy Table 1). Unfortunately,the single as necessarilyMinoan products on the 2003, pp. 105-107. attestedexample of a Palace Style basisof this evidence, one mightsug- 34. Fourpieces that were considered pithoidjar ofMycenaean manufacture gestthat these two fine stirrup jars in Mycenaeanwhen sampled in 1996 have fromKommos had notbeen identified factrepresent a mainland Greek pro- beenshown by NAA to be unlikely as suchby 1996 and so was notsampled ductioncenter not previously isolated non-Minoanimports (C1473, C3896) foranalysis (Rutter 2006a, pp. 494-495, in theManchester-Berkeley data bank or onlypossibly Mycenaean inasmuch no. 47/21,pls. 3:53, 3:91:f), and the of61 referencegroups derived from as theyare categorized as unproveni- sameis truefor the single identified thatregion (Table 3). enced(C2424, C6919). None ofthese exampleof a Mycenaeansemiglobular 31. Hallager1993, 2005; Rutter wereidentified as Mycenaeanby Wat- cup (Rutter2006a, p. 467, no. 44b/20, 2006b,pp. 666-672. rous{Kommos III), whoserecord for pl. 3:48); bothare of LH IIA date.

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2l6 J. E. TOMLINSON, J. B. RUTTER, AND S. M. A. HOFFMANN and IIA periodsidentified in LM I contextsat Kommoscome exclusively fromthe monumentalBuilding T (Fig. 2). This structureappears to have servedas thetowns civic center, and at leastone of itsfunctions may have been to accommodateperiodic large social gatheringsat which drinking and perhapsalso feastingplayed a prominentrole. The factthat all the Mycenaeanceramic imports from Neopalatial contexts in BuildingT took theform of either jugs or one-handledcups, that is, of drinking vessels that werein all likelihoodused on theseoccasions (see, e.g.,Figs. 3, 6: C6912, C3346, C6919), is unlikelyto be coincidental.During the subsequent Monopalatialera, comprising the LM II and IIIAl periods,Mycenaean ceramicimports to Kommoswere for the first time found in housesoutside of the civiccenter, and theirform changed to two-handledgoblets (see, e.g,Fig.3:C5819). Finally,during the LM IIIA2 and LM IIIB periods,Mycenaean importsbelonged to muchthe same functionalrange as thatattested at Chania,with kylikes (Figs. 3, 6: C4693), stemmedbowls (Fig. 3: C7876, C2140), and deep bowls (Fig. 3: C6709) being the most commonopen shapesand smallstirrup jars by far the most common closed form (Figs. 3, 6: C2949, C2424, C1771). At Kommos,however, the quantitiesof such importedvessels were minusculecompared to the numbersrecovered at Chania. Moreover,open shapes,virtually all of thempattern-decorated ratherthan eithermonochrome painted or plain (and thus plausiblyall utilized as tablewares),were less common than the small, attractively decoratedstirrup jars importedfor the perfumed oil theycontained. Thus, thereis no reasonto imagine,at leaston thebasis of the ceramicimports, thatany Mycenaeans were ever resident at Kommos. Analyticalprograms employing NAA to determinethe provenience ofMycenaean pottery from other sites in the easternAegean and eastern Mediterranean,whether such sites were Mycenaean in termsof their mate- rialculture (e.g., Pylona and Ialysoson Rhodes,Miletos on the southwest Anatoliancoast), Aegean but not Mycenaean(e.g., Troy),or altogether non-Aegean (e.g., Qantir in Egypt,Tell Dan in Israel,or Tell Kazel in Syria),have providedsome extremelyinteresting comparative data. For example,these analyseshave shown that decoratedMycenaean pottery of high qualitywas producedat some easternAegean centersalready as earlyas LH II.35Ordinarily, by far the largest body of Mycenaean ceramic importsexhibits the Mycenae-Berbati (MYBE) compositionalpattern characteristicof the Argolid-Corinthia.36 At severalsites, however, locally

35. It occurredat Troy as earlyas (Tell Dan, Israel:LH IIIA2 Late); testedthus far from Troy (Mommsen, LH IIA (Mountjoyand Mommsen Niemeier2002a, 2002b, 2002c (Mile- Hertel,and Mountjoy2001; Mount- 2006) and at Miletosat leastas early tos,Turkey: LH IIB-IIIC); Badreet al. joy and Mommsen2006). Foran as LH IIB (Niemeier2002a, 2002b, 2005 (Tell Kazel,Syria: LH IIIA2 overviewof NAA programsdirected 2002c). Late-IIIB Final).Because of severe at corporaof Mycenaean pottery from 36. Karantzaliand Ponting2000 difficultiesin distinguishingchemi- Syro-Palestinianand Egyptiansites, (Pylona,Rhodes: LH IIIA-C); Mar- callybetween Argive products of the seeJung 2006, p. 153,nn. 24, 25; for ketouet al. 2006 (Ialysos,Rhodes: MYBE groupand Trojan products of thesignificance of the MYBE group LH I-IIIB); Mommsenet al. 1992 theA-TROY group,it is as yetnot specificallyand itsconnection with (Tell el-Amarna: LH IIIA2); Mountjoy possibleto identifywith certainty the thepotters' quarter at B erbati,see andMommsen 2001 (Qantir,Egypt: geographicsource of the largest chem- pp. 173-174. LH IIIA2-B); Gunneweget al. 1992 ical groupingof Mycenaean pieces

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producedMycenaean pottery constitutes a substantial percentage of the piecestested (e.g., Troy, Pylona, Ialysos, Miletos,Tell Kazel), and the only sitewhere the Mycenaean pottery analyzed has been attributed exclusively to theMYBE groupis Tell Dan. From19th Dynasty levels (latest 14th- centuryand all of the 13th-century b.c. strata) at Qantir in Egypt, although 46% ofthe 138 piecessampled came from Argive production centers,37 roughly25% havebeen attributed to Cypriotworkshops, 9% toproducers probablylocated in Egypt,and 9% to Canaaniteworkshops.38 Againstthis backdrop, the identification of 75%-85% of the Myce- naeanimports from Kommos as Argive,with just three (Fig. 3: C2424, C6919,C9126) to five(including the two small stirrup jars C1473 and C3896)pieces potentially representing other production locales, presumably locatedon theGreek mainland, reveals an unusuallyconcentrated source ofsupply for the Mycenaean imports recovered at thesite. Furthermore, ofthe few Mycenaean imports falling outside of the MYBE compositional group,C9126 (Figs.3, 6) is highlyunusual as it is theonly chariot krater fragmentidentified at Kommosand one ofjust two known from all of - - Crete,while a second theLH IIIC Earlystirrup jar C2424 (Fig.3) is thelatest known Mycenaean import not only from the site of Kommos butpossibly from all ofCrete. In otherwords, with a veryfew and rather specialexceptions, most of the impressively long-lived and typologically variedrepertoire of Mycenaean imports found at Kommoscome from a singleregion of production located in thenortheastern Péloponnèse. In thisrespect, the situation at Kommosis similarto, although not quite as extremeas, the picture of the much more narrowly dated importation of LH IIIA2 Latevessels found in tomb387 atTell Dan. Withregard to theimports from Cyprus, of the 40 pieceseffectively confirmedby NAA as Cypriotproducts, no lessthan three-quarters (30 samples)are White Slip (WS) II milkbowl fragments, two of these (C344, C4127) beingattributable to the WS IIA subgroup,and one (C9990) to theWS II Late subgroup(Figs. 4, 7, 8). Withthe exception of the two WS IIA fragments(one ofwhich, C344, is relatedto productsfrom the neighborhoodof Episkopi),all ofthese are associated with groups from theLimassol area, although whether they may also be connectedwith the largeproduction center identified at Sanidha,west-northwest ofKalava- sos in theeastern Troodos foothills, is uncertain.39What is clearis that virtuallyall of the WS II milkbowls imported to Kommoswere produced fromclays found several kilometers inland from the south-central coast of

37. Of 138 samples,53 areassigned theArgive coast than the workshops groupare considered likely to represent to theMYBEQ^group (that is, MYBE constitutingthe MYBE group). Egyptianproduction centers, while groupconstituents recovered from con- 38. Of the138 samplescited in 12 samplesmake up theJPAL group textsat Qantir),eight to theclosely thepreceding note, 21 areattributed identifiedas representingCanaanite relatedMYKRQ^group (made up of to theHCYP group(now suggested production. sampleswith MYBE-like composi- byMommsen and Sjöberg[2007] to 39. Forearlier NAA workon Cyp- tionsexcept for divergent potassium representpotters working at thesite riotBronze Age waresby the Man- and rubidiumconcentrations evidently of Sinda),six to theICYP group,and chesterArchaeometry Laboratory, causedby unusual taphonomic circum- anothereight to theKQAN group; see Bryanet al. 1997; forthe Sanidha stances),and threeto theTIRQ^group thelast two groups are also considered productionsite, see Todd and Pilides (attributedto workshopsat or in the to be Cypriot.Nine samplesin the 2001. vicinitiesof Tiryns and Asine,closer to LQAN groupand fourin theMQAN

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Cyprus.However numerous the production centers that were supplying this Cypriotware and its subvarietiesto Kommos mayhave been,they seem to havebeen clusteredwithin a fairlysmall area of theisland, in muchthe sameway as theMycenaean imports to Kommosderived largely from the Argolid.All of theWS importsto Kommoswere milk bowls, all of them areclassifiable as WS II ofone kindor another(i.e., thereare no examples of eitherProto WS or WS I), and all came fromcontexts dating between LM IIIA1 and LM IIIB.40 The muchsmaller number of CypriotBase Ring vesselssampled for analysis(C1052, C7407, C8154, C9382, C10463 [Figs.5, 9, 10]) maybeas- signedto ceramicgroups from sites further west along the south coast in the Episkopiarea.41 Base Ringware occurs at Kommosin theform of carinated cups,jugs andjuglets, and a possibletankard, thus representing a wider shape repertoirethan the WS II imports,but it makesits initialappearance in LM IIIA2 Earlycontexts, more or less contemporaneously with the WS II milkbowls.42 To judge fromthe comparatively scanty contextual data available forthis class of Cypriotimports, it is possiblethat the carinatedcups andjugs wereregularly used togetherat Kommosin pairedsets. In markedcontrast to thetwo preceding categories of Cypriot imports, the fourPlain White pithoisampled from Kommos seem to have been producedat severaldifferent locations along the southcoast, one in the Limassolarea (Fig. 5: C3171), twofurther east at Kition(C4143, C5770), and one yet furthernortheast in the neighborhoodof Enkomi (Figs. 5, 11: C9013).43Appearing at Kommos at the same timeas the firstWS II milkbowls, these pithoi may well havebeen thelarge transport vessels in whichsmaller Cypriot tablewares were shippedabroad, as was evidently thecase on thelate- 14th-century b.c. wreckat Uluburun.44Most ofthese verylarge vessels found at Kommos were recoveredfrom contexts close to the harborarea wherethey would have been off-loadedrather than fromhouses located on the slopes above the harbor.In thisrespect, their distributionon the siteresembles those of otherlarge imported transport vesselssuch as Canaanitejars and is noticeablydifferent from that of the smaller,decorated, and morereadily portable tablewares. 40. Rutter table The oftwo White PaintedWheelmade I ortankards 2006b,p. 654, 3:104, provenience jugs 657. 4: recoveredfrom LM IB Late and IIIB contexts p. (Fig. C10366, C10209) 41. Bryanet al. 1997.For the spe- withinHouse X at Kommos is uncertain,although they were probably cializedmanufacture ofBase Ring producedat one and the same place on Cyprus.Unfortunately, no Plain wareat a limitednumber of production 1991. White shapesother than pithoi were sampled in 1996, norwere any of the centers,see Vaughan muchearlier Red and ProtoBase fromLM I A Final and 42. See n. 40, above. Slip Ringjugs 43. For see Keswani LM IB forthe reasonthat none of the in Cypriotpithoi, Earlycontexts,45 simple pieces 1989,2009; Pilides2000. identifiedwith confidence as questionhad bythat time been Cypriot. 44. Fora convenientsummary of The single exampleof a Red LustrousWheelmade spindle bottle thefinds from this wreck, see Pulak fromKommos (Fig. 5: C2753) cannotbe confirmedas Cypriot,although 1998. 45. Rutter 656-657. the was to Kommosfrom a non-Cretanproduc- 2006b,pp. piece certainlyimported 46. For ofthe Fine tioncenter. A Fine Wheelmade mistakenas examples Gray Gray juglet(C4734) initially Wheelmadeclass at Kommosand their an of Base was confirmedas a centralCretan A example Ring product.46 probablemanufacture at one or more piece firstidentified as a CypriotMonochrome bowl (C4577) is insteada siteson Crete,see Rutter2006b, possiblewestern Cretan product,as are two of the threeProtopalatial pp. 678-680.

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piecesonce identified as Cypriot(Fig. 12: C7238,C7239). Lastly,pieces onceconsidered Cypriot but subsequently identified as westernAnatolian (CS731) and Syro-Palestinian(Fig. 5: C7639) wereconfirmed by NAA to be notobviously Cypriot. The patternof later Cypriot ceramic importation observed during the LM IIIA andLM IIIB periodssuggests that tablewares manufactured at specializedproduction centers on Cyprus (e.g., White Slip milk bowls, Base Ringcups, bowls, and jugs, and White Painted Wheelmade I tankards) wereshipped to Crete from discrete coastal emporia in Plain White pithoi producedat or nearthose emporia. The quantitiesof Cypriot tablewares beingimported to Kommoswere somewhat greater than those being importedfrom the Mycenaean mainland, and in both cases such importation appearsto have flourished over approximately thesame time span, although twoCypriot pouring vessels came from earlier Neopalatial contexts (one MM III, oneLM IA Early)than anything identifiable as a mainlandGreek product.Kommos has not furnished any mainland Greek functional equiva- lentto thelarge transport vessels, chiefly pithoi, imported from Cyprus, norany Cypriot equivalent to the relatively numerous small and attractively decoratedMycenaean stirrup jars of LH IIIA2-IIIB date. Despitethe somewhat larger quantities of imported Cypriot as opposed toMycenaean vessels from Kommos, by far the largest numbers of Cypriot ceramicsto havebeen recovered so farfrom any Minoan site, there is no reasonto believethat Cypriots were ever actually resident at Kommosin significantnumbers. Indeed, the distribution ofCypriot pithoi at coastal emporiafurther tothe west in Sardinia, Sicily, and northern Egypt strongly suggeststhat Kommos was simplya convenientstopover for Cypriot en- trepreneursengaged in long-distance exchanges with regions in the central Mediterranean,most notably Sardinia.47

CONCLUSIONS

The programof chemical analyses initiated in 1996on 21 potterysamples fromKommos regarded on stylisticgrounds as Mycenaeanimports and 48 samplesconsidered likely to be Cypriotimports has confirmedthat between15 and18 ofthe first group and between 40 and42 ofthe second groupwere accurately identified at theoutset (Table 6). Had thesamples beenselected a decadelater, more would have been chosen, since the numberof Mycenaean and Cypriot vessels recognized in 1996constitutes less thantwo-thirds of the pieces now viewed as genuineimports (58.3% and 47. Rutter2006b, p. 658; for 63.2%,respectively). Furthermore, some of the pieces that were incorrectly Cypriotpithoi, see n. 43, above.For identifiedin 1996as possibleCypriot imports (e.g., western Anatolian jug thelikelihood of Cypriot residents C5731,Canaanite jar C7639 [Fig.5]) orthat proved to be Cretan(e.g., the at in LH Tiryns veryearly IIIC, see Fine Wheelmade C4734,the LM II C7643 most Stockhammer Gray juglet pyxis [Figs.3, 6]) recently 2007, wouldnot have been included in the selection. ofthe last four pp. 323-325; for and Levan- Comparison Cypriot rowsof information inTable 6 makes tinecontacts with Tiryns, see also clearwhat the differences arebetween Maran2004; Stockhammer2007, thedate, ware, and shape ranges of the Mycenaean and Cypriotimports pp. 156-157. to Kommosthat were sampled in 1996versus those that were recognized

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TABLE 6. MYCENAEAN AND CYPRIOT IMPORTS FROM KOMMOS: NAA SAMPLES TAKEN IN 1996 AND ADDITIONAL FINDS AS OF 2006

MycenaeanImports CypriotImports

Suspectedimports sampled in 1996 21 48 Sampledpieces confirmed as correctly 15-18 40-42 attributedimports by NAA Totalidentified imports in 2006 36 76 (Rutter2006b) Itemssampled likely to be Minoan 3 (C1473, C3896, C7643) 4 (C4577, C4734, C7238, C7239) Itemsidentified as importsin 2006 2 (C1473, C3896) 1 (C4577) perhapsto be disqualifiedas suchby NAA results - Itemssampled likely or certainto be 2-4 (C5731 = westernAnatolian, C7639 = = importsfrom elsewhere Syro-Palestinian,C2753 and C7237 unprovenienced) Date (Mycenaean)or ware range LH I-LH IIIC Early(Table 1) Base RingI(?), Base RingII, Monochrome, (Cypriot)of items sampled in 1996 PlainWhite, Red LustrousWheelmade, WhitePainted Wheelmade I, WhiteSlip II, White Slip IIA, White Slip II Late (Table2) Date (Mycenaean)or ware range LH I-LH IIIC Early(Rutter 2006b, Base RingI(?), Base RingII, Monochrome, (Cypriot)of imports identified as of p. 668,table 3:110) PlainWhite, Proto Base Ring,Red Lustrous 2006 Wheelmade,Red Slip,White Painted IV, WhitePainted Wheelmade I, White Slip II, White Slip IIA, White Slip II Late (Rutter 2006b,p. 654,table 3:104) Shaperange of items sampled in 1996 Open:Vapheio cup, goblet, kylix, bowl,carinated cup, jug, juglet, milk bowl, deepbowl, stemmed bowl; pithos,spindle bottle, tankard (Table 2) Closed:piriform jar, amphoroid krater,alabastron, jug, stirrup jar (Table 1) Shaperange of imports identified as Open:semiglobular cup, Vapheio basin,bowl, carinated cup, jug, juglet, krater, of2006 cup,goblet, kylix, deep bowl, milkbowl, pithos, spindle bottle, tankard stemmedbowl; (Rutter2006b, pp. 654-655,tables 3:104-105) Closed:pithoid jar, piriform jar, amphoroidkrater, alabastron, jug, stirrupjar (Rutter2006b, p. 667, 1table 3:109) | by2006.48 Until the process of securing permits for work of this kind be- comesmore streamlined and the number of archaeological scientists and researchfacilities hosting such analyses in Greecehas grown appreciably, theproblem of scheduling the optimal moment for such sampling is likely to continue. The chemicalanalyses presented here have interesting implications, nonetheless,especially when contextualized within the rapidly expanding corpusof data on Mycenaeanceramic imports at sitesthroughout the easternMediterranean. The chronologicalrange of the Mycenaean imports to Kommosis unusuallybroad, extending for at leastthree and perhaps as manyas fourcenturies from LH I to thebeginning of LH IIIC. This rangemay be subdividedinto three distinct stages (LH I-IIA, LH IIB- 48. See also nn.13, 14, and 34, IIIA1,and LH IIIA2-LH IIIC Early),in each of which distinctive shapes above.

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wereutilized in particularspatial contexts at Neopalatial(LM I), Mono- palatialor EarlyPostpalatial (LM II-IIIA1), and FinalPalatial or Late Postpalatial(LM IIIA2-B) Kommos.Cypriot pottery was importedto Kommosmainly during the LM III periodand seemsto haveconsisted almostentirely of White Slip II milkbowls and Base RingII cupsand juglets.Such smallto medium-sizedtablewares were probably brought to thesite in largePlain White pithoi of various types (see Figs.5, 11: C9013,C3171), in much the same fashion as theCypriot pottery recovered fromthe Uluburun wreck of ca. 1300 b.c. was beingtransported. Kom- mosis uniquein the Aegean for the sheer quantities of imported Cypriot WhiteSlip II and Base RingII tablewaresrecovered, and thechemical analysesindicate that each of these classes of fine ware appears to have beenproduced in a discreteregion within Cyprus.

This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions APPENDIX NAA DATA FROM KOMMOS AND SELECTED CHEMICAL REFERENCE CROUPS

The chemicalcompositions of the 69 samplesfrom Kommos, along with multipleanalyses of five sherds (C2058, C665, C3171, C5770, C9013), are presentedin Table A. The elementaldata are quoted to threesignificant figuresand expressedin partsper million(ppm) exceptwhere noted as a percentage. Table B lists the chemicalprofiles of the 19 referencegroups with whichat least one Kommos samplefits. As noted in the textabove, the normalgroups listed in thefirst part of the table have an averagepercentage standarddeviation between 7.8% and 13.9%.The diffusegroups listed in the secondpart have valuesfrom 18.1% to 29.9%. These averagesare calculatedon the basis of the elementsincluded in Table B and exclude the figuresfor Yb, Lu, and Ta. The suggestedproveniences of the 19 groupspresented in Table B are as follows:

Asine 1: Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) Chania 4: centralCrete (Tomlinson1991) CypHMB: Limassol area (Tomlinson,unpublished) Cyprus2: Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) Cyprus3: Episkopiarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus5: Kitionarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus9: Limassol area (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus10: Limassol area (Bryanet al. 1997) CyprusIla: Limassol area (Bryanet al. 1997) Cypruslib: Limassol area (Bryanet al. 1997) Cyprus15: Enkomiarea (Bryanet al. 1997) Hawam B: Limassol area (Hoffmannand Robinson1993) Hawam G: Argolid(Hoffmann and Robinson1993) Hawam I: Argolid(Hoffmann and Robinson1993) Lachish:Argolid (Tomlinson 2004) MycLFl: Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) MycLF3: Argolid(Tomlinson, forthcoming) MycSJA2: Chania/WestCrete (Tomlinson1995a) MycSJB: centralCrete (Tomlinson1995a).

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JonathanE. Tomlinson SandraM. A. Hoffmann Canadian Institute in Greece 30 fairfield crescent dionysiou aiginitou j newsham park II5 28 ATHENS LIVERPOOL LÓ 8pJ GREECE UNITED KINGDOM [email protected] [email protected]

JeremyB. Rutter Dartmouth College department of classics hanover, new hampshire o3755 [email protected]

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