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UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Barriers to Sainthood: Mormon Families, Times, and Places Between Peru and Utah Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h8740ts Author Palmer, Jason Charles Publication Date 2021 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Barriers to Sainthood: Mormon Families, Times, and Places Between Peru and Utah DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Anthropology by Jason Charles Palmer Dissertation Committee: Distinguished Professor Leo Chavez, Chair Professor Susan Bibler Coutin Associate Professor Eleana Kim 2021 Portion of Chapter 2 © 2020 Palgrave Macmillan Portion of Chapter 7 © 2020 Routledge All other materials © 2021 Jason Charles Palmer DEDICATION To Elvira, Sajama, Zelanda and Harika. And to el barrio. ¡Wallatas por siempre! ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix CURRICULUM VITAE x ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi INTRODUCTION: Miniskirts, Miracles, Migrants and Modern Mormon Mestizaje 1 Blood Kin and Religious Law 1 The Data 3 The Sites The Sites 9 The Positionality 10 Second Bishop 15 Jesus Asked Rosa 21 Justifying Israelite Occupation 24 The Place That the Lord Chose 28 American Mormon Dreams 31 Four Colonialisms Prepare for a Fifth 35 Zionist Battles 43 CHAPTER 1: Shining Path versus Zion’s Camp: Pioneering Self-Government in Peruvian Gospel Culture 45 Pioneers in Zion 45 Extricating Culture from Religion 47 Sheer Clothing and Loose Hair 51 Nephite Rule-Bending 56 Peruvian Stagnation 60 Peruvian Boom 62 Mission as Pilgrimage and Rite 67 Misioneras Aguerridas 70 We Have Become a Part of That History 76 CHAPTER 2: Stone Legacy versus Dark Dancing: Staking out Pioneer Indigeneity and Life through Sacrifice and Death 80 Tribulations Bring Blessings 80 Just Like the Original 84 Narratives of Sacrifice 91 Story Ownership 94 iii Sangre Indigena 100 The Pioneers Are Dead 101 Dancing in Darkness 104 Sacred Stones 107 Pioneers At Last 111 CHAPTER 3: Holy Tabernacles versus Sacred Parapets: Decentering Mormonism with Peruvian Sites and Histories 119 Mormon Coloniality 119 American Generosity 122 Same Single Family 125 They Can’t Fathom It 130 White is Write 133 Being A Bit Prudent 139 Unruly Sacredness and Wild Tongues 142 Lamanite Threat 148 CHAPTER 4: A Quinceañera Today versus A Glimpse of Tomorrow: Peruvian Mormon Migratory Futures 155 Defined Out of Forever 155 Living in the Next Generation 158 A Little More Than We Were 163 So That They Might Know 167 Coors Light and Bread Babies 172 There Is a Destiny in All of This 177 Early To Rise Makes a Man 181 Break From Chronological Failure 187 CHAPTER 5: Extremely Single Adults versus Sad Heaven: When God’s Daughters Are Late to Love 190 Your Kids Will Be Earlier Than Anyone 190 Pacha and The Proclamation 195 Marriage Wasn’t Happening For Me 199 Tawantisuyano Complementarity and Syncretic Gender 203 Extremely Single (never quite) Adults 209 To What Should a Daughter of God Aspire? 216 Settling for a Most Meager Roof 222 In Place, Not On Time 226 CHAPTER 6: Pathological Backscratchers versus La Gringada: Individualistic Sainthoods Living as One 229 Interdependent Independence 229 Homes, Units and White Family Space 232 Nepotism and Despotism 239 Not My Problem 245 At 18 You are Going to Leave Home 248 iv Dividual Needs and Substantial Salvation 252 Elect Souls 256 Mamá, I’m home 260 CHAPTER 7: Matchmaking Bishops versus Matriarchal Healers: Gender, Power, and Lineage in Zion’s Borderlands 266 Patriarcal Matriarchy 266 Mi Mami Ofelia or Mi Mamá Marisol? 268 Out-Of-Wedlock Pride 272 Taking His Name 274 Permission to Use My Hands 276 Wrong Kind of Love 283 Covenant Boundaries 287 Conversos in Saint’s Clothing 293 Zion’s Border Police 296 Youth of Zion Rise 300 CONCLUSION: Moroni con Lamborghini versus Cholo con Plata: Whiteness, La Familia and other Complex Admixtures 302 Longing and Hate 302 What’s Your Tribe? 305 White Genealogies 306 Moroni Con Lamborghini 309 Cholo Con Plata 312 Proving Peruanidad 316 Immanent Obligation and Wedding Photography 321 Cholo Sin Plata 327 Tortillas y Arroz 331 God’s Mercy Toward Us 335 WORKS CITED 340 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Patron saint festival in Arequipa 5 Figure 2 Toasting peruanidad with Inca Kola in Utah 6 Figure 3 Our arequipeño neighborhood 17 Figure 4 Bishop Paucar’s WhatsApp message 20 Figure 5 Carnaval loncco in Arequipa 43 Figure 6 Baptismal photography in Arequipa 55 Figure 7 The Millers at a baptism in Arequipa 57 Figure 8 Utahan and cusqueño missionaries in Arequipa 69 Figure 9 Peruvian Mormon ñustas perform in Utah 85 Figure 10 Peruvian Mormon pioneer indigeneity in Peru 88 Figure 11 Anglo Mormon pioneer indigeneity in Utah 97 Figure 12 Friendship Day dance in Barrio Periféricos 106 Figure 13 Arequipa temple construction 108 Figure 14 Arequipeño pioneers at temple groundbreaking 115 Figure 15 The Inti Raymi in Cuzco 126 Figure 16 Apecheta on Virgen of Chapi pilgrimage in Arequipa 145 Figure 17 Fallen bread-baby at patron saint festival in Arequipa 175 Figure 18 Nuclear family temple “sealing” in Salt Lake City 178 Figure 19 Catholic school performance in Arequipa 184 Figure 20 Carnaval foam fight in Arequipa 188 Figure 21 Page from a Self-Reliance Initiative manual 192 vi Figure 22 Evolution of Self-Reliance Initiative cover art 196 Figure 23 Barrio Periféricos’ talent night 210 Figure 24 Doorbell plate depicting coresident siblingship in Arequipa 230 Figure 25 Mayor Wood’s spouse at Santiago’s wedding in Utah 239 Figure 26 Example of arequipeña familial dwelling complexes 268 Figure 27 Costa family primos care for Elena in Utah 274 Figure 28 Eating and drinking in El Bunker in Arequipa 286 Figure 29 Painting of white Jesus by an arequipeño Mormon artist 304 Figure 30 An Anglo-dominant, Peruvian family tree 308 Figure 31 Tadem dances el baile del dólar in Utah 327 Figure 32 Basilio and Vilma’s wedding portrait 329 Figure 33 The Corimaytas show their missionary badges in Utah 332 Figure 34 Sylvia’s bachelorette party in Utah 334 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Digitally Recorded Study Participant Characteristics 8 Table 2 Non-Peruvian, Digitally Recorded Study Participants 9 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For keeping our nuclear family intact during this arduous seven-year project, eternal thanks goes to my forever family. Our joint journey to the center of Zion has given “family” a new meaning for us all. Thanks also goes to La Familia. Despite the pseudonyms, you know who you are and how much you contributed to this project and to our lives. Barrio Periféricos and Pioneer Trail Ward, this project would have been impossible without your generous support and infinite patience and openness. Hopefully, the end result is not a complete gringada de miércoles. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Leo Chavez, who struck the perfect balance between expertise and curiosity. Susan Bibler Coutin, thank you for living what you publish. You are the ultimate example of how research can be both anthropological and ethical. Eleana Kim, your guidance and instruction regarding kinship have given this project its theoretical ground and opened up corners of my mind I can never shut again. Valery Olson, thank you for seeing something in my project early on that nobody else did and for helping me bring that to the surface. I also thank everyone in the anthropology department at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah especially Linda Eaton who introduced me to a form of cultural relativism from which I am still reeling. From WSU, I would also like to thank Richard Pontius for listening to my ideas as we hiked the Wasatch and Brooke Arkush for showing me the spiritual qualities of material research. I must thank the following scholars who workshopped my project and offered invaluable advice: Kyrstin Mallon Andrews, Nandita Badami, Ante Nikola Bagic, Joseph Barnett, Evan Conway, Katie Cox, Collin Ford, Manuel Galaviz, Kelly Hacker, Forest Haven, Angela Jenks, Caroline Kline, David Knowlton, Gregory Kohler, Danica Loucks, Lilith Mahmud, Armand Mauss, Chandra Middleton, Michael Montoya, Kristin Peterson, Rebecca Richart, Elizabeth Hanna Rubio, Roxanne Varzi, Sujey Vega, Erica Vogel, Melissa Wrapp, and Nima Yolmo. I thank Routledge publishers for permission to include portions of my contribution (2020) to Amy Hoyt and Taylor G. Petrey’s edited volume, The Routledge Handbook of Mormonism and Gender, from a chapter I titled, “Peruvian Mormon matchmaking: the limits of Mormon endogamy at Zion’s border.” I also thank Palgrave Macmillan publishers for permission to include portions of a chapter I (2020) coauthored with David Knowlton entitled “Mormons in Peru: Building Temples with Sacred Cornerstones and Holy Drywall” for a volume edited by Gary Shepherd, Gordon Shepherd, and Ryan T. Cragun entitled, The Palgrave Handbook of Global Mormonism. Financial support from Claremont Graduate University’s Global Mormon Studies Research Grant allowed me to pay my illustrious bilingual transcribers, Karla Milicich and Alberto Vargas, for their amazing work. ix CURRICULUM VITAE Jason Charles Palmer 2004 B.A. in Anthropology, Archaeology, and Elementary Education, Weber State University 2004-05 Fulbright teacher exchange, Taiwan 2005-08 4th grade teacher, Ogden City Schools, Utah 2007 M.Ed., Curriculum and Instruction in Bilingual Education, Weber State University 2008-09 4th and 5th grade teacher, Koç Elementary, Turkey 2009-14 5th grade Spanish immersion teacher, and regional supervisor over world language instruction, U.S. Department of Defense Education Activity, Japan 2014-20 Teaching Assistant and Graduate Student Researcher, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine 2017 M.A. in Anthropology, University of California, Irvine 2021 Ph.D.
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