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Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology an Interactive Guide Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology PK Gupta PK Gupta Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology An Interactive Guide Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology PK Gupta Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology An Interactive Guide PK Gupta Toxicology Consulting Group Academy of Sciences for Animal Welfare Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India ISBN 978-3-030-22249-9 ISBN 978-3-030-22250-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22250-5 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The book entitled Concepts and Applications in Veterinary Toxicology: An Interactive Guide covers a broad spectrum of topics for the students specializing in veterinary toxicology and veterinary medical practitioners. The major emphasis of the book is to briefly highlight specialized topics essential for veterinary specialists. A great attention has been given to common toxicants to which several species, including pet animals, are exposed to a variety of toxicants. The subject of veteri- nary toxicology is complicated greatly by the wide variations in responses of domestic, companion, aquatic, wild, and zoo species to toxicants. Therefore, emphasis has also been given to species variation and diagnostic toxicology includ- ing clinical management that is more relevant to veterinary profession. The author’s own experience in different branches of veterinary toxicology has been abstracted in this book. In the last few decades, veterinary toxicologists have faced the enor- mous task of dealing with a flood of new farm chemicals and household products. Understanding the complete profile (especially mechanisms of toxicity) of each toxicant is the biggest challenge for today’s veterinary toxicologists. This book has 15 chapters that cover several topics, such as general principles of toxicology, current status, factors affecting toxicity, absorption, distribution, metab- olism, excretion, mechanism of toxicity, toxic effects of various xenobiotics, poi- sonings of poisonous and venomous organisms, toxicities from human drugs, bacteria and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), mycotoxicosis, feed contaminant toxicity, and food hazards in pets and veterinary drug residue hazards. The last chapter is exclusively devoted to veterinary clinical toxicology which deals with the principles of diagnosis, followed by the general management of poisoning of the patients including methods of removal of poisons from the body and treatment of poisoning. Each chapter in this book starts with the introduction and key points relevant to the topic, then concept and applications, followed by questions and answers that include short questions and answers, multiple choice questions, true/false or cor- rect/incorrect statements, fill in the blanks, and match the statements. It is a unique book in veterinary toxicology that is prepared to offer a comprehensive concepts and application resource to veterinary toxicologists, students, teachers, clinicians, and animal health scientists. This book is more student-teacher-friendly, is targeted primarily for the classroom and practitioners, and is written in a manner to v vi Preface stimulate interest on various facets of the subject and make it more exciting. The sample exercises of questions and answers will support active learning because these exercises will not only be a useful tool for the teachers of veterinary toxicol- ogy who need inspiration when composing questions for their students but will also help all teachers practicing in medical toxicology and toxicologists engaged in various disciplines. Therefore, the author believes that this book would serve the students, academic institutions, and industry as follows: • It is a good resourse for veterinary medical practitioners and will be an excellent contribution for the students who need a study aid for veterinary toxicology but want more than a textbook as they need a self-testing regime. • It will be a useful tool for the teachers of veterinary toxicology who need inspira- tion when composing questions for their students. • It will also help the established toxicologists to test their own knowledge of understanding the subject matter. • It will be useful at universities and colleges and in industry for in-house training courses in veterinary toxicology, which I know exist in some pharmaceutical and chemical companies. • It is required for all those who want to study for the veterinary toxicology boards and other examinations. Thus, the main strength of this book is that it reflects the breadth and multidisci- plinary nature of veterinary toxicology with the subject needed to improve the engagement and understanding of the subject having a very wide audience. Toxicology is a rapidly evolving field. Suggestions and comments are welcome to help the author improve the contents of the book. Please also suggest the deficien- cies need to be covered at [email protected] or [email protected] if you have any topics you feel should be better covered in any future editions. Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India PK Gupta Disclaimer The information, including text, questions and answers, illustrations, etc., in the book is based on standard textbooks in the area of specialization. However, it is well known that with the advancement of science, the standard of care in the practice of veterinary medicine changes rapidly. Many drugs that were indicated for the treat- ment of a certain ailment in the beginning get superseded by others. With long-term use, their effects and effectiveness become apparent, or else, the use was advocated for some other problem. Though all the efforts have been made to ensure the accu- racy of the information, the possibility of human error still remains. Therefore, nei- ther the author nor the publisher guarantees that the information contained in the book is absolute. Anyone using the veterinary clinical information contained in this book has to be, therefore, duly cautious. It is particularly important to check drug dosages, indications, interactions, and contraindications with the manufacturer’s most recent product information. Neither the author nor the publisher should be responsible for any damage that results from the use of the information contained in any part of this book. vii Contents 1 General Principles of Toxicology �������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Roots in Veterinary Medicine and Toxicology ������������������������������������ 2 1.3 Toxicology and the Risk Paradigm . 4 1.4 Scope of Toxicology . 5 1.5 Current Status �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 1.6 Definitions, Classification, and Toxicity Rating . 7 1.7 Toxicity Rating ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 1.8 Sources of Poisoning . 9 1.8.1 Malicious Poisoning . 10 1.8.2 Accidental Poisoning �������������������������������������������������������������� 10 1.9 Factors Affecting the Activity of Toxicants ���������������������������������������� 10 1.9.1 Host Factors (Biologic Factors) ���������������������������������������������� 10 1.9.2 Factors Related to Exposure . 13 1.9.3 Chemical Factors �������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 1.10 Natural Law Concerning Toxicity . 14 1.10.1 Dose-Response Relationship �������������������������������������������������� 14 1.10.2 Types of Dose-Response Relationship ������������������������������������ 15 1.10.3 Variables of Dose-Response Curves . 15 1.11 Interaction with Receptors ������������������������������������������������������������������ 17 1.12 Questions and Answers . 21 1.12.1 Short Questions and Answers . 21 1.12.2 Multiple Choice Questions . 22 1.12.3 Fill in the Blanks . 24 1.12.4 True or False Statements . 25 1.12.5 Match the Statements �������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Further Reading . 26 2 Disposition and Fate of Toxicants . 27 2.1 Introduction . 27 2.2 Absorption . 29 2.2.1 Translocation of Xenobiotics Across Membranes ������������������ 29 2.2.2 Toxicant Absorption ���������������������������������������������������������������� 31 2.2.3 Species Differences in Absorption
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