FIRST MANAGEMENT PLAN OF PAMBADUM SHOLA NATIONAL PARK

2009 - 2018

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE GOVERNMENT OF INDEX Pages PART - I THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION 1-23 CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AREA 1-3 1.1 Name, Location, constitution and extent 1 1.2 Approach and access 1 1.3 Statement of significance 2 1.4 Values of the Park 3 CHAPTER - 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES 4-13 2.1 Boundaries 4 2.2 Geology Rock and Soil 4 2.3 Terrain 5 2.4 Climate 5 2.5 Water sources 8 2.6 Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat 8 CHAPTER - 3 HISTORY OF MANAGEMENT AND PRESENT PRACTICES 14-22 3.1 General 14 3.2 Timber operation 14 3.3 Non Wood Forest Collection 15 3.4 Leases 15 3.5 Other programmes and activities 15 3.6 Forest protection 15 3.7 Visitor Management 19 3.8 Research monitoring and training 20 3.9 Wildlife conservation strategies & evaluation 20 3.10 Administrative set up 20 3.11 Communication 21 3.12 Summary of threats to wildlife 21 CHAPTER - 4 THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USE 23 SITUATION 4.1 The existing situation in the zone of influence 23 4.2 The Development program and conservation issues 23 PART - II PROPOSED MANAGEMENT 24-61 CHAPTER - 5 PLAN OBJECTIVES AND PROBLEMS 24-31 5.1 Objectives 25 5.2 Problems in achieving objectives & strategies to overcome the 25 problems CHAPTER - 6 STRATEGIES-BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND 32-46 THEME PLANS 6.1 Boundaries 32 6.2 Zonation 33 6.3 Zone plans 34 6.3.1 Plan for core zone 34 6.3.2 Plan for restoration zone 36 6.3.3 Plan for buffer zone 38 6.4 Theme plans 38 6.4.1 Protection plan 38 6.4.2 Fire protection 44 6.4.3 Watershed and water resource management 45 CHAPTER - 7 TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION 47-48 7.1 Environmental conservation awareness 47 7.2 Nature-based regulated tourism 48 CHAPTER - 8 ECODEVELOPMENT 49-51 CHAPTER - 9 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING 52-53 9.1 Research 52 9.2 Monitoring 53 9.3 Training 53 CHAPTER -10 ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION 54-55 10.1 Structure 54 10.2 Responsibilities 54 CHAPTER -11 THE BUDGET 56-61 PART-III APPENDICES 62-95 Annexure -1 Notification No. 12875/F2/2003/F&WLD dated 14.12. 2003 62 Annexure -2 Trees, Shrubs, Herbs of Pambadum Shola National Park 63 Annexure -3 List of Mammals recorded from Pambadum Shola NP 66 Annexure -4 Birds of Pambadum Shola NP 67 Annexure -5 List of butterflies recorded from Pambadum Shola NP 71 Annexure -6 List of recorded from Pambadum Shola NP 74 Annexure -7 Government of , Ministry of Environment and Forest vide 77 letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 Annexure -8 Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 79 Annexure -9 GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007 81 Anneuxre-10 List of Control forms 88 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF THE AREA

1.1. Name, Location, Constitution and Extent

Pambadum Shola National Park is located on the eastern portion of the High Ranges of Southern of Kerala. It is situated between 10o 7' and 10o10' N Latitudes and 77o14' and 77o17' 30" E Longitudes, falls in the Vattavada Panchayat of Taluk, . This National Park lies in between the Kanan Devan Hills and the of Originally notified as Pambadum Shola Reserve No. 55 in 1901, it was declared as National Park in December 2003 as per Notification no. 12875/Fe/2003/F&WLD dated 14/12/2003 of Kerala Government (Annexure 1) due to its unique ecological and geographical significance. The vegetation consists mostly of southern subtropical hill forests with shola-grassland system at the higher altitudes. The Shola National Park is 11.753 Km2 in extent (as per SOI toposheets) even though the notified area is only 131.80 Ha.

In Muvattupuzha part of Malayattoor Working Plan for the period 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan, it is stated that though the area as per notification is 320 acres the area indicated on the concerned Map exceeds 2600 acres and that maintained on the ground roughly corresponds to the area indicated on the Map (page 105). It was prescribed in Page 72 of working plan to take early steps to survey and notify the Shola Reserve.

The extent within the notified boundaries has also been checked and calculated by the GIS unit working under the Chief Conservator of Forests (FMIS). As per the findings of GIS unit extent comes to 11.6859 Sq. km. The Boundary of the Pambadum Shola National Park on the toposheet is given in Fig. 1.

1.2. Approach and access

The Park is situated at a distance of 36 Kms from town. Munnar is accessible from Kochi (120 km) and Coimbatore (150 km) airports along main roads. The nearest railway station in Kerala is Aluva (120km) and in Tamil Nadu, Pollachi (100 km). Two

1 roads pass through the Park, the Munnar – Koviloor road and the Munnar – road, now closed at the State boarder.

Fig.1: Boundary of Pambadum Shola National Park on Toposheet

1.3. Statement of significance

The Pambadum Shola National Park represents a large number of plants and unique to the shola vegetation. The Park has 321 species of out of which 89 species belong to the sub order Rhopalocera (butterflies) and the rest belong to Heterocera (moths). Thirteen endemic butterflies which are dominant in the higher elevations are found in the shola.

The species Parantica nilgiriensis () which is restricted to some of the hills of south India and listed as threatened species by IUCN, is abundant. The Shola also harbors

2 other rare species like lepita, Pantoporia ranga, Rohana pariasatis, Zipoetis saintis and Jamides dalecto.

1.4. Values of the Park

1.4.1. Value related to biodiversity of Protected Area.

Value related to flora.

· Well-protected representative example of shola ecosystem in Western Ghats.

· Exceptional species diversity

· Significant population of locally endemic species.

· Ideal place for “in-situ” germplasm conservation of rare and threatened species like tree ferns.

Values related to fauna.

· Significant diversity of especially butterflies.

· Corridor connecting KDH and Palani

1.4.2. Values related to watershed

· Value associated with watershed for drinking water and irrigation to Vattavada valley.

1.4.3. Values related to education and research.

· Research and monitoring values associated with endemism, biodiversity, human- wildlife interaction etc.

· Educational value associated with nature education, nature exploration and adventure.

1.4.4. Aesthetic value

· Eco-tourism potential

· Values related to bird watching, trekking, nature interpretation

3 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND ATTRIBUTES

2.1. Boundaries

2.1.1. Legal boundaries

North: The southern boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved Forest No.55, starting from a point about 500m towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less south East to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the middle of hill points 2497 (Pattitalachai Malai) and 2531 (Vandaravu Malai) on the inter state boundary.

East: The boundary runs more or less south along the interstate boundary.

South: The boundary runs more or less west along the interstate boundary.

West: The western boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the eastern boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the starting point.

70% of the boundary is already consolidated with permanent cairns.

2.1.2. Internal Boundaries

The Park is now managed as a single unit and hence there are no internal boundaries.

2.1.3. Ecological Boundaries

On the northern side, the Park is bordered partly by the . The eastern and southern sides are bordered by the proposed Palani Hills National Park and forests of Theni Division respectively. On the western side are the forests and plantations of Kannan Devan Hills. At the landscape level, the Park has continuity with Anamala Tiger reserve, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and the forests of Kannan Devan Hills.

2. 2 Geology, rock and soil

The underlying rock formation consists principally of gneiss of a granites nature, very often foliated and composed of quartz, feldspar and biotile. The soil is deep in general

4 and in ridges and hilltops, the soil is shallow. Soils in lower slopes and valleys are considerably deeper and finer.

2.2.1. Soil sampling and analyses

Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from Pambadum Shola. The gravel contents were found out. Analyses were carried out for estimation of particle–size separates, soil pH, organic carbon, available N, P, K Ca and Mg as per standard procedures in ASA (1965) and Jackson (1958). The soil physical and chemical properties are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of soils from Pambadum Shola forests

Organic Av. Av. Av. Sand Silt Clay Soil Av. N Av. K Location carbon, P Ca Mg % % % PH % % % Ppm % % Pambadum 60 14 26 5.7 4.50 0.037 12 0.271 0.092 0.0288 Shola Source: KFRI Extension Project Report No. 15.

The general features of soils in Pambadum shola are as follows:

The soils are very dark grayish brown granular, porous and very friable, low in gravel content, rich in organic matter and all nutrients, decaying leaves forming a mat on and closely below surface, medium acid and clay loam.

2.3 Terrain

The terrain is undulating with hillocks of varying heights. Vandaravu on the state boarder at 2531mts. is the highest peak.

2.3.1. Contour mapping

The contour maps of the different shola areas were prepared by KFRI using 1:50,000 SOI toposheets. The digital output was generated using MapInfo software (Figs.2 and 3).

2.4. Climate

The Pambadum Shola National Park due to its location towards the east of KDH receives less rainfall during the south west monsoons. The coldest months are December and January when the minimum temperature inside forests falls to 6˚C. In the grasslands sub zero temperatures occur. December to April are the dry months. Again, due to the

5 location nearer to Tamil Nadu, Pambadum Shola receives heavy rains during south-east monsoons.

Fig.2: Contour map of Pambadum shola NP and surrounding

Fig .3: Contour map of Pambadum shola (based on 1:50,000 SOI toposheets)

2.4.1. Rainfall pattern and distribution

Pambadum Shola National Park receives both southwest and northeast monsoons. The details of rainfall collected from nearby Park is given in Table 2.

6 Table.2: Rain fall data

Year Rain fall (inches ) 1998-99 107.51 99-2000 115.69 2000-01 108.40 2001-02 98.83 2002-03 65.95 2003-04 95.28 2004-05 99.11 2005-06 127.25 2006-07 99.99 2007-08 125.40 2008-09 92.712

Source: Mattupetty Tea Estate (KDHP)

2.4.2. Temperature, a summary of year round pattern

The average of past ten years of temperature varies with a maximum of 28 0 C and maximum of 9˚ 0 c. The details of temperature collected from nearby Park is given in Table 3.

Table.3: Temperature data

Year Maximum in˚ C Minimum in˚ C 1995 23.00 10.00 1996 25.50 8.90 1997 27.00 10.00 1998 28.00 9.00 1999 23.30 10.00 2000 18.90 12.20 2001 24.40 10.00 2002 25.00 10.00 2003 24.20 10.00 2004 27.00 9.00 2005 22.00 11.00 2006 22.72 12.48 2007 23.07 12.40 2008 22.63 11.87 Source: United Plantation Association of South India- Munnar

7 2.4.3. Humidity

The humidity of the area reaches its maximum during the months from Oct-November. The minimum humidity of the area varies from 55% to 70 % during the summer season.

2.4.4. Wind speeds

The wind speed is high in the upper reaches of the Park. No authenticated records are available. 2.4.5. Water sources

Two streams originate from the forest area and they join together with in the boundary of the Shola and runs through the Vattvada valley, then flows east through Kambakallu inside Kurinjimala Sanctuary and drains into the Amaravathy Reservoir through Thalinjiyar. The local people living in the near by villages use this water streams for drinking as well as agricultural purposes. These streams are the main water sources for the wildlife also.

The National park is having 9 nos. of Check Dams. The name and location of check dams are as follows: 1. Manathalam 6. Top Station 2. Manathalam 7. Pappathiyoda 3. Kuttikkadu 8. Bandhar 4. Kuttikkadu 9. Bandhar 5. Oorkkadu No proper water resources map is generated for the National Park by the Authorities.

2.5. Drainage

The drainage maps of the study area were also generated digitally using SOI toposheets and watershed atlas maps of Kerala State Land Use Board (Figs. 4 and 5). The water from the National Park is drained to Amaravathy Reservoir through Thalinjiyar.

2.6. Range of wildlife, status, distribution and habitat

The National Park forms part of the home ranges of large mammals like tiger and elephant. Sambar and bison are commonly found. The forage value of the grasslands has been considerably reduced due to extensive plantations of wattle. The Shola is an important habitat for the rare and elusive Nilgiri marten. Nilgiri langur and Malabar giant squirrel are very common. Rainfall and terrain are the important factors that influence movements.

8 Fig.4: Pambadum shola NP and surroundings (Drainage – general)

Fig.5: Drainage map of Pambadum shola (based on 1:50,000 SOI topo sheets)

2.6.1. Vegetation 2.6.1.1. Forest types Following forest types are recognized inside the Park

9 a. Shola forests (Southern montane wet temperate forest) b. Grassland (Southern montane wet temperate grass land) c. Transition forest (Southern sub tropical board leaved hill forest) d. Shrub lands e. Plantations

The two distinct physiognomic vegetation found within the Park are the grasslands and Shola forests. These forests are classified as southern montane wet temperate forests. The forests on the plateau occupy glens, hollows or valleys. Broadly, the Shola vegetation also includes the subtropical broad-leaved hill forests that merge in to the evergreen forests at a lower attitude. Grasslands, sholas, shrub lands and subtropical board- leaved hill forests are the major land cover types. A large portion of the Park has plantations of wattle (Acacia mearnsii), Eucalyptus and pine. The list of trees, shrubs and herbs are given in Annexure 2.

Shola forests

The hill forests are locally known as ‘sholas’ the Tamil term for forest. The Shola forests in the upper plateau are dense and floristically rich with many endemic and rare species. The trees in the shoals from a continuous canopy usually not exceeding 10-15 m. There is no marked differentiation in to canopy layers. The tree bark is covered with lichens, orchids, mosses and climbers. The crowns are generally rounded and dense.

Common tree specis in the Shola forests are Pithecellobium subcoriaceum, Ixora notoniana, Syzygium arnottanum, Ilex denticulate, I. wightiana, Michaelia nilagirica, Elaeocarpus recurvatus, Muicrotropis ramiflora, Actinodaphne bourdellonii, and Symplocos pendula. The edge of the Shola are marked by trees such as Rhododendron nalyzing var. nilagiricum, Terntstroemia japonica, Ligustrum perrttettii, Turpinia cochinchinensis, Mahonia leshenaultii, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,Berberis tinctoria, Vacccinium neilgherrense etc. and herbs and shrubs include Gaultheria fragramtiessima, Moonia hetrophylla, Jasminum bignoneacium, Smithia blanda, Venleriana hookeroana and a few spices of Strobilanthes. The undergrowth in the Shola is represented by Strobilanthes sp., Impatiens phoenicea, I. coelotropis Psychotria congesta, Viola patriinii, V. serpens, Asplenium sp., and Arumdomaria demsofolia. Epiphytic orchids in the shoals include Aerides ringens,Coelogyne nervosa.C. mossiae Eria dalzelli E. pauciflora and Schoenorchis filiformis. The common climbers are Piper schamidtii, Rubia cordifila and

10 Connarus wightii Rapanea capillata, Vacinium nalyzingtia impatiens tangachee, Sonerila grandiflora, Osmunda regalis and Eurya nalyzin are usually found along streams.

Transition forest (Southern sub tropical board leaved hill forest)

Broad- leaved forests are found on the slopes descending from the plateau. The dominant tree species found in the board- leaved forests are Pittosporum tetraspermum, Eleeocarpus munroii. Apollonias arnotti, Sympocos spicata, Gomphandra coriacea, Garcinia gummi-gutta, Litsea coreacea, Prunus ceylanica and Photinia nomtoniana. Major shrubs include Begonia subpeltata, Osbeckia lineolata, Polygala arillata, Strobilanthes homotropus, Maesa perrotteana etc.

Grasslands (Southern Mountain wet temperate grass land)

The grasslands cover the plateau and descending slopes. Three hundred and eight species are recorded from the grassland out of which 51 are endemic to the montane grasslands of the Western Ghats. In Kerala grasslands extends over an area of about 200 km2 (Anon. 1991). These high altitude grasslands are extensive and consist of grasses, herbs and under shrubs. The dominant species of grasslands are Chrysopogon zeylanicus, Arundinella fuscata, Dichanthium polyptychum, Eulalia pheothrix, etc. The common non- grass species in the grasslands are Anaphallis sp., Swerita sp., Hypericum mysurensis, Phlebophyllum kunthianum, Eupatorium sp. Viola sp. And Pteridium aquilinum

The major grass species in the grasslands are lividus Arundinella vaginata, Digitaria wallichiana and Arundinella mesophylla. Chrysopogon zeylanicus and Sehima nervosum dominate these plateau and slopes, whereas in the cattle grazed areas, unpalatable Cymbopogon flexousus is frequent. Sehima nervosum community is more prevalent through the plateau. Moist valleys are characterized by Garnotia sps. Other dominant grasses are Eulalia phaeothrix, and ropogon lividus, Arundinella purpurea, Agrostis peninsu;aris, Ichaemum indicum, Heteropogon contortus and Tripogon bromodies.

The common herbs and shrubs in the grasslands include Anaphalis lawii, A. bourneii, A. meeboldii, Swertia corymbosa, Polygala japonica, Curculigo orchiodies, Micromeria

11 biflora, Bupeurum distichophyllum, Crotalaria fysonii, C. overlifolia, Ranunculus reniformis Hydyotis swertiodes, Hedyotis swertiodes, Sencio lavandlaefolious, Parnassia mysorense, Pedicularis zeyalanica, Wahlenbergia gracilifolia, Impatiens pandata, I. modesta, Pheldophyllu kunthianum, Hypericum mysorense, Pteridium aquilinum, Ageratina a denophora, Gaultheria sragrantissima etc.

2.6.2. Animals Mammals

The Shola is very rich area for large mammals and presence of elephants (Elephas maximus) was recorded from the shola. Presence of Nilgiri Langur, Gaur (Bos gaurus), Common Mongoose and small carnivores were also recorded from the shola. Sloth bear and Jungle cat were recorded through indirect evidences. Sambar hair was recorded in the scat of wild dog. Indirect evidence of Cremnomys blanfordi a rodent was obtained by nalyzing the small carnivore scat collected from the Shola. List of mammals recorded during the survey by KFRI is given in Annexure 3.

Avifauna

During the survey 76 species are recorded from the National Park. The list of avifauna recorded from the Pambadum Shola is given in Annexure 4.

Lepidoptera

A total of 321 Lepidoptera species under 26 families were recorded from a study in which 89 species (21 families) belonged to hetrocera.

Rhopalocera (Butterflies)

Details of faunal elements special to this area Is given below.100 species of Butterflies have been recorded in this area. Of this, Mycalesis, Oculus, Paranticanil, Giriensi, tirunala Limniace, Tirunala Septentrionis,Neptis Hylas, Vanessa Indica,(Nymophalidae), Acytolepas Puspa, Udara Singalensis, Janides Bochus, Udara Akasa,(Lycaenidae),Eeurema blanda, Euremahecabe and Pieris canidia (pieridae) were the most ubiquitous species. Among these Mycalesis oculus, vanesaindica and Pieris canidia were the most abundant species and were found to be characteristic of Shola Forests, not being represented frequently in other forest types in the Western Ghats. Certain rare species like ,

12 Pantoporia ranga, Rohana parisatis, Zipoetis saittis (NumPhalidae) and Jamides Alecto (Lycaenidae ) etc. have also been recorded. The list of butterflies in the National Park is given in Annexure 5.

Heterocera (moths)

Out of 232 morpho species of heterocerans recorded, 108 were identified as given in Annexure 6. The families Pyralidae, Geometridae, and Arctiidae were ubiquitous being present in all the sampling sites. These families accounted for more than half of all the species collected from these sholas. Lymantriidae and Tortricidae were the next most abundant heteroceran families of the study area followed by Syntomidae, Pterophoridae, Lasiocampidae, Bombycidae, Tineidae, Sphingidae, Notodontidae, Cossidae and Phycitidae. The species Sangatissa subcurvifera (Lymantriidae); Larentia flavistrigata, Racotis inconclusa and Spilosoma casignetum (Geometridae) were some of the Himalayan species that are present in Pambadum Shola

Other insects

Other than the above listed species of insects, beetles, bees, wasps, dragonflies as well as syrphid and tabanid flies were very abundant in the region

Endemism

Some of the endemic species of butterflieslike Zipoetis satis, Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae); Udara singalensis, Udara akasa, Curetis thetis (Lycaenidae) were adapted to cool climatic conditions and were shared only by some similar forests like the hills of Nilgiris. The sholas seem to be an ideal habitat for the species Parantica nilgiriensis (Nymphalidae) that is restricted to some of the hills of south India and has been listed as threatened species by IUCN.

Some of the endemic species in Pambadum shola are included in the various schedules of the Indian Wild Life Act (GO 1982). They are Papilio clytia (Papilionidae), Neptis jumbah (Nymphalidae), Castalius rosimon (Lycaenidae) [Schedule I, Part IV]; Appias indira (Pieridae), Athyma ranga, Eriboea athamas, Hypolimnas missipus, Libythea lepita, Zipoetis saitis (Nymphalidae) [Schedule II, Part II]; Euploea core, Euthalia lubentina (Nymphalidae), Appias libythea (Pieridae) [Schedule IV]

13 CHAPTER 3

HISTORY OF MANAGEMENTS AND PRESENT PRACTICES

3.1. General

Pambadum Shola was notified as a Reserved Forest in 1901 because the colonial foresters greatly understood and appreciated the catchment values of forests and its impact on the agricultural settlements in the valley below. No private rights were admitted and the only public rights admitted were the right of way to the erstwhile Madras state, right of water and the right of cutting small timber for agricultural purposes. All the earlier Working Plans had placed the Shola under the Protection Working Circle. In 1963 the Shola Reserve became part of the Range of the newly formed Munnar Forest Division. Most of the grasslands were converted into plantations of wattle and Eucalyptus during 1970s and 80s. The road from Munnar to Kodaikanal which traverses a distance of 8.5 km through the Park was formed by the British planters towards the end of the Second World War for evacuation towards Madras Presidency in the event of a Japanese victory. This road was blocked at the state boarder at Bandhar by Tamil Nadu Forest Department and is at present used only for protection purposes. Consequent to the tourism boom in Munnar during 1990s, the other road namely Munnar-Koviloor road was upgraded and developed into a high way. There is unregulated movement of tourists along this road and this needs regulations for the long term conservation of this Park. Planting and removal of wattle and Eucalyptus were stopped after declaration of the Reserved Forest as National Park. During 80s and 90s most of the lands in the Vattavada valley belonging to the local people were purchased by outsiders and these absentee landlords started large scale planting of Eucalyptus which ultimately led to a situation of acute water scarcity in this relatively low rainfall area. The importance of the perennial water flow from the shola has to be viewed against this scenario.

3.2. Timber operations

After declaration as National Park, no timber operation of any sort has been carried out in these areas.

14 3.3. Non wood forest collection

There are agricultural villages namely Vattavada, Kovilur and Oorkadu lies adjoining to the boundary of the National Park. The villagers are mainly depending on agriculture for their livelihood. They mainly depend on forest for the collection of firewood and other minor forest products like honey, Kattupadavalam and wild pepper.

3.4. Leases

No part of National Park is leased to any organizations/ bodies except for 28.46 ha captive plantation of HNL. The details of captive plantation are explained in Para 3.7.

3.5. Other programmes and activities

There is an ongoing ecotourism programme by involving local people who have formed an EDC. Removal of exotics is being taken up on a small scale.

3.6. Forest Protection

The agricultural village named Vattavada, Oorkadu and Koviloor lies adjoining to the National Park. The people depend on the forest for firewood, and other small forest produces like honey, wild pepper and Kattu padavalam. The Collection of fire wood is the major pressure on the forest. The area has grasslands and swamps and people often graze their livestock in the Park.

The Munnar – Koviloor main road cuts through the National Park for 4 kms. There is unregulated movement of tourists along this road. The Park shares its east and south boundaries with Tamil Nadu. Climate and terrain provide opportunities for Ganja cultivation necessitating constant vigil.

There is an extensive wattle plantation along the border of Tamil Nadu both inside and outside the Park. Frequent fires cause invasion of wattle into the grasslands and it grows as a bushy thicket of vegetation causing destruction of available wildlife habitats. Presently the National Park is protected by one Forester and 2 Forest guard deployed from Kadavari Station. The National park at present does not have a separate vehicle, arms, ammunitions, equipments and accommodation facilities related to protection of National Park. There is also no institutional mechanism for coping with the interstate problems.

15 3.6.1. Forest Plantation

The notified boundaries of the National Park encompass plantations of the following categories (Table 4) and same is shown in Fig.6.

Table 4: Forest plantations in Pambadum Shola National Park

Sl. Extent (ha) Name of Plantation Location No KFD HNL 1 1972 Eucalyptus Vattavada 46.90 2 1972 Wattle Pattiyankal, Bendhar 89.90 3 1984 Wattle Pattiyankal 14.70 4 1991 Eucalyptus Vattavada 02.97 5 1973 Eucalyptus Vattavada 40.00 6 1983 Wattle Bendhar 54.50 7 1967 Pine Vattavada 02.50 8 1971 Pine Vattavada 14.10 9 1991 (1958) Eucalyptus Vattavada 29.40 10 1999 Eucalyptus Vattavada 21.01 25.49 11 1973 Wattle Bendhar 04.25 12 1986 Wattle Vattavada 11.00 13 1968 Wattle Vattavada 40.00 Total (396.72) 368.26 28.46

Fig. 6: Forest Plantations in Pambadum Shola National Park

16 3.6.1.1. HNL captive plantation

The notified boundary of National Park encompass 28.46 ha Eucalyptus captive plantation of HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(C) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 7). The captive plantation by HNL were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure 8). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 metric ton of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 9).

The extraction of Eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in Civil Writ Petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No. 1220(interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.

3.6.2. Legal Status

The Shola Reserve was notified as Reserved Forest in 1901. It was declared as a National Park in December 2003 as per notification No. 12875/ Fe / 2003/ F&WLD dated 14.12.2003. There are no enclosures inside.

3.6.3. Hunting

There is no history of hunting in the Shola reserve. The area was historically managed under Protection Working Circle of the Working Plans.

17 3.6.4. Illegal activities 3.6.4.1. Poaching

Over the past ten years, only one case was registered under poaching category. The details of the case are given below:

Date Number of Accused Value of Forest Produce (Rs.) 17/8/96 2 500.00

3.6.4.2. Illegal cutting of trees

During the past ten years, three cases were registered under illegal cutting of trees in the Pambadum Shola Reserve. All the offences took place inside Eucalyptus and wattle plantations. The details of the cases are given in Table 5.

Table 5: Details of offence in Pambadum Shola National Park

Date Number of Accused Value of Loss (Rs.) Seizures 18/6/97 2 - 75.00 5/8/97 3 - 200.00 21/6/2000 6 Rs. 75 500.00 O.R.4/06 6 2.5 lakhs 20000.00

3.6.4.3. Illegal removal of NWFP

The NWFP like Honey, Badraksham, Wild pepper, Kattu padavalam, etc. are collected by the fringe area people.

3.6.4.4. Ganja cultivation

There were some instances of attempts to cultivate ganja during the past in the remote areas of the Shola.

3.6.4.5. Encroachment

No case under illegal encroachment was recorded.

3.6.4.6. Domestic livestock grazing

Pambadum Shola is enriched by grassland and the near by villagers are using it for cattle grazing. It may cause to the spread of many communicable diseases to the wild life of the Shola.

18 3.6.5. Wild fires

The plantations of Wattle and Eucalyptus inside the National Park were subjected to frequent fires. No reliable records of fire occurrence are available in the erstwhile Marayoor Range. After declaration as National Park, no instances have been recorded.

3.6.6. attacks and pathological problems

Insect attacks and pathological problems are not reported

3.6.7. Wildlife Health

The presence of cattle may cause out-break of foot and mouth and other communicable disease. The invasion of grasslands by wattle and Eucalyptus causes loss of habitat and fodder availability to herbivores is adversely affected. There is no system of wildlife health monitoring at present.

3.6.8. Interagency programmes and problems.

As there are no settlements inside, other agencies are not operating inside. The Munnar- Koviloor road that passes through the Park is maintained by PWD, but it is a forest road fully under the control of the Forest Department. This may lead to future conflicts. The HNL has 28.46 ha captive Eucalyptus plantations inside the PA. The plantations are not extracted after the formation of National Park.

3.7. Visitor management

3.7.1. Tourism

Park has the capacity only for nature based regulated tourism because of the tiny size. Currently, there is a programme of guided trekking conducted by one EDC. The facilities at present are at the entrance at Top Station. The Amenity Centre and 2 mud houses at Oorkadu are not yet become operational.

3.7.2. Conservation education

The Park lacks basic infrastructure facilities for conservation Education. The presence of Shola Grassland Eco system having high ecological importance is making this area suitable for conservation education.

19 3.8. Research monitoring and training.

3.8.1. Research & monitoring

The National Park is considered as the representative of an entire biodiversity, hence there is a high excellent opportunities for research and monitoring in the said area. There were some studies in the past conducted by different research institutions. Some of the notable studies were Nameer (2001) on avifauna of this Shola, Brijesh C M (2004) on the diversity of Lepidoptera (Insects) in Shola Forest, Mathew and Mohandas (2001) on Insects, and Kishore Kumar (2004) on the and ecology of Shola forests. All these studies emphasise the need for continuous monitoring of fauna and flora. Long- term studies are needed to understand the status of the animal and avifaunal populations, which will be incorporated in the prescriptions of this plan.

3.8.2. Training

The staff of Pambadum Shola National Park is under-trained, except with regard to study tours and brief trainings. The staff has not received any form of wild life training yet or training in the maintenance and use of firearms, wireless etc. The lack of trained staff seriously affect the park management programmes.

3.8.3. Census

There is no history of wildlife census.

3.9. Wildlife Conservation strategies & evaluation

Prior to the notification of Pambadum Shola National Park, the forest area existed as Pambadum Shola reserve forest under the erstwhile Marayoor range of Munnar forest Division. These small Shola forests were protected as reserve forests and neither hunting nor any management practices were in existence. There were no wildlife management schemes or special plans.

3.10. Administrative set up

Pambadum Shola National Park is one of the administrative units under Assist. Wildlife Warden, Shola National Parks. The head quarters of the Shola National Park is in Top Station and the infrastructure is inside the Pambadum shola National Park itself. The Shola National Park is one of the administrative units under Wildlife Warden, Wildlife

20 Division, Munnar. One Forester and two Forest Guards are looking after the Pambadum Shola National Park and they are deputed from Kadavari Forest station. Six protection mazdoors assist them in protection duties.

3.11. Communication

The Parks lies 36 km away from Munnar. It takes almost one and half-hours to travel the distance. Wireless set fixed in the office of the Asst. Wildlife Warden Shola National Parks is used for communication. No telephone connection is available.

POSTEL ADDRESS Wildlife warden Assistant wild life warden Munnar - 685612 Shola National Parks Telephone No. 04865 231587 Vattavada Email address: [email protected] Yellapatty P.O., Top Station. Mobile phone No.9447979093

3.12. Summary of threats to wildlife

Invasive alien species

Old plantations of wattle and eucalyptus present in the Park and the extension of area under this species by subsequent natural regeneration and invasion of wattle is causing shrinkage of natural grassland.

Ganja Cultivation

Some of the areas are prone to ganja cultivation.

NTFP collection

The Pambadum Shola National park is rich in Non Timber Forest Produce. People of Vattavada settlement and locals are regularly engaged in illegal collection of Non Timber Forest Produce. People are using Non Timber Forest Produce mainly for self-use and sale. The unscientific collection practices of Non Timber Forest Produce cause severe damage to the ecosystem. Moreover the illegal practice is leading to the extinction of many locally endemic plants within the Protected Area.

Illicit felling

Illicit felling is not a big problem in this National Park, as no economically important species are available.

21 Firewood collection

Illicit firewood collection is a major problem within the National Park. The practice is widespread due to the existence of a large number of local people in the fringe area. Majority of families are depending on firewood for domestic purpose. It is understood that a considerable quantity of firewood are also used for sale outside the National Park.

Human - wildlife conflict

The population in human inhabitations adjacent to the National Park is estimated to be more than 1000. Majority of the people are engaged in agricultural practices. Since agriculture produce cultivated by the people attract wildlife animals, human-wildlife conflicts are common. Wild boar, Elephant, Sambar and Bonnet macaque cause most of the damages.

Encroachments

The North West boundary of the National Park is not permanently demarcated. Hence detection of old encroachments, if any, is difficult and chance of marginal encroachments exists.

Poachers and smugglers

This problem is not a matter of serious concern for this Shola National park.

Wildlife diseases

The National Park is not much exposed to wildlife diseases, though there is a high cattle rearing and local residence on the fringe area of the National Park.

Inadequate protection staff

One of the major constraints in dealing with protection aspect is the absence of separate protection staff exclusively for the Park. Staff is needed for enforcing proper protection, supervising developmental activities, visitor management and monitoring.

22 CHAPTER 4

THE PROTECTED AREA AND THE INTERFACE LAND USE SITUATION

4.1. The existing situation in the zone of influence

The villages of Vattavada, Koviloor and Oorkadu lie outside the northern boundary of the Park. Their means of livelihood is mainly agriculture and related jobs. The people depend on the Park mainly for firewood and cattle grazing. NWFP is also collected.

4.1.1. PA people mutual impact.

People living near the Park in the adjoining villages depend on the Park for a wide range of needs. The existing water sources within the Park meet the drinking water needs of the local people. On the other hand, the agricultural crops in the farm land are frequently destructed by the wild animals.

4.2. The development programme and conservation issues.

4.2.1. Evaluation of Government and non- Government agencies

Integrated approach is absent in developmental programmes in which many agencies are involved.

4.2.2. The interplay of market forces and their impact

Due to the lack of proper marketing system, the agriculturists of the area are not getting reasonable value for their crops. Large scale planting of Eucalyptus by absentee landlords not only create ecological damage, but also lead to lack of employment.

4.2.3. Eco developmental initiatives

Eco developmental activities are at its initial stage. The Park is not equipped at present to deal with people’s programmes due to lack of suitable trained personnel.

23 VISION

“Conservation of fragile shola grassland ecosystem for biological diversity, ecological services and water security”.

24 CHAPTER 5

PLAN OBJECTIVE AND PROBLEMS

5.1. Objectives

· To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland ecosystem

· To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and landscape.

· To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park

· To promote environmental conservation awareness

· To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism

· To strengthen People-PA interface

5.2. Problems in achieving objectives within and Outside Protected Area.

Objective-1. To conserve the rich biological diversity with special emphasis on rare, endangered, threatened and endemic species in the fragile and unique shola grassland ecosystem Constraints • Strategies Possible negative impact of exotic and • Conduct study on impact of exotic and invasive invasive species on native and endemics species on native and endemics & develop guidelines for phased removal • Phased removal based on guidelines • Monitoring the impact of removal of exotic and invasive species and regeneration of indigenous species. Lack of data on extent of vegetation types • Mapping of vegetation types Lack of clarity on the boundary & extent • Survey and demarcation of boundaries Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Banthar, Periyakadu), impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc • Prepare fire management plan (possible activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of fire watch towers, procuring modern

25 Constraints • Strategies equipments, creation of awareness, training to staff and EDC members, controlled pre- burning, etc) • Participatory fire management Grazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing • Propose for pasture land, if needed • Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding • Vaccination of cattle – twice an year. • Ensure vaccination of cattle transported through the PA. • Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency. • Form an user-group EDC Lack of wildlife health monitoring • Impart training to staff & EDC members on mechanism wildlife health monitoring • Strengthen veterinary support for effective monitoring • Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency. • Implement regular wildlife health monitoring Firewood collection for self-use • Study the extent and impact of firewood collection • Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood • Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics • Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required • Provide energy-saving devices • Form an user-group EDC Lack of information on the status of flora • Conduct studies to document the flora and and fauna including RET and endemics fauna of the PA including RET and endemics • Document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities • Conduct population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna Lack of infrastructure including • Identify infrastructure requirement for effective communication, arms, vehicles & management of PA accommodation (One quarter cum office for RO at Manathalam, one check-post at Manathalam, Forester’s and staff quarters at Manathalam,

26 Constraints • Strategies anti-poaching camp sheds (3 nos.) at Oorkadu and Bandhar and watchtower (2 no.) at Pattiyangal and Bandhar. NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, wild pepper, kattu padavalam, etc) • Prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection of NWFP resources • Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition • Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection • Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/unsustainable collection • Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book. • Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP species in the homesteads. Lack of separate staff for the Park • Propose for additional staff (create posts –2 forester and 4 guards, I UDC and I peon, 1 part time sweeper) for the Park for effective management of PA & check posts • Creation of 5 posts of Muduvan watchers Lack of welfare amenities for staff • Identify required welfare amenities for staff and propose to implement Unregulated vehicular traffic through the • Control vehicular traffic at entry points and Park prevent untimely visits of tourists Potential ganja cultivation • Strengthen protection with improved amenities and ensure support of local people for preventing all illegal activities. • Prepare protection plan, divide the area into smaller field formation (patrolling units) for effective protection. Presence of invasive species • Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem • Control/prevent growth of invasive species with appropriate method. • Explore possibilities of using invasive species for income generating activities Poaching & Illicit felling • Prepare protection plan, divide the area into smaller field formation (patrolling units) for effective protection. • Strengthen Intelligence gathering. • Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and

27 Constraints • Strategies rules, etc. • Incentives to informants • Anti-poaching camp sheds in crucial points. • Joint patrolling in inter-state boundary • Strengthen communication facilities, arms and mobility of staff Lack of information on judicious distribution • Study and identify the spatial and temporal of water sources for wildlife distribution of water sources in view of animal’s requirement • Ensure judicious distribution of water sources throughout the park Absence of zonation • Propose zones (core, restoration/multi-purpose) Interstate boundary • Take steps to prevent spreading of fire, poaching, and other illegal activities from the adjacent state through periodic interaction, joint patrolling, sharing information on smugglers, joint raids, etc.

Objective. 2. To restore and maintain the originality of Shola grassland eco system and landscape.

Constraints • Strategies Lack of information on extent of exotics • Collate information on the plantations from plantation journals and other documents and ground truthing Lack of information on mechanism of • Roadside restoration of shola as this is the best restoration fire break

Lack of rules for removal of plantations • Warden may move a proposal for removal of from PA plantations from the Park

Fire • Collect details of fire prone zones (Banthar, Periyakadu), impact due to fire, cause of fire, etc • Prepare fire management plan (possible activities: firelines/fire breaks, timely engagement of fire mazdoors, construction of fire watch towers, procuring modern equipments, creation of awareness, training to staff and EDC members, controlled pre- burning, etc) • Participatory fire management Grazing • Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing • Propose for pasture land, if needed

28 • Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding • Vaccination of cattle • Ensure vaccination of cattle transported through the PA • Form an user-group EDC NWFP collection • Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, wild pepper, kattu padavalam, etc) • Prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection of NWFP resources • Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition • Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection • Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/unsustainable collection • Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book Firewood collection • Study the extent and impact of firewood collection • Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood • Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics • Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required • Provide energy-saving devices • Form an user-group EDC

Objective 3. To maintain and improve the watersheds of the National Park

Constraints • Strategies Lack of data on hydrology of the PA • Mapping of water sources • Prepare drainage map. • Install meteorological stations for regular monitoring. • Implement suitable measures for maintaining and improving watersheds. Lack of water retaining mechanisms within • Conduct feasibility study to retain water in (Kovilur, Oorkadu) and outside PA crucial locations. Presence of exotics like eucalyptus and • Phased removal

29 wattle plantations

Objective 4. To promote environmental conservation awareness

Constraints • Strategies Lack of infrastructure • Explore feasibility for developing a centralized interpretation centre/Information centre in collaboration with DTPC/local bodies/Tourism Department at appropriate location preferably on the land with forest dept near KSRTC Bus stand in Munnar. Lack of resource persons • Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level. Inadequate education materials for • Develop education materials for various different target groups target groups, brochures, posters, movies etc

Lack of signage • Develop appropriate signages

Objective 5. To facilitate nature-based regulated tourism

Constraints • Strategies Lack of trained human-resource • Engage trained resource persons by Anamudi FDA Lack of training to local people and staff • Capacity building & training to guides and staff Lack of equipments like binoculars, leech- • Procure adequate equipments to be given to proof socks, etc tourists on rent Lack of infrastructure • Develop pay and use toilets – Top Station • Develop an ethnic waiting shelter for guides/tourists Absence of closure period • Propose closure period after scientific study Lack of ban on waste accumulation • Legal Enforcement with fine including plastics • Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment. • Ensure support of local bodies • Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park Lack of dissemination of nature-based • Develop dissemination mechanisms. regulated tourism potentials • Create a website. Lack of specified nature-based regulated • Develop appropriate nature based tourism plan tourism activities considering protection of PA and ensuring livelihood security of dependant community Lack of benefit sharing mechanism from • Initiate dialogues with tour operators and tour operators for the benefit of the local formulate benefit sharing mechanisms people/forest dependent communities

30 Lack of recycling of entry fee for the benefit • Move proposal for recycling entry fee of park & the local people · Prepare site specific microplan with baseline Lack of impact monitoring mechanism information and conduct annual monitoring.

Objective 6. To strengthen People-PA interface

Constraints • Strategies Human-Wildlife Conflict at Kovilur, • Develop appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife Oorkadu, Vattavada, Kottakombur, entering the farmlands Chilandiar & Pazhathottam • Timely payment of compensation • Institution of crop insurance • Appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park Lack of information on the extent of conflict • Study the extent of the problem and wildlife and crops involved Lack of ecodevelopment programmes • Constitute EDCs and design appropriate ecodevelopment programmes Lack of funds for implementing • Seek funds from various sources (Local bodies / ecodevelopment programme other line departments/ Govt of India) through FDA Inadequate supporting team for • Deploy adequate trained support team implementing ecodevelopment including social workers in Vattavada area programmes Absence of information on needs and • Identify the needs /aspirations and natural and natural and cultural resources of local cultural resources of local community people • Identify the potentials to be utilised for the livelihood security of local people Lack of training to staff • Impart training to staff

Lack of drinking water facility in the human • Conduct feasibility study to retain water in habitations crucial locations outside PA Lack of fuel wood plantations for bonafide • The exotics removed in phased manner from use plantations may be used for the purpose • Planting miscellaneous species of fuel wood in community lands • Make use of solar water heaters for firewood dependent communities funded by line departments

31 CHAPTER 6 THE STRATEGIES BOUNDARIES, ZONATION, ZONE PLANS AND THEME PLANS

6.1. Boundaries

Pambadum Shola National Park

6.1.1. Legal Boundary

North: The southern boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55, starting from a point about 500 Mtr towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less south east to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the middle of hill points 2497 (Pattialachai Malai) and 2531 (Vandaravu Malai) on the inter state boundary.

East: The boundary runs more or less south along the inter state boundary.

South: The boundary runs more or less west along the inter state boundary.

West: the western boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the eastern boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the starting point.

Within the legal boundaries notified, there is a difference in extent of area notified than the actual. As per the GPS survey conducted by KFRI, the extent of the Park within the notified boundaries is 11.78 sq.km. The area mentioned in the Working Plan for the Moovattupuzha part of Malayattur Division for the period from 1951-52 to 1966-67 by Sri. T.P. Viswanathan exceeds 10.52 sq.km. The Wildlife Warden may survey the area and take action to notify the actual in the ground within the notified boundaries. The Wildlife Warden may also take action for final notification of the National Park.

About 70% of the legal boundaries are already demarcated with permanent cairns. The Wildlife Warden may taken action for survey of boundaries and consolidation with permanent cairns.

32 6.1.2. Ecological Boundaries

On the northern side, the Park is bordered partly by the Kottakombur Revenue Village and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. The eastern and southern side is bordered with forests of Kodaikanal and Theni Divisions of Tamil Nadu. On the western side are the Kannan Devan Hills. The area has continuity with Kurinjimala Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Eravikulam National Park and Munnar and Marayur Forest Divisions (Fig.7).

Fig. 7: The National Park and the Landscape

Internal Boundaries

The Park is managed as a single Section. There are 165.77 ha (28.46-HNL area & 137.31 KFD area) Eucalyptus plantations, 214.35 ha Wattle plantations and 16.60 ha Pine plantations within the Park. The Wildlife Warden will submit proposals for notification of section to the Field Director. The Wildlife Warden will also take action to conduct the GPS survey for delineation of the plantations and prepare maps for the restoration zone.

6.2. Zonation

The park management zoning scheme has been developed to:

· Provide a geographical framework in which to manage the Park

· Indicate which management directions have priority in different parts of the Park

33 · Indicate the types and levels of use appropriate throughout the Park

· Assist in minimizing existing and potential conflicts between uses and activities, or between these and the protection of park values

· Provide a basis for assessing the suitability of future activities and development proposals

6.3. Zone plans

In order to achieve the objective the park is divided into the following zones.

1. Core zone

2. Restoration zone

3. Buffer zone or multiple use area

6.3.1. Plan for Core zone

The core zone is the fully protected zone where human interference is strictly prohibited. Except for the plantations (396.72 ha), all the areas are taken into Core (Fig.8). The core area is having total extent of 7.7858 km2. The focus of management will be total protection of natural resources. The following activities subject to specific proposals in respective chapters of this management plan will be allowed to be implemented.

Fig.8: Management Zonation in Pambadum Shola National Park

34 · Anti poaching initiatives

o Construction, maintenance and improvement of small anti-poaching camps/chowkies, patrolling camps, check posts, barriers, boundary walls, constructions of small staff quarters for the frontline staff, etc.

· Communication and protection measures

o Construction of wireless towers, improvement and maintenance of fair weather forest roads not exceeding three meters in width, small bridges, culverts, fences, etc.

· Fire protection measures

o Clearance and maintenance of fire lines as prescribed in the Management Plan by undertaking controlled cool or early burning and construction of watch towers

o No fireline should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.

o In grass around the shola the scrapping may be avoided. The system followed in Eravikulam NP by Mudhuvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be followed.

· Habitat improvement activities

o Weed eradication, maintenance and development of meadows/grassland required for wild herbivores which are prey base for the carnivores, digging and maintenance of small water holes and small anicuts, earthen tanks, impoundment of rain water

· Management of grassland habitats

o Early or cool controlled winter burning of grassland habitats to facilitate growth of fresh grass.

35 · Studies/data collection

o The studies like mapping of vegetation, wildlife health monitoring, documentation of flora and fauna including RET and endemic, population monitoring of selected flora and fauna, habitat utilization and movement pattern of elephants, invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem, spatial and temporal distribution of water sources, mapping of water sources, drainage map, etc.

6.3.2. Plan for Restoration zone

There are 165.77ha Eucalyptus plantations, 214.35ha Wattle plantations and 16.60 ha Pine plantations (total 3.9672km2) which is considered to be the restoration zone (Fig.8). The above plantations include 28.46 ha of captive plantations (eucalyptus) raised by HNL. The Management Plan prepared by HNL for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 is approved by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c)A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 (Annexure 7). The captive plantation by HNL were raised in accordance with the Government of Kerala GO(Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 (Annexure 8). The Government of Kerala had an agreement on 04-10-2007 with HNL for making available raw material annually to the company 50,000 metric ton. Eucalyptus wood, 1,00,000 MT of Acacia, Manjium and other pulpwood species, 75,000 metric ton of reeds and 75,000 metric ton of Bamboo (Annexure 9).

The extraction of eucalyptus, wattle from National Park was stopped as per the Supreme Court Order dated 14-02-2000 in IA No. 548 in civil Writ petition No. 202/95 which prohibit the removal of trees including dead, dying and diseased trees and grasses from PAs. In IA No. 1220 (interring report of CEC in IA No. 548) and IA No. 994 in Writ petition No. 202/1995 the Supreme Court has issued orders on 25th November 2005 and 14th Sept. 2007 wherein certain activities in PA are permitted. The presence of wattle and Eucalyptus plantation in National Park has deleterious impact on wildlife habitat. The Wildlife Warden has not moved any proposal under Section 29 of Wildlife Protection Act 1972 for removal of wattle and eucalyptus for improving the habitat.

The areas planted with Eucalyptus (165.77 ha), Wattle, A. mearnsii (214.35ha) and Pine (16.60ha) are taken into Restoration zone. The total extent of the restoration zone is 3.96

36 km2 (map 2). The restoration zone after removal of the planted species will be included in the core zone.

For restoration and maintenance of the originality of the shola grassland ecosystem and landscape, the following strategies and activities are proposed.

§ Warden may move a proposal for removal of plantations from the Park to improve habitat and restore the original vegetation.

§ Fine tune techniques of restoration by studying ecorestoration works in similar habitats elsewhere especially in the neighbouring Kodaikanal Division and Valparai in . The accepted method of removing A. mearnsii is cutting at the base for older plants (it doesn’t coppice) while younger plants need to be carefully uprooted over a 3-5 years period. Uprooting has to be done by pulling by the roots and pressing the soil back to avoid erosion. The soil seed bank might contain A. mearnsii seeds which are usually stimulated by fire. Therefore, controlled burning can be carried out in such sites after the initial removal to stimulate germination of all the seeds in the soil seed bank, which can then be removed as and when they germinate. This process is to be continuous over a 3-5 years period, using volunteers and paid labour.

§ Assisted regeneration of indigenous species on trial basis using the species (listed in Table 6) recommended by Sri. U.M. Chandrasekharan, Sri. P.K. Muraleedharan and Sri. V. Sibichan suitable for shola forest.

Table 6: Recommended species for assisted regeneration in different sholas in Park Mannavan shola Pullaradi shola Mathan shola Acronychia pedunculata Elaeocarpus serratus Neolitsea scrobiculata Actinodaphne bourdillonii Elaeocarpus munronii Presea macrantha Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Elaeocarpus recurvatus Rhododendron nilgiricum Beilschmiedia wightii Glochidion neilgherrense Schefflera racemosa Canthium dicoccum Gomphandra coriacea Symplocos cochinchinensis Chionanthus ramiflorus Hydnocarpus alpina Syzygium cumini Cinnamomum sulphuratum Litsea floribunda Syzygium densiflorum Cinnamomum sp. Litsea wightiana Syzygium gardneri Cryptocarya bourdillonii Mastuxua arborea Turpinia nepalensis Cyathea nilgiriensis Meliosma pinnata Vaccinium leschenaultia Daphniphyllum Microtopis raniflora Viburnum coriaceum neilgherrense Neolitsea cassia

37 § Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion

§ Establishment of a permanent plot for monitoring succession and eco restoration

The activities prescribed for core zone are applicable to restoration zone also.

6.3.3. Plan for Buffer zone or multiple use area

The areas falling within 100 m distance on either side of the Munnar – Koviloor road through the plantations inside the Park is included in the buffer zone. The total extent of the buffer zone is about 1 km2 (Fig.8) which is overlapping with the restoration zone.

The buffer zone will perform the functions of

1. Promoting environmental conservation awareness

2. Nature based regulated tourism

3. Strengthen People-PA interface

The activities to be carried out in buffer zone are covered in respective theme plans and chapters. The core zone activities are applicable to buffer zone also.

6.4. Theme Plans

The Pambadum Shola National Park will be managed under the following theme plans.

1. Theme plan for Protection 2. Theme plan for Fire protection 3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management

6.4.1. Theme plan for Protection

The Pambadum Shola National Park is having total extent of 1.318 km2 (as per notification) and 11.78 km2 as per GPS survey conducted by KFRI. The park is having threats like cultivation of ganja, illicit distillation, poaching, smuggling of timber, etc. The park is also having pressures on natural resources like grazing, firewood collection, NWFP collection, etc. Although the park was notified in 2003, there are many gaps in protecting the natural resources of the park. In order to protect the natural resources of the park the following strategies and activities are proposed.

38 6.4.1.1. Administration of the Park

The Wildlife Warden is based at Munnar which is 36 km away from the park and the office of the Assistant Wildlife Warden of the park is at Top Station within the park. The Assistant Wildlife Warden is having administrative control over Pambadum Shola NP, Mathikettan Shola NP, Anamudi Shola NP and Kurinjimala Sanctuary. Presently the area is functioning as one section manned by one Forester and two Forest Guards deployed from Kadavari station for the protection of the park.

The extent of the Park is 11.78 km2 (as per GPS survey by KFRI) having difficult and hostile terrain. It is proposed to manage the area as one section, namely, Pambadum Shola Section with head quarter at Manathalam. The Wildlife Warden will move a proposal for declaration of section as per the provisions in the Forest Code.

It is proposed to redeploy one Forester and 2 Forest Guards from Kadavari Station to the Pambadum Shola National Park. The Forester will look after the overall management of the Park and report to Assistant Wildlife Warden.

Check post and chain gate

The people settled at Kovilur, Kottakombur, Shilanthiyar, Kadavari, and Vattavada are having the right of way through the Munnar- Koviluoor road.

Munnar - Kovilur road is also used for transportation of goods and cattle.

The tour operators are also using the road for carrying the visitors for seeing landscapes in Vattavada and Kovilur.

There is one Check post at Top Station which is managed by Forest Guard and daily wage watcher at present. In order to have a effective control to regulate the movement of traffic, cattles and visitors, it is proposed to post one forester and 2 forest guard at Check post. The Wildlife Warden for sanction of the post.

6.4.1.2. Infrastructure Administrative building At present the Asst. Wildlife Warden is utilizing the outpost at Top Station, made available from Marayoor Sandal division is functioning as Range Office. It is proposed to construct Office cum residence for the Range Officer at Manathalam on the northern boundary of the Park (Fig.9).

39 The Section Forester and Guards are also functioning in the out post at Top station. It is proposed to construct Residence cum office for the Forester at Manathalam / Oorkadu and the existing 2 patrol camp shed at Manathala will improved and maintained for the Forest Guards. (nature friendly)

The proposed one Forester and two Forest Guards at Top station are having building for operating the Check post but there is no accommodation. The present building utilized by the Asst. Wildlife Warden will be spared for accommodating the Check post staff.

The existing Mud house at Oorkkadu will be manned by protection watchers and staff will make frequent camps during perambulation.

Fig.9: Existing and proposed infrastructure in Pambadum Shola National Park

6.4.1.3. Perambulation procedure

The Wildlife Warden will divide the park into patrolling units and communicate to the staff. The perambulation schedule will be communicated to the staff on monthly basis for implementation. The Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden will also join for

40 patrolling and make frequent surprise checks. The staff will maintain the movement register and wildlife monitoring register which will be subject to frequent inspection by Assistant Wildlife Warden and Wildlife Warden.

Frequent special ganja raids may also be arranged by the Wildlife Warden / Asst. Wildlife Warden.

6.4.1.4. Staff welfare activities

The Wildlife Warden will have meetings with the staff and include the staff amenities items in the APO funded by Government of India. At present the Govt. of India is providing staff welfare inputs like residential accommodation for the childrens of frontline staff in nearby town/villages, supply of kerosene, medicine, field kit, mosquito net, torch, etc.

6.4.1.5. Infrastructure related to protection

(a) Arms and ammunitions

At present the Asst. Wildlife is provided with 1 Revolver and the staff is provided with 4 Rifles(315). Wildlife Warden may take action to provide 2 gun to the section staff and one gun to check post and also provide the required ammunition. One extra gun may be spared for the other park under his jurisdiction.

(b) Communication facilities

At present there are two wireless stations, one at Top Station and the other at Bendhar, two wireless sets and three walkie talkies. The Wildlife Warden may take action to distribute the walkie talkies as follows:

1. Range Officer - 1 No. 2. Section Staff - 1 No. 3. Check post - 1 No.

The Wildlife Warden may take action for the maintenance of wireless stations by employing daily-waged watchers preferably tribals under his jurisdiction.

41 (c) Anti poaching shed

At present, there are 3 anti-poaching camp sheds located at Oorkadu (2 nos) Bandhar (1 No.). No new anti-poaching camp shed is proposed. The staff during patrolling should make frequent camps in the anti-poaching sheds. The Wildlife Warden will take action for manning the antipoaching campsheds.

(d) Vehicle

At present the Assistant Wildlife Warden with head quarter at Top Station has a vehicle and the same is used for the protection of Anamudi shola NP, Pambadum shola NP, Mathikettan shola NP and Kurinjimala WLS. It is proposed that a vehicle may be procured for Pambadum Shola NP. Two bikes, one for section staff and one for check post staff are also proposed to be procured during the plan period.

6.4.1.6. Roads and Trek path

Road

The following roads are passing through the park.

Munnar - Koviloor road - 4 km Munnar – Kodaikanal road (through Bendhar) - 8.5 km

The Munnar- Koviloor road is tarred and Bendhar Road is fair weather road. The maintenance of the Munnar-Koviloor road is being done by PWD. The maintenance of Top Station – Bendhar road will be done by the Wildlife Warden depending on the requirement in the field.

Trek path

Trek paths with a total length 52.00 km are existing at present which are as follows.

1 Check Post to Manathalam 6.00km 2 Manathalam to Oorkkadu 4.00km 3 Check Post to Cement palam 5.00km 4 Pattiankal to Bendhar bottom 6.00km 5 Oorkkadu to Pultheri 4.00km 6 Oorkkadu to Pothukandam 4.00km

42 7 Kuttikkadu to Pultheri 4.00km 8 Manathalam to Bendhar 4.00km 9 Bendhar to Bendharthotty 4.00km 10 Pambadumthotty to Bendhar 3.50km 11 Vattavada to Pattiyankal 3.50km 12 Manathalam to Pattiyankal 3.00km 13 Check Post to Pappathiyoda 1.00km

Total 52.00km

The Wildlife Warden may review and study the necessity of maintaining important trek paths in the checklist mentioned above. As far as possible, the trekpaths through the sholas may not be maintained.

6.4.1.7. Check post and Chain gates

It is proposed to construct a chain gate at Manathalam. Maintenance of existing check post at Top Station and the chain gates at Manathalam and Bandhar road are proposed during the plan period.

6.4.1.8. Uniforms and Field Equipments

It is proposed to procure field equipments such as Tents, Compass, GPS, Binoculars, Range finder, Digital camera, Rain Gauge, Thermometer, Hygrometer, Camera trap, field kits, etc.

6.4.1.9. Protection along the Interstate boundary

The Wildlife Warden will take steps to prevent spreading of fire, poaching and other illegal activities from the adjoining state through periodic interaction, joint patrolling, sharing information on smugglers, joint raids, etc. Activities like annual Inter state boundary clearance, annual joint inspection of the boundary may also be taken up.

The Wildlife Warden may review and monitor the implementation of the protection plan.

6.4.1.10. Strengthening intelligence

The Wildlife Warden, Assistant Wildlife warden and staff will develop liaison with NGOs, peoples’ representatives, EDC members Tribal Heads, interstate officers, Crime Control

43 bureau officials, in sharing information. The informants may be paid suitably. The Wildlife Warden may move proposal for fixing the rewards to the informants depending on the type of crime and information. The legal support if any required may also be availed by the Wildlife Warden in special / serious cases.

6.4.2. Theme plan for Fire protection Forest fire is the basic threat to the forest, which cause considerable damage to the flora and fauna in the area. The existing roads, trekpaths, rivers, etc. may be considered while preparing fire plan. In order to protect the natural resources of the Park from fires, the following strategies and activities are proposed. 6.4.2.1. Fire lines The Wildlife Warden will maintain the following fire lines in the fire prone areas. Top-station-Manathalam - 11.00 Manathalam-Neduvarppu - 04.00 Neduvarappu-Bendhar - 10.00 Bendhar-Top-station - 03.00 Top-station-Koviloor Road (2sides) - 04.00 Top-station-Manathalam - 08.00 Pattiyankal-Manathalam - 14.00 Kuttikadu-Pappathioda - 12.00 Pothinkandam-Manathalam - 11.00 Estate-mala-Kuttikkadu - 12.00 Oorkkadu-Pattiyankal - 09.00 Total 98.00 kms

While taking the fire lines, the following precautions will be taken: • No fire line should be taken on the edge of the shola forest. The fireline around the shola should be taken giving the reasonable space for the extension of shola forest.

• Scrapping of grass as fire break around sholas should be avoided. The system followed in Eravikulam NP by Muduvans for creation of fireline without scrapping may be followed. 6.4.2.2. Fire Watchers Camps The fire watchers camps will be established at following vulnerable locations. 1. Bendhar top 2. Estate mala

44 The Wildlife Warden may ensure the engagement of fire watchers from the fringe area people, priority may be given to provide livelihood and employment to resource dependent communities. 6.4.2.3. Participatory Fire Management The fringe area people from Vattavada, Kovilur and Oorkadu may be involved in Participatory Fire Management. A microplan may be prepared for each settlement detailing the extent of area, people involved, benefit sharing, etc. 6.4.2.4. Awareness and Training Wildlife Warden will arrange awareness and training for the staff and EDC members before the fire season every year. Awareness campaigns may be arranged for fringe area people on the impact of fires on forests. This may be done by mass involvement of people in procession, talks in nearby schools, display boards, street play, etc. 6.4.2.5. Construction of fire watchtower and communication network A fire watch tower may be erected at Pattiyamkal. Any fire incident should be communicated to the headquarter for mobilizing the additional force for fire prevention. 6.4.2.6. Equipments to extinguish fire The equipments like gum boots, fire resistant suit, etc may be procured and made available to the fire camps. The Wildlife Warden may review the fire plan every year after the fire season. The gap in fire protection may be identified and suitable proposals may be made in the ensuing year to make Mathikettan Shola National Park total fire free.

6.4.3. Theme plan for water shed and water resources management

The utilization of habitat by the wild animals depends on the availability of water resources within their reach. The people within the settlements and local people of Kottakombur, Koviloor and Vattavada also depend on the water discharged from the National Park for drinking and irrigation purposes. To provide judicious distribution of water sources for wildlife and to fulfill the water needs of the local people, following strategies and activities are proposed.

• The present check dams (9 nos) may be maintained. The warden may also check the water quality in all the waterholes / checkdams.

45 • Mapping of water sources – water holes, check dams, streams and other natural sources with seasonality.

• Preparation of drainage map. The details available with land use board on drainage and water shed may be collected and ground truthing may be done by the wildlife warden.

• Installation of meteorological stations for regular recording of weather data.

• Initiation of dialogue with local bodies and beneficiaries for water sharing and watershed conservation.

• Conduct feasibility study to retain water in crucial locations inside and outside PA.

• Implementation of suitable measures for maintaining and improving watersheds – revegetation of habitats especially in restoration zone, soil and moisture conservation measures etc.

• Enhancement of water discharge capacity through habitat improvement activities.

Wildlife Warden may prepare a Status Paper on water resources and seasonality and propose future development of water holes and check dams /anicut accordingly.

46 CHAPTER 7

TOURISM, INTERPRETATION AND CONSERVATION EDUCATION

The main goal is to strengthen the cause of conservation in general and of the management of the PA concerned in particular through conservation oriented tourism. This can be achieved through (i) providing informed wilderness experience to visitors (ii) enabling the visitors to view a cross section of PA values.

The Tourism, Interpretation and Conservation Education zone will be overlapping with the restoration zone and buffer zone. The existing facilities related to environmental conservation awareness and nature based tourism are only the following. 1. Amenity Centre at Oorkadu 2. Mud house at Oorkadu 3. Camp shed (2 nos) at Oorkadu Strategies and Activities 7.1. Environmental conservation awareness · Develop a Information centre in collaboration with DTPC/ Tourism Department/local bodies / NGOs etc at appropriate location preferably on the land near KSRTC Bus Stand in Munnar and an interpretation centre at Manathalam in Pambadum Shola National Park. · Create a post of Wildlife Assistant at Division level. · Develop education materials for various target groups - leaflets, brochures, pamphlets, posters, movies, etc · Conduct nature awareness camps for various target groups including people on the fringe. · Procure equipments such as computer, LCD projector etc for conducting nature education camps effectively. · Create a website · Develop appropriate hoarding and signage’s and display at strategic location.

47 7.2. Nature-based regulated tourism

· Engage trained resource persons through Anamudi FDA · Capacity building & training to guides and staff on human behaviour, identification of flora and fauna (butterflies, birds, animal evidences etc) · Procure adequate equipments to be given to tourists on rent (binoculars, leech proof socks, tents, sleeping bags, solar lights, torches etc.) · Create awareness among local communities / visitors to park · Legal Enforcement with fine to control littering of National Park. · Involvement of EDCs in removal of plastics as part of mutual commitment. · Creation of toilet facilities at Top Station. · Facilities made using locally available materials for arranging treks at Top Station · Develop dissemination mechanisms on tourism packages available through website · Develop appropriate nature based tourism packages considering protection of PA and ensuring livelihood security of dependant community and PA management · Identify and initiate dialogues with tour operators and formulate benefit sharing mechanisms · Move proposal for recycling entry fee · Prepare site specific microplan for each package with baseline information and conduct annual impact assessment through participatory process.

The Wildlife Warden will conduct annual review of environmental conservation awareness programmes and nature-based regulated tourism activities.

48 CHAPTER 8 ECODEVELOPMENT

The problems related to people-PA interface are human-Wildlife (elephant, boar) conflict at Koviloor, Kottakombur, Vattavada etc. Lack of information on the extent of conflict, lack of ecodevelopment programmes, lack of funds for implementing ecodevelopment programme, inadequate supporting team for implementing ecodevelopment programmes, absence of information on needs and natural and cultural resources of local and ethnic communities (Muthuvans) and lack of training to staff.

The ecodevelopment zone will be overlapping with the buffer zone and restoration zone.

8.1. To strengthen the People-PA interface, the following strategies and activities are proposed.

· Declare the adjoining areas as Eco-Sensitive Areas to regulate land use in tune with the management objectives. · Development of appropriate barriers to prevent wildlife entering the farmlands (elephant proof trench, solar power fence etc) at Kovilur, Kottakambur and Vattavada. The people may be involved in future maintenance of power fences. · Timely assessment of wildlife damages and payment of compensation · Institution of crop insurance · Undertaking appropriate habitat improvement programmes within the Park for improving the availability of forage and water. · Study the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops involved · Constitution of EDCs and designing appropriate site specific ecodevelopment programmes · Seeking funds from various sources (Local bodies / other line departments/ Govt. of India) through FDA. · Identify and phase out the ecologically incompatible activities of line departments. This may be regularly discussed in FDA meeting.

49 · Deployment of adequate trained support team including social workers /voluntary services for microplanning and collating data on socio-economic status of people. · Identification of the needs /aspirations and natural and cultural resources of local community during microplanning. · Identification of the potentials to be utilised for ensuring the livelihood security of local people – nature based tourism packages. The nature based tourism packages may be designed to provide livelihood security and protection of National Park. · Imparting training to staff on microplanning, ecodevelopment concept, ecotourism including visit to other areas in the state and outside.

8.2. For regulating and control over grazing, firewood and NWFP collection and transportation of goods through mules, the following strategies are proposed.

8.2.1. Grazing o Study and monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing o Reduce number of cattle by providing alternate livelihood and encourage stall feeding o Ensure vaccination of cattle – twice a year o Ensure vaccination of cattle transported through the PA o Form an user-group EDC with access rules o Move proposal for notifying veterinary hospitals near PA as supporting agency.

8.2.2. Firewood collection o Study the extent and impact of firewood collection o Prevent collection of indigenous species as fuelwood o Exotic species may be permitted to be collected as fuelwood with mutual commitments as part of phased removal of exotics o Propose fuelwood plantation, wherever required within community land/ ecodevelopment zone.

50 o Provide energy-saving devices o Form an user-group EDC access rules

8.2.3. NWFP collection o Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam, wild pepper etc) o Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods o Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition o Define zone of collection and frame access rules for sustainable collection o Propose alternate livelihood to prevent unscientific/ unsustainable collection o Encourage regeneration of NWFP & medicinal plant species placed in RED Data Book o Promote planting of selected endemic NWFP species in the homesteads.

8.2.4. Presence of mules for transportation of goods to settlements and vice versa o Vaccination and health care of the existing ones – twice an year o Monitoring by the staff –about animal health and vaccination certificate o Explore the possibilities for developing an alternate arrangement with minimum impact in consultation with people.

Grazing and collection of Natural resources for commercial purposes are prohibited in the National Park. At the same time the Tribal rights Act permit traditional rights of people. Wildlife Warden may review the Management Plan on settlement of rights under Tribal Right Act and declaration of Critical Wildlife Habitat.

51 CHAPTER 9 RESEARCH, MONITORING AND TRAINING

Research, monitoring and training are among the weakest areas in wildlife management. The need is acknowledged but there is very little progress. Research has mainly suffered due to lack of policy, clarity of objectives, priorities and therefore inadequate funding support; lack of adequate employment opportunities inclusive of reasonable career advancement prospects and therefore want of suitable personnel.

The Park was declared during 2003 and not explored much from the biodiversity point of view. In order to accomplish the plan objectives, the following research, monitoring and training are proposed.

9.1. Research 1. Mapping of the extent of wattle, eucalyptus and pine plantations to restore the areas. 2. Mapping of vegetation types 3. Study & monitor the number, extent and impact of grazing 4. Conduct studies to document the flora and fauna of the PA including RET and endemics 5. Study and document traditional knowledge of indigenous communities 6. Study the extent and impact of NWFP collection (honey, badraksham, kattupadavalam, etc) 7. Evolve scientific/ sustainable collection methods for NWFP management. 8. Study and identify invasive species that have negative impact on ecosystem 9. Study and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of water sources and generate maps. 10. Studying the extent of the wildlife damage problem including the wildlife and crops involved. 11. Study the extent and impact of firewood collection.

52 9.2. Monitoring 1. Monitoring regeneration status and soil erosion 2. Regular wildlife health monitoring 3. Population monitoring of selected species of flora and fauna 4. Monitoring of intrusion and regeneration of invasive species 5. Monitoring of regeneration of natural species in the restoration zone. 6. Identify and monitor the special habitats/micro-habitats sch as talush, cliff, dens, caves, snags, old growth forests and riparian forests for future habitat management.

9.3. Training 1. Impart training to staff & EDC members on wildlife health monitoring 2. Provide training to EDC members for scientific/ sustainable collection of NWFP resources & value addition 3. Capacity building for staff in intelligence gathering, identifying wildlife article, acts and rules, etc. 4. Capacity building & training to guides and staff 5. Training to staff on GPS. 6. Training on wildlife evidences, collection of biological materials and their interpretation, wildlife census techniques. 7. Training in weapon handling and maintenance. 8. Training on modern fire fighting.

53 CHAPTER 10 ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION

10.1. Structure The organizational structure of the Park is as shown below

Field Director

Wildlife Warden Munnar

Assistant Wildlife Warden, Shola NP Range

Forester -2

Forest Guards – 4

Watchers -5

10.2. Responsibilities 10.2.1. The Pambadum Shola National Park will be headed by the Wildlife Warden who will have overall responsibility for the implementation of the Management Plan. The Wildlife Warden will develop a pocket field guide with schedule of operations for the implementation of management plan and supply it to Assistant Wildlife Warden and Section Forester. 10.2.2. The Wildlife Warden will make arrangements to supply the below mentioned control forms (Annexure 10) to the Assistant Wildlife Warden and Section Forester and compile the information about the Park. FORM - 1 Creation of new artificial waterholes FORM - 2 Maintenance of waterholes : Natural FORM - 3 Maintenance of waterholes : Artificial FORM - 4 Restoration of habitat : weed control FORM - 5 Restoration of habitat : Prescribed burning

54 FORM - 6 Restoration of habitat : Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance FORM - 7 Restoration of habitat FORM - 8 Animals : Measuring trends in populations FORM - 9 Animals : New records FORM - 10 Animals : Mortality other than that attributable to an offence FORM - 11 Animals : Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism FORM - 12 Animals : Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores FORM - 13 Animals : Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused FORM - 14 Animals : Wildlife damage to private or public property FORM - 15 Plants : New records FORM - 16 NWFP collection : Plants and other produce FORM - 17 Grazing of domestic livestock FORM - 18 Inter-agency programmes : Agencies and schemes (Government) FORM - 19 Programmes of NGOs FORM - 20 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : Roads and Bridges (*existing/new) FORM - 21 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure : buildings (*existing/new) FORM - 22 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : communication (*existing/new) FORM - 23 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure : vehicles (*existing/new) FORM - 24 Developing infrastructure : construction of boundaries Fences (*existing/new) FORM - 25 Developing infrastructure : firelines (*existing/new) FORM - 26 Tourism FORM - 27 Outbreak of fires FORM - 28 Offence cases detected FORM - 29 Incentives and awards FORM - 30 Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with other agencies FORM - 31 Survey and inventories FORM - 32 The Monitoring Programme FORM - 33 Ecodevelopment

10.2.3. The Wildlife Warden, Munnar will prepare Annual Plan of Operations and Schedule of Operations every year in the first week of April. 10.2.4. The Wildlife Warden may not deviate from the Management Plan prescriptions without the prior permission in writing of the Chief Wildlife Warden.

55 BUDGET FOR PAMBADUM SHOLA NATIONAL PARK

Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Survey of boundaries and construction 6.1.1 2.25 2.25 1.50 6.00 of cairns (8km) GPS survey for delineation of 6.1.2 2.00 1.50 3.50 plantations & preparing maps Removal of plantations of exotic species 6.3.2 for improvement of habitat and 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.00 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 23.60 restoration of original vegetation Assisting regeneration of indegenous 6.3.2 3.00 4.50 6.50 7.50 10.00 31.50 species Establishment of permanent plots and 6.3.2 monitoring succession & eco- 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 11.00 restoration Salary of 2 Foresters, 4 Forest Guards & 6.4.1.1 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 97.50 Asst.Wildlife Warden Construction of office cum residence at 6.4.1.2 15.00 15.00 Manathalam for Range Officer Construction of office cum residence for 6.4.1.2 10.00 10.00 the Forester at Manathalam/Oorkadu Maintenance of existing patrol camp 6.4.1.2 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 6.00 shed. Maintenance of the outpost at Top 6.4.1.2 station for accomodating checkpost 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.02 staff 6.4.1.2 Maintenance of the Mud house at 0.25 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 1.70

56 Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Oorkadu 6.4.1.2 Engaging protection mazdoors (5 Nos.) 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 29.50 6.4.1.3 Ganja raids 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 9.50 House rent for residential 6.4.1.4 accomodation for childrens of frontline 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 staff Supply of kerosene, field kit, mosquito 6.4.1.4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 net, torches to staff 6.4.1.5 Purchase of ammunition 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.50 Purchase & Maintenance of wireless set 6.4.1.5 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 6.00 and 3 walkie-talkie 6.4.1.5 Maintenance of vehicles 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00 Purchase of 1 Jeep & 2 Bikes and 6.4.1.5 1.00 1.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 6.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 14.50 maintenance Maintenance of Top Station- Bendhar 6.4.1.6 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 12.50 road 6.4.1.6 Maintenace of trek paths 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 50.00 Erection of Chaingate at Manathalam & 6.4.1.7 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 maintenance Purchase of equipments - Tents, Compass, GPS, Binoculars, Range 6.4.1.8 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 10.00 Finder, Digital Camera, Camera Trap, Field Kit Clearance/ Maintenance of Interstate 6.4.1.9 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 Boundary 6.4.1.10 Intelligence gathering and rewards to 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 3.00

57 Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year informers 6.4.1.10 Legal support in special cases. 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 6.4.2.1 Creation of firelines. 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 45.00 Engaging fire watchers during fire 6.4.2.2 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 season 6.4.2.3 Participatory Fire Management 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 15.00 Awareness to Staff & EDC during fire 6.4.2.4 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 season. Fire Watch Tower 1 No. (Pattiyamkal) 6.4.2.5 1.00 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.90 and maintenance Purchase of fire fighting equipments 6.4.2.6 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 (gum boots, fire resistant suit etc.) Maintenance & creation of water holes 6.4.3 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 24.00 / check dams. Mapping of water resources and 6.4.3 0.50 0.50 preparation of drainage map. 6.4.3 Installation of meteogological station 0.50 0.50 Soil & moisture conservation measures 6.4.3 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 (Gully Plugging, Bunds) Construction of Information Centre at 7.1 25.00 25.00 Munnar Construction of Interpretation centre at 7.1 15.00 15.00 Manathalam 7.1 Education & awareness materials. 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 7.1 Awareness camps 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 7.1 Procurement of LCD, Computer for 1.00 1.50 2.50

58 Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year awareness campaigns 7.1 Creation of websites. 0.20 0.20 Erection of signages at strategic 7.1 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 location Engaging a resource person for 7.2 awareness and nature based tourism 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00 through Anaimudi FDA 7.2 Training to staff and guides on Tourism 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 Purchase of solar lights, torches, 7.2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 sleeping bags, tents, binoculars etc. Preparation of microplans for tourism 7.2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.00 packages Construction of elephant proof 8.1 trenches / solar fences at Kovilur, 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 30.00 Kottakombur and Vattavada Constitution of EDCs and preparation of 8.1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 microplans Ecodevelopment activities (as per 8.1 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 20.00 microplan) Training to staff on ecodevelopment, 8.1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 microplanning and visits to other sites. 8.2.1 Study the impacts of grazing 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.80 8.2.1 Vaccination of cattle 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 Study the extent and impact of 8.2.2 0.25 0.25 0.50 firewood collection 8.2.3 Study the extent and impact of NWFP 0.25 0.25 0.50

59 Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year collection Training on scientific collection of 8.2.3 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.90 NWFP & value addition Regeneration of NWFP & medicinal 8.2.3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.00 plants in RED Data Book Planting of NWFP species in 8.2.3 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4.50 Homesteads Vaccination and health care of mules 8.2.4 used for transportation of goods from 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1.00 settlements Mapping vegetation type in the 9.1 2.00 2.00 National Park Document flora & fauna including RET 9.1 2.00 2.00 & Endemics Study & document on traditional 9.1 0.50 0.50 knowledge of indigenous communites Study and identify invasive species that 9.1 0.50 0.50 1.00 have negative impacts on ecosystem Monitoring regeneration status and soil 9.2.1 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.50 erosion 9.2.2 Wildlife health monitoring 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 9.2.3 Wildlife census 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 9.2.4 Identify and monitoring special habitat 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.60 Training to staff on weapon handling, 9.3 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.50 fire fighting, census tecnique etc. Chapter 6 & Building maintenance 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00

60 Para of Financial Requirement Management Activity 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th TOTAL Plan Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year 7 Chapter 6 Overhead and office expenses 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 5.00 TOTAL 91.42 97.90 89.20 69.60 71.50 60.30 66.75 62.05 60.95 63.65 733.32

Wildlife Warden may sought funds from other sources (State Budget Head at present in operation)

61 Annexure 1 Notification of Pambadum Shola National Park

GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Forest and Wildlife (F) Department

NOTIFICATION

No. 12875/F2 2003/F & WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 14th December 2003

WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala consider that the area, the situation and limits of which are defined in the Schedule below is of great ecological, faunal, floral, geomorphological and zoological significance;

AND WHEREAS, it appears to the Government of Kerala that the said area is needed to be constituted as a National Park for ensuring long-term protection for this majestic vegetal stretch, which contains many botanical rarities and novelties to Science;

NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 35 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (Central Act 53 of 1972), the Government of Kerala hereby declare their intention to constitute the said area as a National Park to be known as “Pambadum Shola National Park”.

SCHEDULE District Idukki Taluk Devikulam Village Marayoor Extent 131.80 ha (approx)

Situation and limits of the said area North:- the southern boundary of Pambadum Shola Reserved Forest No.55, starting from a point about 500 Mtr towards south from hill point 2162, thence runs more or less south East to hill point 1896 and thence towards East to meet at a point roughly in the middle of hill points 2497 (Pattitalachai malai) and 2531 ( vandaravu Malai) on the inter state boundary. East;- The boundary runs more or less south along the inter state boundary. South:- The boundary runs more or less west along the inter state boundary. West:- the western boundary of Pambadum Shola reserved forest No.55 adjoining to the eastern boundary of Chittuvarai Tea estate till it reaches North Eastern corner at the starting point.

By Order of the Governor,

LIZZIE JACOB Principal Secretary to Government

62 Annexure 2 Trees, Herbs & Shrubs of Pambadum Shola NP Trees 1. Acacia dealbata Link. 2. Acacia mearnsii de Wilde. 3. Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble 4. Alnus nepalensis D.Don 5. Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f. 6. Canthium neilgherrense Wight var. chartaceum (Gamble) Swamin. 7. Casearia thwaitesii Briq. 8. Litsea glabrata (Wall. ex Nees) Hook. f. 9. Litsea wightiana (Nees) Hook. f. var. wightiana 10. Mastixia arborea (Wight) Bedd. 11. Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. 12. Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. 13. Rhododendron arboreum Smith ssp. nilagiricum (Zenk.) Tagg. 14. Schefflera racemosa (Wight) Harms 15. Symplocos macrophylla Wall. ex A. DC. ssp. rosea (Bedd.) Nooteb. 16. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore 17. Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. 18. Daphniphyllum neilgherrense (Wight) K. Rosenth. 19. Hydnocarpus alpina Wight 20. Diospyros sp. 21. Eurya japonica Thunb. 22. Elaeocarpus munronii (Wight) Mast. 23. Elaeocarpus recurvatus Corner 24. Gomphandra coriacea Wight 25. Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. 26. Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb. var. peninsularis, Ravikumar & Lakshmanan 27. Phoebe wightii Meisner 28. Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz.

Herbs and Shrubs 1. Arisaema psittacus Barnes 2. Begonia malabarica Lam. 3. Bidens pilosa L. 4. Crinum latifolium L. 5. Erigeron karvinskianus DC. 6. Hedyotis anamalayana (Gamble) Rao & Hemadri 7. Hedyotis articularis R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. ssp. santapaui (Shetty & Vivek.) Deb. & Dutta 8. Hedyotis leschenaultiana DC. 9. Helichrysum buddleioides DC. 10. Pouzolzia auriculata Wight 11. Pouzolzia bennettiana Wight var. acuta (Wight) Fischer 12. Procris crenata Rob. 13. Ranunculus reniformis Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

63 14. Valeriana leschenaultii DC. 15. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) King & Robins. 16. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 17. Anaphalis aristata DC. 18. Gamochaeta coarctata (Willd.) M. Kerguelen 19. Plantago erosa Wall. 20. Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera 21. Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst.) Hook. & Arn. 22. Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl. 23. Oberonia verticillata Wight 24. Oberonia wightiana Lindl. 25. Ophiopogon intermedius D. Don 26. Peliosanthes courtallensis Wight 27. Molineria trichocarpa (Wight) Balakr. 28. Alstonia venenata R. Br. 29. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 30. Dodonaea angustifolia L. f. 31. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. 32. Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg 33. Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser 34. Hypericum mysurense Heyne ex Wight & Arn. 35. Lasianthus acuminatus Wight 36. Lasianthus coffeoides Fyson 37. Pittosporum neilgherrense Wight & Arn. 38. Psychotria nilgiriensis Deb & M.G. Gangop. var. nilgiriensis 39. Psychotria nudiflora Wight & Arn. 40. Solanum anguivi Lam. var. multiflora (Roth. ex Roem. & Schult.) Chitra 41. Strobilanthes homotropus Nees 42. Strobilanthes micranthus Wight 43. Viburnum coriaceum Blume 44. Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC. 45. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Grah.) Mabber. 46. Lobelia nicotianiifolia Roth ex Schult. 47. Mahonia leschenaultii (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Takeda ex Gamble 48. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. 49. Rosa leschenaultiana Red. & Thory ex Wight & Arn. 50. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk. 51. Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC. 52. Osbeckia reticulata Bedd. 53. Polyscias acuminata (Wight) Seem. 54. Mussaenda hirsutissima (Hook. f.) Hutch. ex Gamble 55. Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp. 56. Ardisia rhomboidea Wight 57. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. 58. Isonandra lanceolata Wight 59. Ligustrum perrottetii DC. 60. Fagraea ceylanica Thunb.

64 61. Barleria involucrata Nees 62. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon 63. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. 64. Lantana camara L. 65. Pogostemon pubescens Benth. 66. Phytolacca octandra L. 67. Persicaria chinensis (L.) Gross 68. Taxillus cuneatus (Heyne ex Roth) Danser 69. Antidesma menasu (Tul.) Miq. ex Muell.-Arg. 70. Glochidion ellipticum Wight 71. Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. 72. Debregeasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.

Climbers 1. Cissampelopsis corymbosa (Wall. ex DC.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen 2. Embelia ribes Burm. f. 3. Jasminum bignoniaceum Wall. ex DC. 4. Passiflora leschenaultii DC. 5. Passiflora leschenaultii DC. 6. Rubia cordifolia L. 7. Rubus ellipticus Smith 8. Rubus fairholmianus Gard. 9. Rubus niveus Thunb. 10. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 11. Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 12. Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 13. Tetrastigma nilagiricum (Miq.) B. V. Shetty 14. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. 15. Zehneria maysorensis (Wight & Arn.) Arn var. umbellata (Chakravarthy) Kumari 16. Zehneria scabra (L. f.) Sond.

65 Annexure 3 List of mammals recorded from Pambadum Shola

No. Species Common Name Status 1. Ratufa indica Indian giant squirrel Vulnerable

2. Semnopithecus johnii Nilgiri langur Vulnerable, Endemic to WG 3. Macaca silensis Lion-tailed macaque Endangered, Endemic to WG 4. Paradoxurus Common palm civet Least concern hermaphroditus 5. Cuon alpinus Asiatic wild dog Near threatened 6. Panthera pardus Leopard Vulnerable 7. Cervus unicolor Sambar Least concern 8. Bos gaurus Gaur Vulnerable 9. Elephas maximus, Asian elephant Vulnerable

66 Annexure 4 Birds of Pambadum Shola National Park

Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Status* No. ICICONIIFORMES 1) Ardeidae 1 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii R 2 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis R II. FALCONIFORMES 2) Accipitridae 3 Sparrowhawk sp. Accipiter sp. M 4 Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Crested Hawk-Eagle) Spizatus cirrhatus R 5 Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis R III. GALLIFORMES 3) Phasianidae 6 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii R IV. CHARADRIFORMES 4) Charadriidae Charadriinae 7 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus R 8 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos M V. COLUMBIFORMES 5) Columbidae Pompadour Green-Pigeon (Grey-fronted Green- 9 Trenon pompadora R Pigeon) Mountain Imperial-Pigeon (Jerdon’s Imperial 10 Ducula badia R Pigeon) 11 Nilgiri Wood Pigeon Columba elphinstonii EN 12 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis R 13 Emerald Dove (Bronze-winged Dove) Chalcophaps indica R VI. PSITTACIFORMES 6) Psittacidae 14 Malabar Parakeet (Blue-winged Parakeet) Psittacula columboides EN 15 Vernal Hanging-Parrot (Malabar Lorikeet) Loriculus vernalis R VII. CUCULIFORMES 7) Cuculidae 16 Greater Coucal (Crow-Pheasant) Centropus sinensis R VIII. APODIFORMES 8) Apodidae Apodinae 17 Indian Swiftlet (Edible-nest Swiftlet) Collacalia unicolor R IX.TROGONIFORMES 9) Troginidae 18 Malabar Trogon Harpactes fasciatus R X. CORACIIFORMES

67 Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Status* No. 10) Alcedinidae White-throated Kingfisher (White-breasted 19 Halcyon smyrnensis R Kingfisher) 11) Meropidae 20 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaultia R XI. Order PICIFORMES 12) Family Capitonidae 21 White-cheeked Barbet (Small Green Barbet) Megalaima viridis R/EN Crimson-fronted Barbet (Crimson-throated 22 Megalaima rubricapilla R Barbet) 13) Family Picidae 23 Black-rumped Flamebacked Woodpecker (Lesser Golden-backed Woodpecker) Dinopium benghalense R 24 Brown-capped Pigmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos nanus R 25 Great Flamebacked Woodpecker (Larger Golden-backed woodpecker) Chrysocolaptes lucidus R XII. Order PASSERIFORMES 14) Family Hirundinidae 26 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica R 15) Family Laniidae 27 Long-tailed Shrike (Rufous-backed Shrike) Lanius schach R 16) Family Oriolidae 28 Eurasian Golden Oriole (Golden Oriole) Oriolus oriolus M 17) Family Dicruridae 29 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus M 30 Greater Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus R 18) Family Sturnidae 31 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus R 32 Hill Myna (Grackle) Gracula religiosa R 19) Family Corvidae 33 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos R 20) Family Campephagidae Barwinged Flycatcher-Shrike (Pied Flycatcher- 34 Hemipus picatus R Shrike) 35 Large Woodshrike (Lalabar Wood-Shrike) Tephrodornis gularis R 36 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus R 21) Family Irenidae 37 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia R 38 Gold-fronted Leabird (Gold-fronted Chloropsis) Chloropsis aurifrons R 22) Family Pycnonotidae 39 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus R 40 Yellow-browed Bulbul Iole indica R 41 Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus R 23) Family Muscicapidae

68 Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Status* No. Subfamily Timaliinae 42 Indian Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus horsfieldit R 43 Dark-fronted Babbler (Black-headed Babbler) Rhopocichla atriceps R 44 Grey-breasted Laughingthrush (White-breasted Laughingthrush) Garrulax jerdoni EN 45 Brown-cheeked Fulvetta (Quaker Babbler) Alcippe poioicephala R Subfamily Muscicapinae 46 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa daurica R/M 47 Brown-breasted Flycatcher Muscicapa muttui M 48 Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Ficedula nigrorufa EN 49 White-bellied Blue Flycatcher Cyornis pallipes EN 50 Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher Cyornis tickelliae R 51 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina M 52 Nilgiri Flycatcher Eumyias ablicaudata EN 53 Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis R Subfamily Sylviinae 54 Grey-breasted Prinia (Franklin’s Wren-Warbler) Prinia hodgsonii R 55 Blyth’s Reed Warbler Acrocephalus dumetorum M 56 Tickell’s Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus affinis M 57 Larg-billed Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris M 58 Greenish Warbler (Greenish Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus trochiloides M 59 Western Crowned Warbler (Large Crowned Leaf Warbler) Phylloscopus occipitalis M Subfamily Turdinae 60 Indian Blue Robin (Blue Chat) Luscinia brunnea M 61 Oriental Magpie-Robin (Magpie-Robin) Copsychus saularis R 62 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata R 63 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata R 64 Malabar Whistling Thrush Myiophonus horsfieldii R 65 Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula R 24) Family Paridae Subfamily Parinae 66 Great Tit (Grey Tit) Parus major R 67 Black-Iored Yellow Tit (Yellow-cheeked Tit) Parus xanthogenys R 25) Family Sittidae Subfamily Sittinae 68 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis R 26) Family Motacillidae 69 Nilgiri Pipit Anthus nilghiriensis EN 70 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea M 27) Family Dicaeidae 71 Tickell’s Flowerpecker Dicaem erythrorhynchos R 72 Plain Flowerpecker (Nilgiri Flowerpecker) Dicaem concolor R 28) Family Nectariniidae

69 Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Status* No. 73 Small Sunbird Nectarinia minima EN 74 Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostris R 29) Family Zosteropidae 75 Nilgiri White-eye Zosterops palpebrosa R 30) Family Fringillidae Subfamily Carduelinae 76 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus M

70 Annexure 5 Butterflies recorded from Pambadum Shola NP

Sl.No Order/Family/Species Remarks LEPIDOPTERA Nymphalidae 1 Euploea core core Cramer Schedule IV 2 Parantica nilgiriensis Moore Threatened IUCN 3 Tirumala limniace Cram. 4 Tirumala septentrionis Butler 5 Libythea leptoides Moore 6 Libythea lepita (Moore) Schedule II, Part II 7 Libythea myrrha Godart 8 Lethe nilgiriensis Guerin 9 Lethe rohria Frus. 10 Lethe drypetis Moore† 11 Melanitis leda Lin. 12 Mycalesis oculus Mar.‡ 13 Zipoetis saitis Hewit.‡ 14 Ypthima philomela (Linnaeus) 15 Ypthima ypthimoides Moore‡ 16 Ypthima ceylonica Hewit.† 17 Ypthima chenui (Guérin-Méneville)‡ 18 Ypthima avanta Moore 19 Neptis jumbah Moore Schedule I, Part IV 20 Athyma nefte Doubleday 21 Ariadne merione (Cram.) 22 Eriboea athamas Moore Schedule II, Part II 23 Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) 24 Elymnias caudata Butler 25 Danaus chrysipus Lin. 26 Junonia lemonias Frust. 27 Moduza procris Cram. 28 Danaus genuita genuita Cram. 29 Argynnis hyperbius Johannsen 30 Euthalia lubentina Cram. Schedule IV 31 Athyma nefte Doubleday 32 Cirrochroa thais Fb.† 33 Cupha erymanthis Drury 34 Cyrestis thyodamas Kollar 35 Hypolimnas bolina Lin. 36 Hypolimnas missipus Lin.† Schedule II, Part II 37 Junonia almana Lin. 38 Junonia lemonias vaisya Fruhstorfer 39 Junonia stygia

71 40 Junonia heirta Fb. 41 Junonia iphita Cram. 42 Kaniska canace Moore 43 Neptis hylas Moore 44 Athyma perius Lin. 45 Athyma ranga Moore Schedule II, Part II 46 Phalanta phalantha Drury 47 Rohana parisatis Cram. 48 Vanessa indica (Herbst) 49 Cynthia cardui Lin. Papilionidae 50 Graphium sarpedon teredon Feld. 51 Papilio demoleus Lin. 52 Papilio polytes Lin. 53 Papilio helenus Lin. 54 Papilio paris tamilana Moore 55 Papilio polymnestor parinda Moore† 56 Papilio clytia Linnaeus Schedule I, Part IV 57 Papilio polytes Linnaeus 58 Troides minos Cramer Pieridae 59 Catopsilia florella Fb. 60 Anaphaeis aurota Fb. 61 Appias indra shiva Moore Schedule II, 62 Appias libythea Fb. Schedule IV 63 Appias indira Moore Schedule II, Part II 64 Catopsilia pomona Fb. 65 Catopsilia pyranthe (Lin.) 66 Colotis fausta Oliv. 67 Delias eucharis Drury† 68 Artogeia canidia Sparrman 69 Eurema laeta Boisduval 70 Eurema hecabe Lin. 71 Eurema brigitta Stoll 72 Eurema blanda Boisd. 73 Colias nilagiriensis‡ 74 Colias erate (Esper) Lycaenidae 75 Hyolycaena nilgirica† 76 Catachrysops strabo (Fb.) 77 Celastrina lavendularis Moore 78 Udara akasa Horsfield† 79 Udara singalensis Horsfield † 80 Jamides bochus Cram. 81 Prosotas nora Felder 82 Abisara echerius Stoll

72 83 Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield) 84 Zizula hylax Fb. 85 Zizeeria karsandra Moore 86 Jamides alecto (Cram.) 87 Jamides celeno (Cram.) 88 Castalius rosimon (Fb.) Schedule I, Part IV 89 Curetis thetis Drury† Hesperiidae 90 Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville) 91 Coladenia indrani (Moore) 92 Udaspus folus Cram. 93 Gangara thyrsis Moore 94 Potanthus pava Evans 95 Potanthus palnia (Evans) 96 Halpe porus (Mabille) 97 Aeromachus pygmaeus‡ 98 Celaenorrhinus leucocera Fb. 99 Telicota acigias Lin. 100 Telicota ancilla Lin.

‘‡’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats and ‘†’ indicates Endemic to Western Ghats shared only by Sri Lanka

73 Annexure - 6 List of Moths recorded from Pambadum Shola NP Sl. No Insect Species Pyralidae 1 Sylepta sp. 2 Chilo sp.1 3 Chilo sp.2 4 Dichocrocis surusalis Wlk. 5 Endotrichia sp. 6 Bradina sp. 7 Euclasta sp. 8 Corgatha semiparata Wlk. 9 Patissa sp. 10 Pycnarmon caberalis Guen. 11 Asura nebulosa Moore 12 Maruca testulalis Geyer 13 Nymphula depunctalis Snel. 14 Nymphula fluctuosalis Zell. 15 Syngamia abruptalis Wlk. 16 Syngamia abruptalis Wlk. 17 Glyphodes laticostalis Guen. 18 Glyphodes caesalis Wlk. 19 Pyrausta sp.1 20 Diasemia sp. 21 Bocchoris onychinalis Guen. 22 Endotrichia sp. 23 Nephopterix sp. 24 Talanga sexpunctalis Moore 25 Aulacodes sp. 26 Aulacodes peribocalis Wlk. 27 Psara sp.1 28 Psara sp.2 29 Myelopsis sp. 30 Phlyctaenodes nudalis Hubn. 31 Symitha sp. Pterophoridae 32 Lantanophaga pusillidactyla Wlk. Geometridae 33 Hypomecis sp. 34 Semiothisa epicharis Wehrli 35 Semiothisa emersaria Wlk. 36 Eclitoptera subapicalis Hamp.

74 37 Timandra responsaria Moore 38 Chionaema peregrina Wlk. 39 Hypochrosis abstractaria Wlk. 40 Scopula sp.5 41 Scopula sp.2 42 Ourapteryx marginata Hamp. 43 Clorea ?alienaria Wlk. 44 Scopula opicata Fb. 45 Clorea sp. 46 Craspedia intensata Moore 47 Cusiala raptaria Wlk. 48 Sabaria rondelaria Fb. 49 Sabaria costimaculata Moore 50 Cidaria perficita Wlk. 51 Larentia flavistrigata Warr. 52 Dirades sp. 53 Pingasa sp. 54 Corymica arnearea Wlk. 55 Semiothisa eleonora Stoll 56 Abraxes ? latizonata Hamp. 57 Mixochlora vittata Moore 58 Hypomecis sp. 59 Gnamptoloma aventiaria (Guen.) 60 Buzura suppressaria Guen. 61 Abraxes poliaria Swinhoe 62 Polynesia sunandava Wlk. 63 Comibaena integranota Hamp. 64 Teldinia specca Wilk. 65 Hypomecis pallida Hamp. 66 Hypochrosis festivaria Fb. 67 Racotis sp. 68 Aplochlora vivilaca Wlk. 69 Scopula sp. 70 Abraxas etridoides Hamp. 71 Hypomecis sp. Noctuidae 72 Ophiusa dotata Wlk. 73 undata Fb. 74 Mocis frugalis Fb. 75 Maliatha erecta Moore 76 Hadena pannosa Moore 77 Atacira caesia Roepke

75 78 Atacira pala Holloway 79 Helicoverpa armigera Hubn. 80 Condria sp. Lymantriidae 81 Sangatissa subcurvifera Wlk. 82 Eupterote hibisci Fb. 83 Euproctis guttata Wlk. 84 Eupterote mollis Moore 85 Eupterote flavidomre Moore 86 Eupterote sp.2 87 Euproctis sp.1 88 Rahica rosea Hamp. 89 Euproctis diagramma Guer. Arctiidae 90 Asura sp. 91 Siccia taprobanis Wlk. 92 Macotasa nubecula Moore 93 Lemyra sp. 94 Paraplastis hampsoni Swinhoe 95 Cyme gratiosa Guerin-Meneville 96 Spilosoma stigmata Moore 97 Spilosoma bifasciatum Hamp. 98 Paraplastis sp. 99 Neochera dominio Cram. 80 Spilosoma casignetum Kollar Cossidae 81 Cossus sp. Hepialidae 82 Sahyadrases malabaricus Moore Syntomidae 83 Ceryx sp. Limacodidae 84 Thosea lutea Heylaerts 85 Spatulifimbria castaneiceps Hamp. Notodontidae 86 Eupydna testacea Swinhoe Saturnidae 87 Actias luna Lin. 88 Attacus atlas Lin. Zygaenidae 89 Histia nilgira Moore 90 Chalcosia affinis Guer.

76 Annexure 7 Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest vide letter No. F(c) A/11.6/172/Misc/KER dt. 02-05-2005 To No. F(C)A/11.6/172/MISC/KER The Principal Secretary to Dated: 02.05.2005 Government of Kerala Forest & Wildlife Department Secretariat Thiruvananthapuram. Sub: Approval for the Management Plan for the Captive Plantation of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period from 2005-06 to 2009-10 – reg Ref: 1) State Govt.’s Letter No. 2893/B1/2005/F&WLD dated 14.03.2005 2) This office letter of even no. dated 20.04.2005 3) CCF(Planning), Kerala Letter No. Plg1-163/2005 dated 28.04.2005 ***** Sir, Kindly refer to the subject and references cited above. I am directed to inform you that the draft management plan for captive plantations of Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 furnished by State Government has been examined by this office and the State Govt. was requested by this office that a reconciliation of the area may be done and the statement indicating the actual extent and location of the leased area, status of land leased to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited may be furnished to this office. The CCF(P) vide letter at Sl.No. 3 above has furnished a statement showing reconciliation of area. The statement furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P) above has been examined by this office and found to be adequate. The Management Plan has been examined along with the area reconciliation details furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (P), with reference to the provisions of the F(C) Act, 1980 and National Forest Policy, 1988. After careful consideration, I am directed to convey in-principle approval of Central Government to the Management plan of M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited for the period 2005-06 to 2009-10 subject to the following conditions: i) The modified copy of the management plan incorporating the reconciliation of area figures as furnished by Chief Conservator of Forests (Planning) vide letter as Sl. No. 3 above, shall be furnished to this office within a period of one month. The actual implementation of the prescriptions of management plan shall be undertaken only after the modified plan is forwarded to this office. ii) No clear felling should be carried out in hilly areas having slope more than 30 degrees. iii) The controlled burning of debris in plantations felled for regeneration will not be undertaken. iv) Fodder/fruit trees which attract birds and animals should be retained and nurtured.

77 v) The felling of trees in areas having slope more than 30 degree and along the bank of river/streams shall not be undertaken. vi) The felling of standing trees other than eucalyptus shall not be undertaken in pursuance of the directions of the Hon’ble High Court of Kerala vide order dated 05.03.1998 in W.P. No.314/1995. vii) No permanent building, road, bridges etc. should be constructed on the forest land. However, temporary operational facilities like nurseries, protection sheds, kutcha approach roads for plantation/extraction path can be prepared as per the standard practices without resorting to felling of trees. The temporary structures when not needed may be removed / demolished and the area should be reverted to its normal condition. viii) It may be ensured that non non-forestry activity is permitted/allowed in forest area in violation of the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. ix) The plantation areas harvested in a year shall be regenerated next year as per the prescriptions. However, if there is a shortfall in area regenerated in a year vis-à- vis the area harvested in previous year then report to that effect shall be made to this office and further clearance of plantation shall not be undertaken unless specifically permitted by this office. The detailed report indicating area harvested in a year and area to be regenerated shall be sent to this office by 30th June of each year. x) The maintenance of forest boundary and fire lines shall be taken up each year in accordance with the established practice and annual expenditure incurred thereon shall be reported to this office by 30th June of each year. I am further directed to inform you that prior approval of Central Govt. shall be obtained if any deviation is to be made from the prescriptions of approved management plan. It may also be ensured that provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and guidelines issued there under are strictly followed while implementing the management plan prescriptions. The Central Govt. reserves the right to review, modify or withdraw this approval if any of the conditions of approval are not implemented or amendment to plan is necessitated keeping in view the provisions of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, guidelines issued there under or general instructions issued by Central Govt. for the scientific management of forests. This management plan will be due for revision in the year 2010-2011 and timely steps may please be initiated for revision of management plan. Yours faithfully -sd- (K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar) Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)

Copy to: 1) The Director General of Forests & Special Secretary to Govt. of India, Ministry of Env. & Forests, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, New Delhi – 3. 2) The Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Forest Department, Govt. of Kerala, Forest Head Quarters, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram. 3) The Managing Director, Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Newsprint Nagar, Kottayam, Kerala. (K.S.P.V. Pavan Kumar), Deputy Conservator of Forests (C)

78 Annexure 8 Government of Kerala GO (Ms) No 42/93/F&WLD dt. 11-06-93 GOVERNMENT OF KERALA Abstract Forest Department – Production of Eucalyptus for industrial use-Making forest area available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. For captive Plantation – Orders issued. Forest & Wildlife © Department. ------G.O. (Ms) No. 42/93/F&WLD Dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 11-6-1993. ------Read:- Letter No. G3-21796/89 dated 5/11/1992 from the Chief Conservator of Forests. O R D E R There are a few major Wood-based industrial units in Kerala, which have been receiving substantial supplies of eucalyptus wood from the existing eucalyptus plantations of the Forest Department of the State. It has however been found from experiences that the annual eucalyptus crops harvested from the plantations of the Forest Department are not adequate to meet the actual requirements of the industries. The question as to how this problem of short supply of raw-material can be solved has been engaging the attention of the government for some time.

It has been suggested that the above problem can be solved to a considerable extent if the industrial units which utilize the eucalyptus as raw-material are themselves permitted to cultivate it on their own in the most scientific and efficient manner with the objective of achieving maximum productivity, to freely harvest their own product and to use it for their own purpose.

M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Limited, Vellur, Kottayam district is a public sector industrial unit belonging to the Government of India which is utilising about 1.5 lakhs tonnes of eucalyptus annually as raw-material for producing newsprint. They have come forward with a proposal to cultivate eucalyptus on their own in the forest land of Kerala for being used as raw-material in their factory. The Chief Conservator of Forests has also recommended this proposal.

After having examined the matter in all its aspects, the Government are [leased to order as follows:

(i) An area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus Grandis belonging to the Forest Department will be made available to M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., Vellur, for the present for the purpose of their own captive plantation to meet the raw-material requirement of their existing plant. (ii) If M/s. Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. Vellur take over Punalur Paper Mill, which is now closest, and make it operational, the following additional areas will also be made available to them in future for captive plantation.

(a) An area of 4400 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Department for the raw-material requirement of the major

79 expansion project of Ms/ H.N.L. which is now under active consideration.

(b) An area of 1000 ha of existing eucalyptus plantation of the Forest Department for the raw-material requirement of Punalur Paper Mill. (iii) The Forest area (ie. Existing eucalyptus plantation) which is made available to M/s. HNL for captive plantation as mentioned above will continue to be Reserve Forest belonging to the State; its control protection and administration will remain with the State’s Forest Department; and the role of M/s. HNL will be confined to the cultivation and harvesting of the eucalyptus crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief Conservator of Forests. (iv) The price of the existing eucalyptus trees standing in the area, which is allotted to them, will be collected from M/s. HNL at the time of making the area available to the Company-for which the Chief Conservator of Forests will (in consultation with the Chief Executive of M/s. HNL) estimate the value of the standing trees and get it approved by the Government. (v) As and when the eucalyptus planted by M/s. HNL is harvested in future, they will pay a royalty of Rs. 150/- (rupees. One hundred and fifty only) to the Forest Department of the State for every metric tonne of eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content. (vi) The above arrangement will be valid for a period of twelve years from 1993-94 to 2005-2006 and will be reviewed thereafter. (vii) The Chief Conservator of Forests will take immediate action to take immediate action to identify the area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus Grandis Plantation to be made available to m/s. HNL and make the area available to the Company for cultivation as early as possible.

(By Order of the Governor) -sd- R. RAMACHANDRAN NAIER, Commissioner & Secretary to Govt. To

The Chief Conservator of Forests (Protection) The Chief Conservator of Forests (Development) The Executive Director, HNL NewsPrint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district. The Executive Director, HNL, Newsprint Nagar, Vellur, Kottayam district. The Accountant General (this issues with the concurrence of the Finance Department) The Finance Department (Vide No. 2219/AWAI/93/Find) The Industries © Department. Copy to the Forest (B) Dept. For further necessary action. Copy to the Forest (D) Dept. For further necessary action. Forwarded/By Order

80 Annexure 9 GoK agreement with HNL 04-10-2007

THIS AGREEMENT is executed on this the 4th day of OCTOBER Two Thousand Seven BETWEEN the Governor of Kerala (hereinafter referred to as the Government” which expression shall, where the context so admits, include his successors in office and assigns) of the ONE PART and the Hindustan Newsprint Limited, registered under Indian Companies Act, 1956 and having its Registered office at Newsprint Nagar, Velloor, Vaikom Taluk, Kottayam District; Kerala (hereinafter referred to as “Company” which expression shall, where the context so admits, include its successors and assigns) of the OTHER PART:

WHEREAS an agreement was entered into on the 7th day of October, 1974 between the parties hereto (hereinafter called “the Principal Agreement”) under which the company was permitted to establish a pulp/newsprint/paper mill and other allied Plants in Kottayam District of Kerala State, for the manufacture of pulp, newsprint, paper and other allied products of paper/boards and allied products of different qualities “(hereinafter referred to as “the products”) from Eucalyptus Grandis , Eucalyptus tereticornis and other pulp woods, reeds and other cellulosic material grown in the forests of Kerala) all of which are hereinafter collectively called “the raw materials”);

AND WHEREAS as per Clause 8 of the Principal Agreement it shall be in force for a period of 30 years starting from 07.10.1974 subject to renewal of further terms and conditions to be negotiated between the parties.

AND WHEREAS, Government of Kerala has issued necessary order for renewing the long term agreement for a further period of twenty years on expiry of the Principal Agreement on Octover6, 2004, as per GO(MS) NO. 20/2006/ID dated, Thiruvananthapuram, 21.02.2006;

AND WHEREAS, based on the Government Order referred above, Company has executed the Agreement with Government of Kerala on the 8th day of May Two Thousand Six for a period of 20 years starting from October 7, 2004, subject to renewal for further term on conditions to be mutually agreed between the parties;

AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(1) of the Principal Agreement has undertaken to make available annually to the Company 150000 tonnes (One Lakh and Fifty Thousand Tonnes) of Eucalyptus wood at 50% moisture content consisting of not less than 100000 (One Lakh) tones of Eucalyptus Grandis variety at 50% moisture content from the State Plantations of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus tereticornis including the yield from the plantations reserved viz Pamba, Kottayam. Punalur, Thenmala and Thiruvananthapuram Forest Divisions, for the purpose and not permit harvesting Eucalyptus grandis therefrom by any party other than the Company;

AND WHEREAS, the Government as per Clause 4(i) of the renewed long term agreement, has undertaken to make available annually to the Company, 50000 MT of Eucalyptus wood (Grandis and hybrid) and 100000 MT of Acacia, Mangium and other

81 pulpwood species at 50% M.C. from the State Forest Department’s plantations, 75000 MT of reeds at 50% moisture content and 75000 MT of bamboo in net weight from the forest as near to the mill as possible;

AND WHEREAS, the Company as per Clause 5 of the Principal Agreement agreed to pay to the Government of Kerala royalty for the raw materials supplied to the Company @Rs.11/- (Rupees Eleven) per tonne of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis (Both with 50% moisture) provided that the Government may at the end of every 5 years from the commencement of manufacture of products revise these rates in consultation with the Company and the Company shall be bound to pay at the rate so revised by the Government from time to time;

AND WHEREAS, the Company commenced commercial exploitation of Eucalyptus grandis from the reserved areas from 1982 and continues every year thereafter.

AND WHEREAS, the Government has revised the rates at the rate of Rs.335/- (Rupees Three Hundred and Thirty Five) per MT of Green Wood of Eucalyptus Grandis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis with effect from 01.10.1991, subject to revision as and when found necessary by Government;

AND WHEREAS, it has become necessary for the Company to get assured regarding the sustained supply of Eucalyptus Grandis for production of Newsprint un interruptedly as per existing capacity, both the parties have agreed to go for Captive Plantations at the Company’s cost in the Forest lands permitted by the Government;

AND WHEREAS, the Government vide Order No. G.O. (MS) 42/93/F&WLD dated 11.06.1993 (hereinafter referred to as ‘said order’, which shall from part of this agreement as if incorporated herein) were pleased to order an area of 5600 ha of existing plantation of Eucalyptus belonging to the Forest Department to be made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, for the purpose of raising Captive Plantations at the company’s cost for producing the raw materials requirement of their existing plant subject to the terms and conditions contained therein and hereinafter mentioned;

AND WHEREAS, the Chief Conservator of Forests has been instructed to take action to identify an area of 5600 ha of existing Eucalyptus grandis plantations to be made available to Hindustan Newsprint Limited, and issue orders permitting cultivation of the area with pulpwood crop;

AND WHEREAS, as per Clause 4(v) of the renewed long term agreement for a period of 20 years, the Government of Kerala agreed to supply forest raw materials to the Company at such prices as may be recommended from time to time by the expert Committee constituted under section 4 of the Kerala Forest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act, 1978 provided that the price will be fixed after consultation with the Company;

82 AND WHEREAS, the Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the Company and the Government of Kerala on the 26th day of April, 2000 for a period of 12 years from 1993-94 to 2005-06 expired in 2006;

AND WHEREAS, the Government of Kerala as per Clause 4(iv) of the renewed long term agreement for a period of 20 years, agreed to renew the existing Captive Plantation Agreement entered into between the Company and the Government of Kerala on its expiry in 2006 for a further period of 14 years or till such period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking, whichever is earlier; AND WHEREAS, the parties hereto have therefore agreed to enter into the agreement (hereinafter referred to as second supplemental agreement) on terms and conditions herein contained.

NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS AND IT IS HEREBY MUTUALLY AGREED AS FOLLOWS 1. The Company hereby agrees that the land permitted for raising Pulpwood Plantations will not be utilized for any purpose other than permitted and the Company will have no claim from Government for the expense incurred for plantation activities undertaken. 2. The establishment of the Kerala Forest Department in the areas proposed for raising plantation will be continued for all works other than works taken up by the Company for raising the plantations. 3. The forest areas permitted for raising Captive Pulpwood Plantations will continue to be Reserve Forest belonging to the State, and its control, protection and administration will remain with the State Forest Department, and the role of the Company will be confined to the cultivation, maintenance and harvesting of the pulpwood crop subject to the guidance and supervision of the Chief Conservator of Forests governed by the terms and conditions hereinafter mentioned. 4. The Government will continue to have the ownership of the land where Captive plantations are raised by the company without any change in legal status. The Government agree that the produce available from the Captive Plantation will be permitted to be extracted only by the Company against the agreed quantity and it will not be allotted to any other party without the prior consent of the Company. 5 (a) The Company agrees that the area where Captive Plantation is found to be a failure shall be resumed to the Department and proportionate rent for such area till it is resumed shall be paid to the Government. (b) The Company agrees to pay lease rent fixed by Government fro time to time for areas, for which permission was given for raising plantations irrespective of whether the area is planted or not by the Company, except in the cases where the reasons for not raising the plantation are beyond the control of the Company. 6. The period of agreement shall be for 14 years from 01.04.2006 or till such period as the Company continues as a Central Public Sector Undertaking which ever is earlier. The agreement can be renewed thereafter by mutual consent with appropriate changes.

83 7 (a) When cutting, converting and stacking of pulpable wood are completed n a strip, the Company shall furnish a list in duplicate to the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned showing the details of pulpable wood stacks. The same shall be verified by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned and necessary passes for the removal shall be issued by the Range Officer / Deputy Ranger Officer concerned. The extension of period of passes shall also be allowed by the Range Officer / Deputy Range Officer concerned; For piece-meal transport of raw materials covered by the departmental passes, subsidiary pass books in Form No. IV of Kerala Forest Produce Transit Rules 1975 can be had on application from the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned on payment of value and tax thereof. No subsidiary pass shall be issued for produce not covered by current departmental passes. A subsidiary pass for each lorry load shall be issued taking care that all columns therein are duly filled up by the nominee of the Company approved by the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests concerned. The counterfoils of the used up passes together with all unused shall be returned to the Deputy Conservator of Forests / Assistant Conservator of Forests within thirty days from the date of expiry of the working season.

(b) The pulpwood on arrival at the premises of the Company at Velloor shall be weighed in the presence of the Forest officers stationed at the Mill Site and the Company shall maintain records thereof and copy of such records shall be sent to the concerned DFOs.

(c) The Company agrees that the Pulpwood extracted from the Captive Plantations shall not be sold or utilized for any purpose other than as raw material for their own use within the State except with specific permission of the Government. (d) The Company agrees that no burning other than that required Silviculturally, be done in the areas and that all natural tree growth and animals available in the area shall be retained as such. 8. The Government agree to permit the Company for insuring the entire plantations raised and maintained by them against untoward happenings like fire, theft etc. and further agree that the company can receive the insurance claim, if any, in full from the insurance Company for the claims put forth by the Company without any liability to the Government; 9. The Company shall pay the lease rent fro every hectare of area permitted to raise Captive Plantations. 10. Both the Government and the Company shall be responsible for the protection of the and against encroachment. The actual areas for Captive Plantations will be verified by a Joint Inspection by officers of the Government and of the Company and surveyed and demarcated. 11. The Company shall abide by Section 29 of Kerala Forest Act with reference to fire protection (for fire incidents and damages if any, that occur within the Captive Plantations, Company only shall be liable and responsible).

84 12. Company shall furnish a lost of Company’s staff, agents and Workmen to the concerned DFO and get his approval. The Government agree that the Company can engage these approved agents, staff and workmen for the purpose of the work and utilize the exiting roads, water source or any other natural resources available within the area permitted for the purpose of the plantation, free of charge. The Government also agree that the Company can improve existing roads and other facilities for extraction of the crop and also construct semi-permanent structures if required for facilitating effective supervision without damaging and detrimenting the natural growth, for the purpose of the cultivation and harvest of the pulpwood with the prior permission of the concerned DFO in writing. Any or all structures constructed in the work area shall be demolished / handed over to the Government at the expiry of the Agreement period. 13. The Government agree that the Company can resort to mechanization activities required for raising and harvesting the captive plantation, without damaging natural tree growth. 14 (a) The Company shall be responsible for the safety of forest wealth in the area permitted for raising captive plantation. If any forest tree is lost, rendered useless or otherwise destroyed during the agreement period, the Company shall be liable to pay the value of such wealth as assessed by the concerned Divisional Forest Officer at the scheduled rate, or the rate for standing timber notified from time to time by the Government under Section 3 of the Kerala Forest Product (Fixation of Selling Price) Act. 1978 whichever is higher. (b) Company shall ensure for the protection and conservation of biodiversity of the area adjoining to the captive plantation. (c) The Company agrees that violation of this agreement shall forfeit the right of the Company for raising the captive plantation in the area and the Government is at liberty to withdraw the permission given to the Company for raising the plantations in such areas and that such areas shall be taken by the Government with all improvements made, without paying any compensation to the Company in respect thereof. 15. The existing check post if any in the area will continue to function under the control of the Forest Department. 16. In the case of any penalty imposed by Divisional Forest Officer for the infringement of Acts and Rules in force due to omissions and commissions by the Company, the staff, agents or workmen engaged by the company, the Company is at liberty to refer the matter to Conservator of forests whose decision therein shall be final. 17. The Government agree that the employees with valid identity cards of the Company and approved by the concerned DFO’s and vehicles owned and used by the company will be permitted to enter the plantation areas. The Company shall engage only the approved Agents, staff and workmen in the plantation and shall provide identify cards to all the persons showing the name, age and address. They shall produce the identity cars on demand by any forest officer. The Company will be held responsible for all acts and omissions of such agents, staff or workers causing damage to the areas. The Divisional Forest Officer is at liberty to direct the Company to withdraw any of

85 their agents or workers and the Company shall abide by such directions. Any produce collected by persons who are not authorized shall be liable for confiscation and appropriation by the Divisional Forest Officer in such manner as he deems fit and such persons shall be dealtwith under the relevant Acts and Rules in force. Duly accredited representative of the Company shall be present in the area during the period of agreement.

18. The Government agree that the yield obtained at the time of every harvest from the captive plantation shall be accounted against the committed quantity of pulpwood to be supplied by government against that year.

19. All the Shola Forests in the area within or adjoining (within 2 chain belt around) the area allotted to the Company shall be protected by the Company. (a) Government reserves its right to take any part of the area for puclic purpose, without paying compensation.

20. The Company shall at all times comply with the provisions of the Kerala Forest Act and the Rules framed there under and such other laws and rules and regulations as are applicable from time to time.

21. The Company shall be liable and responsible for payments, if any, to the agents, staff and workers engaged/employed by the Company including all claims as per the Workmen Compensation Act and such claims/payments shall be settled by the Company. All payments due to Government from the company by virtue of the agreement, if not paid within the time allowed, shall be recovered from the company and their properties movable and immovable under the provisions of the Revenue Recovery Act for the time being in force as if they were arrears of land revenue and in such other manner as the Government may deem fit.

22. On expiry of the agreement period the Company shall vacate the areas after preparing a joint mahazar with the concerned Range Officers indicating liabilities, if any, on part of the company. A copy of the joint mahazar shall be furnished to the Company. 23. The Government agree that the barks, lops and tops obtainable from the captive plantations during extraction of the plantation shall be the property of the Company and the Company is free to use or dispose if of at their option. 24. The external boundaries of the Captive Plantations will be demarcated by granite Stones/ concrete blocks marked CP/HNL. 25. The value of pulpwood crop raised by Forest Department available in the area permitted for raising captive plantations shall be paid by the Company to the Government as per valuation approved by the Government. 26. No standing trees (except Eucalyptus trees and plants) shall be cut and removed by the Company without the permission for the Hon’ble High Court from the areas ear-marked for Captive Plantation by the Company as directed by the Hon’ble High Court in writ appeal No.314/95 filed by Kerala Forest

86 Protective Staff Association represented by its Kottayam District Committee President. 27. Any dispute, doubt, difference or ambiguity which may at any time arise between the parties hereto, touching on or arising out of or in respect of this Agreement or the subject matters hereof, shall be referred to a committee consisting of the Principal Secretary/Secretary (F&WL), the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (General) and the Managing Director, HNL and their decision shall be final and binding on the parties. IN WITNESS WHEREOF

SHRI C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for and on behalf of the Governor of Kerala and Shri. N.P. PRAbhu MD.for and on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited have hereunto been affixed on the day, month and year first above written.

THE SCHEDULE OF PROTERTY ABOVE REFERRED TO signed by Shri. C.S. Yalakki, CCF(Prot) for on behalf of this Governor of Kerala Sd/- C.S. YALAKKI, IFS Chief Conservator of Forests In the presence of Witness: (Protection) Forest Headquarters Thiruvananthapuram. 1. S. SreeRekha, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/- 2. Suji Stantly, U.D. Clerk, O/o. CCF (P) sd/- Signed by Shri. N.P. PRABHU MD for on behalf of Hindustan Newsprint Limited

Sd/- N.P. PRABHU Managing Director In the presence of witnesses; HINDUSTAN NEWSPRINT LTD., NEWSPRINT NAGAR – P.O., KOTTAYAM DIST. – KERALA – 686 610 1. P. Govindankutty Sd/- Manager (Forestry & Liaison) HNL, Trivandrum

2. M.K. Sasindran Nair Sd/- Senior Inspector GOI, HNL, Thiruvananthapuram.

87 Annexure 10 List of Control forms

FORM - 1 Creation of new artificial waterholes

Sl. No Category year Location Cost Performance 1 2 3 4 5 6

Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthen bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, reservoir, spring fed, tanker fed, guzzler, aquifer; permanent or temporary Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

FORM - 2 Maintenance of waterholes: Natural

Sl. Perennial or Nature Category Location Year Cost Performance No seasonal of work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Spring, seep, natural depression, a flowing stretch, reservoir Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Nature of work: Desilting, provision of apron, any other category Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

FORM - 3 Maintenance of waterholes: Artificial

Sl. Perennial or Nature Category Location Year Cost Performance No seasonal of work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Masonry anicut, earthern bund, lined depression, borewell and pump, spring fed, guzzler, aquifer etc. Location : By compartment or by a named feature and name given if any Year : Year of maintenance, with year of establishment in parenthesis. Nature of work: Desilting, grouting, repairing leaks, repair to mechanical parts, closing anicut openings, any other work Performance : Successful, partially successful, failure (give reasons for the latter two)

FORM - 4 Restoration of habitat: weed control

Location & name Extent of Species Opera- Total Cost Sl. No Year Remarks of site area(ha) of weed tion cost /ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, site name or land feature Operation : Uprooting, cutting, burning, ploughing, manual or by using animals or machinery Remarks : Measure of success and or problem faced.

88 FORM - 5 Restoration of habitat: Prescribed burning Location & Extent of Area Total Sl. No Year Period Cost / ha Remarks name of site area(ha) treated(ha) cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment or name of site Period : Date of starting operation and completion Remarks : Mention resultant structure e.g. a mosaic, % burnt, % intact problems encountered in conducting the operation – e.g. fire escape. FORM - 6 Restoration of habitat: Soil Conservation measures – initial operations and subsequent maintenance Location & name Extent of Area Opera- Total Cost / Sl. No Year Remarks of site area(ha) treated(ha) tions cost ha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, name of site or landmarks Extent of area : Total area identified for such treatment. In case of streams or gullies, the length involved Area treated : If linear feature then quote length; otherwise area. Operation : Structures involved such as gully plugs, trench-cum-mound, terracing, spurs and bunds etc. quote quantity nos. and cmt. of earthwork. Remarks : Mention if initial work or maintenance. FORM - 7 Restoration of habitat Regulations or Extent of Description Sl. No Location Year protection Response Remarks area(ha) of site measures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Location : By compartment or landmarks Description : % tree, shrub, ground cover, main species, impact of factors causing perturbations. Regulations & : Social fencing, power or other kind of fencing, enforced protection by protection measures patrolling, fire protection etc. Response : To be recorded annually. Consider trend of regeneration, vegetation cover, change in structure and composition, wildlife use index. Remarks : Site problems or any other useful information, including alternatives if area being used by people for specific purposes. FORM - 8 Animals: Measuring trends in populations Population Adult Sub-adults Fa Re- Sl. Year- Tot Species estimation Fe- Fe- wn Cubs mar No. Male Male lings al methodology male male s ks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Note : Population estimation : e.g. pugmark, line transect, scan, roadside counts etc., area covered, sampling intensity, data treatment, extrapolation where involved. In case of indices of density or dung count mentions those figures under the remarks column; use details as pertinent. Describe age classes for each species. Remarks : Operational problems, protection problems, any other useful information. Indices of density or dung count details to be recorded here

89 FORM - 9 Animals: New records Details of How Habitat Sl. No Species Location Year number, age Remarks discovered description sex 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Animal will include vertebrates and invertebrates How discovered : Sighting, dead specimen, reliability of sighting, captured specimen, incontrovertible other evidence No., age, sex etc : As applicable to vertebrates Habitat description : Broad habitat description such as vegetation, and elements such as water, large old trees, den trees, snags, down log material. Use microhabitat descriptors only if relevant Remarks : Any other useful information FORM - 10 Animals: Mortality other than that attributable to an offence Sex Cause of Sl. How Species Location Year and Number mortality Remarks No discovered age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location : By compartment, landmark etc. Sex and age : As per parameters for age class. Sex, if possible to identify. How discovered : Carcass, complete or partial. Skull or any other recognizable remains collected where only some remains of an animal are found. Cause of mortality : If known e.g. territorial fight, accident, possible disease (following postmortem results),old age cause difficult to determine, predation etc. Remarks : Any other useful information FORM - 11 Animals: Mortality attributed to poaching or an act of vandalism Cause of mortality, number, sex Sl. No Species Location Remarks age class 1 2 3 4 5

Note : Location : By compartment or landmarks. Cause of mortality : Whether the animal was intact or remains found, article or trophy to be recorded. Cause if known eg. animal snared, shot or poisoned etc. Remarks : Any other useful information, especially matters of illegal trade. FORM - 12 Animals: Predation on domestic livestock by wild carnivores Category Compen- Re- Sl. Loca- Num Carnivore No. of cases Range Month of livestock sation paid ma No tion bers involved undecided killed (Rs.) rks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Note : Category of live- : Buffalo, cow, bullock (adult, sub-adult, calf), camel, horse, donkey, stock killed sheep, goat, poultry etc. Location : Comptt. no. or landmark where killed and the village of the owner Carnivore involved : Indicate species responsible for the kill if identity is confirmed No. of cases undecided : Either in progress or dropped. Remarks : Record observations like - attended or unattended animal, killed in forest or waterhole or in the pen/shed, field and whether kill was in area closed to livestock trespass.

90 FORM - 13 Animals: Killing of a human by wildlife or injury caused No. of Location, No. of Location, Com- Sl. No. of people circum- people circum- pensa- Range Month No incidents killed, age stances & injured, stances & tion & sex species age & sex species (Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Location, circumstances : Location by comptt no., the village to which the person belongs and a description of the site and and species activity such as – open grassy patch, cutting grass; or under a mahua tree collecting flowers ets. Mention species on proof.

FORM - 14 Animals: Wildlife damage to private or public property Sl. The category Extent of Species involved Range Month Remarks No of property damage and number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark. Category of property : eg. agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle. Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss. Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts and belongings with estimated monetary loss Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was provoked by people.

FORM - 15 Plants: New records Revenue Free of Agency involved Sl. Kind of Range Species Quantity realized change Local Outsider No produce (Rs.) quantity people s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Kind of produce : Mention name, can be biological or geomorphic in origin Species : If applicable Quantity : Use the appropriate unit Local people : Applies to people within TUZ & ZI (buffer). This return normally applies to TUZ & buffer. If practice exists within the PA, make a special mention.

FORM - 16 NWFP Collection: Plants and other produce Year: Sl. The category Extent of Species involved Range Month Remarks No of property damage and number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Location : By comptt. no., village survey no., name of village or landmark. Category of property : eg. Agriculture field-wheat, huts in a village, any kind of vehicle. Extent of damage : Crop damage by area, estimated loss of produce and monetary loss. Similar yardsticks for other items like partial or total destruction of huts and belongings with estimated monetary loss Remarks : Any relevant information or circumstances eg. a wild elephant was provoked by people.

91 FORM - 17 Grazing of domestic livestock Year: Village-wise Capacity of the Total cattle unit List of Sl. Grazing unit listed unit (cattle units) grazed villages in Remarks No. No. population of an number of the unit Legal Illegal cattle cattle grazed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Remarks : (i) Mention number of cattle immunized against FMD, RP, anthrax as the case might be and the number of cattle without the prophylactic cover (ii) If grass is allowed to be cut for cattle being stall-fed, mention the village and number of such cattle. FORM - 18 Inter-agency programmes: Agencies and schemes (Government) Year: Number and name Physical and Sl. Name of Central Area and of scheme financial targets Remarks No. Agency or State location operated Given Achieved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Name of the Scheme : To include all activities in the Govt. Sector, i.e. construction, use of resources, development processes etc. mention names of schemes, projects or normal operations. This will address all departments in the management area and those activities outside but capable of influencing the management area. Remarks : Success, adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management objectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the PA book. FORM - 19 Programmes of NGOs Year: Name Nature of Physical and Sl. HQ Area and of the scheme financial targets Remarks No. location location Agency operated Given Achieved 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Remarks : Success or adverse impacts, incompatibility with PA management objectives or failures should be mentioned. Detailed notes to go in the PA Book. These programmes and activities could be within the management area or those that are outside the management area but are capable of influencing the state of the management area – either complementing efforts or adversely impacting. FORM - 20 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: Roads and Bridges (*existing/new) Year: Length Cross, drainage Sl. Name or Total cost Category Range Surface covered works, bridges No. number and status (km) with types 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category of road : National/State highway, district road etc. public road or open only to managers should be stated Surface type : Block topped, metal, earth etc. Applies to roads.. Name or number : As the case may be. Cross drainage type : eg. for culverts – box, hume pipe culverts etc. Bridge type : Wooden trestle, suspension, metal multi span, masonry arch etc. Status : Work completed or ongoing. State also the agency responsibility; state whether operational or non-operational * : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for construction and for maintenance details.

92 FORM - 21 Construction*/maintenance* of infrastructure: buildings (*existing/new) Year: Sl. Name of the Type of Range Location Numbers Total cost Status No. building construction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Nature of the building : eg. residential(Guard), office, store, chauki, watch tower, tourist facility, hide, barrier, patrolling camp (temporary or permanent) etc. Location : the By compartment or village or landmark as appropriate. Type of construction : Masonry (brick/stone), log or wooden, metal, local material etc. Status : Completed or ongoing. * : Strike out which is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for construction and for maintenance details.

FORM - 22 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: communication (*existing/new) Year: Sl. Name of Advantage Range Location Number Cost Remarks No. facility gained 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Type of facility : eg. telephone, wireless Location : Staff Hq location, village, landmark etc. Advantage gained : Area’s served, staff locations connected etc. Remarks : Record status – complete, ongoing, functional, non-functional.. * : Strike out that is not applicable. Use separate forms as required; for new facility and maintenance.

FORM - 23 Development*/maintenance* of infrastructure: vehicles (*existing/new) Year: Kind of Sl. No. Number HQ if any Intended use Cost Remarks vehicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Kind of vehicle : Jeep, trailer, tractor, truck, minibus, tanker, motorcycle, bicycle, boat (paddle or motor), launch, car, riding elephant, ponies, etc. Intended use : Management support, patrolling/antipoaching, tourism etc. Remarks : Any other useful information. Mention written off vehicles, retired or dead animals. * : Strike out the inapplicable. Use separate forms as required to indicate acquisition, maintenance. FORM - 24 Developing infrastructure: construction of boundaries Fences, CPTs, EPTs, exclosures, enclosures (*existing/new) Year: Category of Length Sl. No. Range Location Numbers Specifications Remarks construction (meters) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : Kind of boundary eg. comptt, block, zone etc. In case of fences: power fence, others Location : By compartment or suitable landmark. Numbers : In case of exclosures, enclosures, number of pillars etc. as applicable. Specifications : As applicable to the construction: dry rubble, chain link, local material, height, area, depth, width etc. Remarks : Any other relevant information. * : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use a form each for maintenance of existing features and for new features.

93 FORM - 25 Developing infrastructure: firelines (*existing/new) Year: Sl. Fireline category Name of points Length Range Cost Remarks No. or width connected (meters) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Category : Main or subsidiary etc. Record width * : Strike out that is inapplicable. Use one form each for maintenance of existing fireline and creation of new FORM – 26 Tourism Total number of visitors all categories : Year: Name of complex: Total revenue earned: The category of visitors by month & numbers No staying Indian No. Sl. Adult overnight Child- Foreig- days No. Rura and Month Male Female ren ners Urban Revenue visitors l revenue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Note : Column 2 to 5 will be written in three successive lines for the month pertinent, one below the other. First line information pertains to foreign tourists. Put a tick(_/) in col. 6. Second and third line details rural and urban tourists respectively. Put a tick (_/) in Col. 7, Column 8 as applicable. FORM - 27 Outbreak of fires Year: Sl. Extent Dates Estimated Range Location Reasons Remarks No. (ha) Detected Controlled loss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Location : By compartments Reasons : Established or suspected Estimated loss : eg. number of trees damaged, stacked firewood/timber/bamboo destroyed/damaged by volume and cost, wild animals dead, particulars of sensitive sites affected, other property or life destroyed. Remarks : State particularly problems encountered in detection and uppression and any other useful information. State also whether the extent of fire has been mapped. FORM – 28 Offence cases detected Year: Number of cases Number of Number of Sl. Range category Numbers decided cases under cases Remarks No. Successful Failure process compounded 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Category : eg. illegal cutting of trees, illegal firewood, illegal NWFP, poaching, encroachment, illegal cattle grazing etc. category be codified by letters of alphabet. Remarks : Any other useful information. This should also include the number of cases pending decision with the Department. The cases under column 8 pertain to area of non PA status under management which do not involve an endangered species (Schedule-I). FORM – 29 Incentives and awards Year: Sl. Number of recipients of Amount Kind of Number of Range Remarks No. incentives for detecting offences paid (Rs.) award recipients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Note : Kinds of award : eg. a medal like the Shaurya Chakra, any other such awards instituted by the State or Central Government, includes citations, extra increments etc. Remarks: Any other useful information. If an award carries cash, mention the amount.

94 FORM - 30 Research projects under implementation through PA manpower with or without collaboration with other agencies Year: Sl. Title Comple On- New Status Financial Expenditure Remarks No. ted going outlay(Rs.) incurred (Rs.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Note : Completed : State date of completion and the status of the project report Ongoing : State since when the project is under operation and expected period of completion New : State the date of commencement and duration. Status : State the progress towards achievement of objectives; or project which has been dropped or held in abeyance etc Remarks : Any other relevant information. If the project is in collaboration with any other agency or is an contractual arrangement, state the situation and the name of the collaborating agency. If animal/plant specimen are being collected, state authority and where the collections are being housed. FORM - 31 Survey and inventories Year: Sl. Title of survey, By other Completed Ongoing New By PA Remarks No. inventory activity agency 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Note : Completed : State date of completion of field work and the status of the report Ongoing : State since when is it under operation & when is it expected to be completed. New : State the date of commencement and duration. By PA personnel: Will include collaboration or contractual arrangement. State the case as relevant. Other agency : State the name of the agency. Remarks : If specimen of plants /animals are being collected, state where the collection is being housed and authority. Any other useful information. FORM - 32 The Monitoring Programme Year: Status of Sl. Title of the Date of Responsible Technique collaboration and Remarks No. programme initiation agency analysis of data 1 2 3 4 5 6 8

Note : Technique : PCQ, belt transect, line transect and plots, pugmarks etc. by the title of the technique. Status of collaboration : Write only if applicable. FORM - 33 Ecodevelopment Programme: Targets and implementation Year: Sector Village Sl. Nature of the (Central / Target set Achievements Remar (Buffer / No. programme State) or NGO ks enclave) sponsored Physical Financial Physical Financial

Note : Nature of the programme: eg. pasture development, fodder plantations, establishing biogas units, livestock improvement, establishment and development of sericulture, revival of local skills such as handicraft, water harvesting systems, adults education etc. Village : Site where programme is being implemented – whether buffer or inside PA Remarks : State problems, state failures and reasons thereof, reasons for not attaining targets, for non-implementation or deviation etc. State whether it is on the right tracks in context of achievement of objectives

95 PART-I THE PROTECTED AREA: THE EXISTING SITUATION Pambadum Shola NP Location Map Part II The Proposed Management PART III APPENDICES CHAPTER 11

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