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O rder N um ber 8827782

Front page from the White House: A quantitative study of personal news coverage from Teddy Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan

Streitmatter, Rodger Allan, Ph.D.

The American University, 1988

Copyright ©1988 by Streitmatter, Rodger Allan. All rights reserved.

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FRONT PAGE FROM THE WHITE HOUSE:
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF PERSONAL NEWS COVERAGE
FROM TEDDY ROOSEVELT TO RONALD REAGAN by
Rodger Streitmatter submitted to the
Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in
History

Signatures of Committee:
Chairman:

CUi£a^

Athe College

April 26, 1988

Date
1988
The American University

  • Washington, D.C., 20016
  • U?o)'

UHIVEHSITY LIBRARY

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© COPYRIGHT
BY
RODGER STREITMATTER
1988
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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FRONT PAGE FROM THE WHITE HOUSE;
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF PERSONAL NEWS COVERAGE
FROM TEDDY ROOSEVELT TO RONALD REAGAN
BY
RODGER STREITMATTER
ABSTRACT

Historians, political scientists, journalists, politicians, and presidents have criticized today's press for placing too much emphasis on personal news about the president. Critics say presidential news coverage increasingly centers on the man's personality and personal trivia. This quantitative study challenges the criticism by exploring personal news coverage of the twentieth century's fifteen presidents. The study was designed to deterime if personal news about recent presidents has accounted for a larger portion of presidential news coverage. Secondary purposes were to determine which presidents have received the most and the least personal coverage and to identify factors that have influenced the amount of personal news coverage presidents receive.
Data were collected from a two-year sample period of each man's presidency. The four major newspapers

ii

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studied— New York Times. Los Angeles Times. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. and Atlanta Constitution— give the study a national perspective while representing different political leanings.
Results show that, contrary to general impressions, early twentieth-century presidents received a higher percentage of personal news than have recent presidents. Data show personal stories represented the following percentages of news coverage: T. Roosevelt, 51; Wilson, 24; Harding, 22; F. Roosevelt, 16; Coolidge, 15; Kennedy, 14; Truman and Johnson, 12; Reagan and Taft, 11; Carter, 10; Ford, 9; Hoover, 8 ; Eisenhower, 7; and Nixon, 5. Regression analysis procedures used the aggregate data for all the presidents to define a trend toward less personal coverage of presidents. The regression coefficient was found to be -.26.
Factors identified as influencing the magnitude of a president's personal news coverage are: how early in the century he serves, how newsworthy his personality and personal life are, and how willing he is to provide the press with liberal access to the White House and to him.
The study concludes that newspapers are wrongly perceived as being preoccupied with personal coverage from the White House because television news constantly airs

111

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footage depicting trivial activities of the president.
Another conclusion is that today's major newspapers are created, with regard to personal coverage from the White House, with a higher degree of professionalism than those of the past; they place very few personal stories about the president on their front page.
The study suggests that its findings generally support the previous scholarly research on the press-president relationship. It also discusses the study's repercussions on American newspapers, the American presidency, and the country itself.

IV

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CONTENTS page vi

LIST OF TABLES .........................

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

.............................................

ix

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................

1

CHAPTER I :

HISTOGIOGRAPHY ..................................

PARAMETERS AND METHODOLOGY

9

CHAPTER I I : CHAPTER I I I : CHAPTER IV : CHAPTER V:

35

DATA ANALYSIS

............................

64

EARLY-PERIOD PRESIDENTS MIDDLE-PERIOD PRESIDENTS RECENT-PERIOD PRESIDENTS
..
...

108 180 228 306 324 347 355

CHAPTER V I: CHAPTER V I I : CHAPTER V I I I :
TELEVISION NEWS

......................

CONCLUSIONS .................................

APPENDIX ...................................................................................

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................

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LIST OF TABLES

  • Table
  • Page

1. Presidential Endorsements of Newspapers Studied . 63 2. Presidents Listed Chronologically with Percent of Personal Coverage

.............................

65
3. Presidents Ranked by Percent of Personal Coverage 4. New York Times Coverage........................ 5. Percentage of General News Devoted to Personal

66

70

N e w s ...............

  • .
  • 74

78 81
6 . Percentage of General News Devoted to Personal
News (for Presidents Other Than Teddy Roosevelt)

7. Ranking of Presidents by Variation between
"Expected" and Actual Personal Coverage .........

8 . Regression Analysis Data for General News

Coverage........................................

85
9. Regression Analysis Data for Personal News

Coverage...........

87
10. Regression Analysis Data for General News
Coverage Other Than Personal

....................

91
11. Teddy Roosevelt's Newspaper Coverage

............

112
12. Categories of Teddy Roosevelt's Personal Coverage 121 13. William Howard Taft's Newspaper Coverage . . . . 14. Categories of William Howard Taft's Personal
127

Coverage..............................................

15. Woodrow Wilson's Newspaper Coverage .............. 140

VI

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  • Table
  • Page

  • 150
  • 16. Categories of Woodrow Wilson's Personal Coverage

17. Warren G. Harding's Newspaper Coverage

..........

157
18. Categories of Warren G. Harding's Personal

Coverage.........................................165

19. Calvin Coolidge's Newspaper Coverage

............

170
20. Categories of Calvin Coolidge's Personal Coverage 176 21. Herbert Hoover's Newspaper Coverage .............. 22. Categories of Herbert Hoover's Personal Coverage
183 190

  • 23. Franklin Roosevelt's Newspaper Coverage
  • . . = . 194

24. Categories of Franklin Roosevelt's Personal

Coverage.........................................203

25. Harry Truman's Newspaper Coverage .............. 26. Categories of Harry Truman's Personal Coverage . 215 27. Dwight Eisenhower's Newspaper Coverage .......... 219
208
28. Categories of Dwight Eisenhower's Personal

Coverage ........................................... 225

  • 29. John Kennedy's Newspaper Coverage ................
  • 232

30. Categories of John Kennedy's Personal Coverage . 240 31. Lyndon Johnson's Newspaper Coverage .............. 32. Categories of Lyndon Johnson's Personal Coverage
245 254

  • 258
  • 33. Richard Nixon's Newspaper Coverage

..............

34. Categories of Richard Nixon's Personal Coverage . 264 35. Gerald Ford's Newspaper Coverage ................ 36. Categories of Gerald Ford's Personal Coverage . . 275

268

Vll

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  • Table
  • Page

  • 112
  • 11. Teddy Roosevelt's Newspaper Coverage ...........

37. Jimmy Carter's Newspaper coverage ...............
279
38. Categories of Jimmy Carter's Personal Coverage . 288 39. Ronald Reagan's Newspaper Coverage ............. 292 40. Categories of Ronald Reagan's Personal Coverage . 301 41. Television News Coverage from tne White House . . 315 42. Television News Coverage of the Presidential

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