T H E W O O D W O R K E R S E R I E S

W O Q D W Q R K J O IN T S

Y A O M ADE ND HOW THE RE SET OUT , H W A WHERE USED ; WITH FOUR HUNDRED AND

THIRTY ILLUSTRATIONS AND - A C OM PLETE INDE% OF ELEVEN HUNDRED REFERENC ES

PHILADELPHIA AN D LONDON PIN C OTT C OM PA Y J . B . LIP N

FO REWO RD

HE principal aim of this Volume is to provide the oo o e w l o m on to the u e w dw rk r ith ful inf r ati as s s , and c e d e o to the m n of l ar practical ir cti ns as aki g, e e o he m a e be e to e co e v ry j int y at any tim lik ly n unt r . Those of us whose occupation or recre ation is w ood working are familiar with numerous j oints which we e u se our o n It m w . o e o e e ak and in way is p ssibl , h w v r, e e are m n h we do not m e well not that th r a y whic ak , be e we ck or c e bu t be e we are caus la skill ar , caus unf amiliar with some simple rule which gove rns e ither the setting out or the metho d of using the tool whilst probably the re are many othe rs which might suit our o e e e but h we ne ec bec u e he r purp s b tt r , whic gl t a s t i e o t o existence h as nev r ccurred us . To be successful in woodwork constru ction the — possession of two secre ts is essential to know the o o use and to now how to ma e right j int t , k k that a The ood o k r j oint in the right w y . w w r structure o the pie ce of cabinet - work that e ndure s is the one on which skilful hands have c ombined to carry ou t what A d e the c onstru ctive mind planne d . n it is j ust h re the e e Vo m e w e not o e the that pr s nt lu ill h lp , al n e ne who e e n r c o o b gin r wish s pr limi a y instru ti n , but als the expert who desires guidance over ground hithe rto i unexplored by h m . — The Table of Contents and more part—icularly the e xhaustive Index at the end of Volume will show that practically eve ry j oint in cabinet- work and e is e In the c e of the o rdinary j oin ry d alt with . as B e o the H ed o n the Mo e and e on ridl J int , alv J i t , rtis T n FOREWORD

o th e Do e o the c l oo o e a J int , and v tail J int , a tua t l p r o s —e ou t e ti n s tting , gauging, marking , sawing , chis l

etc - are e he . e t ling, paring, fully xplain d ; and fact that nearly sixty illustrations are devote d t o the subj ect of Dove tailing is but one indication of the care which has been take n in making the directions o e e the e o of o ar clear and c mpl t . As m th ds w rking e mo the e of o e o not al st similar in cas th r j ints , it has of course been dee me d necessary t o repeat these o e e detailed instru cti ns in v ry chapte r . In the preparation of th e V olume the Publishe rs ecu e the e e of Mr m Fairham h e . av s r d s rvic s Willia , by whom m ost of the chapters have been writte n e ou e e for the and illustrat d . Alth gh int nd d practical man not o e t o be e o e of , and pr f ssing a grad d c urs e o oo o the Vo e one ducati nal w dw rk , lum is which Manual Training Instructors will find of the gre at est e o oo o e N 0 oo valu in c nducting w dw rk class s . b k hi therto published c ontains such a varie ty of illustra o of o o of orm e ti ns j ints , alm st all which will f suitabl exercises of practical e ducational importance in a o e Manual Training c urs . In conj unction with th e o the r Volumes in The ” Woodworker Series De of C e Co o tails abin t nstructi n , S Po Vo e taining and lishing, this lum , it is . o e l e e the oo o e o e o of h p d , will av w dw rk r in p ss ssi n a r o e o e o f o o , hi s own st r inf mati n which ass ciat d with , o e e and sk e e e e e w e e practical kn wl dg ill d xp ri nc , ill nabl — — him if he so ple ases to re ach t o the highest and i most advanced branche s of h s craft .

. c s . ROUG J . B H. C ON TEN T S

C OM P LETE IN DE% wi th u ll re erences to ai nts tool f f f , s, materi als acce sorie — s s etc . i s rovided on a e 2 0 s 1 1 . , , , p p g 2 4

U E THE GL —D JOINT o Glu eing Hin ts o n J ointing - Applicati ons of th e u Gl ed J oint . THE HALV ED JOINT a ri o us al e oin s—Tee o li u e m re V H v d J t , b q, it d , o e aile and cross h alv in —A h cations o f th e d v t d , — —g pp al e o n Se ti n O u t Sawin u Pari n H v d J i t t g g g . TH B R E JO E IDL INT — i V ariou s Bridle J oints Sett ng O ut and Marking aw — hi sell n S ing C i g . THE TONGUED AN D GRO—OV ED JO—INT Flooring —M at chbo ard 1ng—To ngues —Apphcati ons o f t he J oint Corner J oints Ploughin g Tongueing - an es Pl . THE M ORTISE AN D—TENON JOINT — Bare faced Ten on s Hau n ch ed Tenons Sh ouldered enons— h er o n s w h l ca i ons—Se n T Ot J i t , it App i t tti g t—Saw n th e en ons— u i n the or i se O u i g T C tt g M t s . E DOWELLING—JOINT — Making D owels D owelling Var10 us Appli ca tions welle o n o f th e Do d J i t . THE SCARF JOINT — — H alf Lap Scarf J oints D o vetailedJ oints Te noned — sh e o n J oints Fi d J i ts . THE HIN GED JOINT Ali gnm en t Ga uging —Sawing an d Paring Var—iou s Typ es of Hinges Inside —a n d O uts ide Hang in g B ingeing D raught Screens Various Hinged o n s J i t . SHUTTING JOINTS — l — o n Cupbo ard D oor J oints Astraga s Various Ji ts . CONTENTS (Continued)

VE A THE DO T IL JOIN—T — o Through D o—vetailing Lap D ovetailing D o vetail in g D rawers V—ari a tions o f th e D o vetail J oint D—ove tail Keyin g Applicati o—ns of th e D—o veta il J oint Setting O ut and Marking Sawi ng Chi selli ng arin P g . DOVETA IL GROOV ING JOINTS FOR CU RVED WORK i rcular Fra n — ami n a on C mi g L ti . M ISC ELLANEOUS —JOINTS — — Wea th er Boards La dders Corm ce Poles Rus tic Work— a era Screw o er —V en e P—t C v s — er Keyi ng P elleting J—ointing Turn e d W—ork C astor Pi ns C r ush Feet Tee Slide J oin ts P ocke t Screwi n g G lu e lo ckin —No ch e C o e and B g t d , gg d , Sa ddle

— - — —J o ints R oll t op —Des k J o ints —Birds mo uth —J oints Scri—bing J oints Bu t—t J ointing —Buttoning Wall Plugs Slot Screwi ng Ho using Bookc—ase Sh elf J oin ts—Ba tteni ng D ove tail —Keying Coop ere d J oin ts We dge d Frame J oints Corrugated Steel

Fas eners etc . t , THE M E ITR D JOINT o —How t o fi nd Angles for Strai ght and Curved Mi tres ein Mitr g . PUZ Z LE JOINTS — C hinese an d Oth er Eastern Puzzle J oints Dovetail le o n s Puzz J i t .

I E% w h le e n u n re e e re nce s ND , it E v H d d R f THE ART OF WOODWORK IN G 2 15 T HE G L U E D JOI NT

HE glued j oin t in its various forms is in use in every o the o i s e e met c untry in w rld , and fr qu ntly with in mummy cases and other examples of ancient woo d e a ames er c i s n o n work . Alt rn tive n und whi h it k w are the o the e o the s e o butt j int , rubb d j int , lipp d j int , whi lst in cert ain localities it is known as the slaped

(pronounced slayped) j oint . The Gl u e d Jo i nt i s m ade by planing two pi eces of timber so that when placed t ogether they are in contact with each other at every point ; they are then usually f . shows a s e c o a o united with glue Fig . I k t h butt j int f s o . 6 is o the e o o in its implest f rm In Fig. sh wn m th d holding the j oint whilst being glued the upright portion is e the e c e s ea the e a h ld rigid in b n h vic , thu l ving l ft h nd to o the e e c is to be o e the h ld pi c whi h j int d , whilst right a o r T s of oo w h nd pe ates the glue brush . he piece w d hich form a butt j oint m ay be glued together with or without h aid of m or ss If the o is t o t e cra ps artificial pre ure . j int be a e w o a t he two a es of the m e m d ith ut cr mping , surf c ti b r are e o s not t o t The s a es are warm d s a chill he glue . urf c then glued an d put t ogether and rubbed backwards and so t t forwards as o ge rid of the superfluous glue . This rubbing is continue d three or four times until the j oint o a b s begins t adhere . C re mus t e t aken that the board are e o e e a o t o e o e e are e in th ir c rr ct r l ti n ach th r . Th y th n put s e t o a id dry .

GLUEING .

The e e the e e e a e o the o e of the oo b tt r glu p n tr t s int p r s w d , the o e the o be for s easo m e of the str ng r j int will , thi r n ti b r o - fi a lo e bred e e et c. l o at t he s v ri ty , such as pin , , wi l h ld up o a oo l j int better than h rdw ds ike teak and rosewood . The w I I B joints i n Woodwork glue use d for j ointing sh ould be n either t oo thi ck nor t oo thi n the con sist en cy o f cre am will b e found suit able for mos r os es . sho be n ce and hot and be ra dl t pu p It uld i , pi y r o t s r ace o f the wo o Sp ead ve—r he u f d . If o o re woo s s c as e s a - oo light c l u d d , u h pin , tin w d, s amore etc a e t o be o e a e a e e s o yc , h v j int d , littl fl k whit h uld e ro r and m e o the s b p cu ed ix d int liquid glue . Thi will a e n o e r me a ef ec on its adh es e ua es and h v d t i nt l f t iv q liti , it will prevent the glue showing a thi n black line on the o e a e me o w ns e s e on o j int . An alt rn t th d hich a w r w ll rdi n ary work is t o rub the j oint with a piece of chalk and th r s amo awa re o s to wipe e su plu unt y p vi u glueing . oa s r aces of ose - ra e a woo Br d u f cl g in d h rd d, which e era ese a s r ace t o the e e are s all g n lly pr nt shiny u f y , u u y carefully roughened with a fine toothing plane blade p re i u t o e v o s glu ing . i The o e o a s o not Su p p o rti ng the Jo nt . j int d b rds h uld be reare d Up against a bench leg or wall without having

an s or the e re as o e e at . eca se y upp t in c nt , d tt d lin Fig 5, b u in all probability they will fracture before the glue has time t o s et and e we o t o ake em to e e o , wh n g t th up r n ww rking o e a o we s a be a o e t o a e a e p r ti ns , h ll nn y d find th t th y h v m t o a s ass me a os o s a o at . and s u d p iti n i il r th t h wn Fig 5, thi f r - o o rse e ess a e e o . will , c u , n c it t j inting co re m e o t o a o i at e e A r ct th d d pt s shown Fig . 4. H r we have support e d the j oint by rearing up against the wall a o e of e es of a e one at e a end of the oa c upl pi c b tt n , ch b rd , thus supporting it throughou t its entire width until the oro s et The two or more eces of m glue is th ughly . pi ti ber in a butt j oint adhere by cryst allisation of the glue and mo e r s r we - fitted o n ma e w oo at sph ric p e su e . A ll j i t d ith g d a e i s s o s ro h a w e oar s of h ee ee qu lity glu t ng t t , h n b d t r f t and U ar s are o e o et er h s me ho the pw d j int d t g h by t i t d , timber in most cas es will bre ak with the grain soone r than a a the o p rt t j int . o s m a be am e es re is Butt j int y cr p d up , if d i d , and it s s a e customary to warm them as previou ly t t d . In the 2 ' ‘ Tko Gl e ozm u d j .

se e of the a o a the ma e ma a ab nc usu l ir n cr mp , a t ur y make n e ce e woo e ar a eme a s s o 2 1 . s x ll nt d n r ng nt h wn in Fig . Thi be e o f can mad ut o any odd pieces of timber that happen

2 — 4 s Fi . I S m le s orm of lue o n g . i p t f g d j i t . F s 2 and — e s in the oin e o ar w th a ig . 3 . T t g j t d b d i s ra h e e t ig t dg . Fi —Su or in a lu e o n g . 4 . pp t g g d j i t . Fi - Show n th e re sul of wan of su or g . 5 .— i g t t pp t . Fi . 6 ol in the oin wh ls lu ein g . H d g j t i t g g .

- - Fi . . Shel sli lu e wi h h ar woo g 7 — f p g d t d d . Fi . 8 ou 1 n lu e on shel g .—M di g g d f . Fi . oar s arran e w h rain al erna n g 9. B d g d it g t ti g. t o be n Two o s of a oo are sc e e on the ha dy . bl ck h rdw d r w d base board at a suit able di st ance for the work in hand the boards t o be j ointe d are glued and place d in p osition between the blocks ; and the two hardwood wedge s are 8 2 j057113 in Woodwork

se e and amme e os e rec o s t o ea o e in rt d h r d in Opp it di ti n ch th r , r thus exe ting the desired pressure .

H S ON O INT J INTING .

e o are sh o be a e t o s a e Wh n j inting , c uld t k n fir t pl n up o r e on one s e—ti e ake em f the ar s out o w i . b d t u id , t th ind ng o of es for s is sh ow at Fi and The me . 2 th d t ting thi n g 3 , it may with advantage be used when j ointing the edges of the Two a s or s s of woo are a e t o boards . l th trip d pl n d up e ac the s ame w av e r e es s ra and x tly idth , h ing th i dg t ight One e e of e ac la ma es re be e e a a e . e p r ll l dg h th y , if d i d , b v ll d The me o of s h ese wi c o a little . th d u ing t t st sti ks r winding l aths i s t o put them on the board as shown at a a o r o h 2 nd s e t e es . T e w Fig . 3 , ight l ng th i p dg inding a s e m c o e an the of the oa l th , b ing u h l ng r th width b rd , u a a o o Show up the irreg l rity gre tly pr n unced . The To ols generally used for making the butt j oints are

The a a e for o the e es etc . j ck pl n , r ughing dg , The wooden trying plane (or iron j ointing plane) for trueing up the work . ar for s ose The set s qu e te ting purp s . a s and s a The winding l th tr ight edge . The M e tho d o f Wo r k is as follows : Each b oard is in turn pu t in the vice and planed straight lengthwise it is then teste d with winding laths and a set s quare (the latter o a Fi m ethod is s h wn t g. The bo ards are then pu t on the t op of one another as at 2 and es e w a s a e e e Sho a e ar Fig. t t d ith tr ight dg th y uld pp

u as s o at Fi . 2 e s ow a as at Fi tr e h wn g if th y h f ulty g . 3 the j oints must be again fitted until the required degree D cu s a o of accuracy i s obtained . iffi ltie m y be av ided b ca e se e m e su a le for o and y r in l cting ti b r it b j inting , it must be rem embered that timber shrinks circumferenti ally m o n a s e e o as Fi . 2 If th r (th e he rt id b c ing r u d) g 4. e timbe 4 T/ee Glued joint

be o e all the ea s e one wa as at . 2 the j int d with h rt id y Fig 4, c be for t o cas s o the s t enden y will it t as h wn by ingle line .

If the m e be al e a e as at Fi . 2 the e e l ti b r t rn t d g 5 , t nd ncy wil be to cas wa w ereas ar e e m e can be o a e t vy , h if qu t r d ti b r bt in d it will st and practically straight as the tendency t o shrink

- Fi . r o . arcase Win iece s lue g —C g p g d . Fi I I n le u oin g. . A g b tt j t .

— - Fi . 1 2 . oin in o e e sh a e anel g J t g g p d p . — ° ° Fi . 1 . m er o n e at 0 and 0 an les g 3 —Ti b j i t d 9 3 g . Fi . 1 . u ar er circle o n in g 4 Q t j i t g . —HO110 e Fi . 1 . W corn r oin i n g 5 j t g . is e o Th in thickn ss nly . e grain of quartered timber is o 6 . 2 sh wn in Fig . Judgment s hould also be exercised t o avoid j ointing in one e e of m e is l and ar e the ra which pi c ti b r wi d l g in g in , and the a o e e o f a m - a e a o dj ining pi c ild gr in d n ture . J inted boards should always be glued up wi th the grain running the a e e o oss e s we S o at 2 in s m dir cti n if p ibl thi h w Fig . 7 , o oo s orse a ress es end or and n thing l k w th n a d ing ch t , 5 ' ‘ ’ jozuz s z u Woodwork

f o a a e e o the a . simil r pi c w rk , in which gr in runs haph zard

3~ m r i i a d i n. e o e s a h . n . n Wh n j inting thin ti b ( y, 1 in g , 2 , g oa s m e o i o a s oo o b rds ) the be t th d s t u se h ting b ard . It m s b e o e o e er a a s oo oa an d a e u t n t d , h w v , th t h ting b rd pl n rac a e e r v e a r e r an le o n t o e a and p tic lly n v gi t u ight g , wi g w r f r s ot the r o the a e . ere o e the oa s hould n g inding bl d Th f r , b d ” all be a w the a e m a on the shoo oar l id ith f c rk , ting b d s the e es are Sho e a se an e a o whil t dg t , b c u y in qu lity w uld o f o be multiplied by the number pieces j inted . A b etter m e o t o a e a e the oa s a e s e u e a e th d is lt rn t b rd , f c id p th n f c e o s s oo the e e s wfll e e sid d wn , whil t h ting dg s ; thi pr v nt o e or co a on the ace of the o e oa c nv xity nc vity f j int d b rd , because any slight error in the angle i s neutralised (see

Fig .

D APPLICATIONS OF THE GLUE JOINT. Our other sketches Show vari ous applications of the butt or glued j oint as follows 2 a o a or o o e oo - Fig . 7 shows a m h g ny ther ch ic w d slip glued on the e e of a hea er oo s c as e or ewoo dg c p w d , u h pin whit d , as i s the case on bookcas e shelves when only the front edge e an o e i s s en d p lish d .

. 8 S o a m o di e on a s e o o and Fig h ws ul ng glu d h lf , b th m uld s e hi s s a c of o she ar oo s e h lf in t in t n e being p li d h dw d . A h lf o f this type would be used as the t op s helf across a recess a n - oo The o e of t e mo i s to e in di ing r m . bj ct h ulding hid a sma - in o ro ch o car the r a s ll g . ir n d whi w uld ry cu t in ring an a a r T d he ding of the curt in which cove s the recess . he o m s e o a o i s . t . . o th h lf w uld be fixed b ut 3 ft . 9 n 4 ft 3 ins fr e oo fl r . I O s e o t t o of Fig . hows the wing pieces glu d n he p beare r arcase ork The a ca o of s earer its os o c w . ppli ti n thi b in p iti n l a wi l be shown in the chapter on Dovet iling . ° S n t n a o Fig . I I hows a butt j oint pla ed a a ngle f 45 omm c o ca e a m re se for box ee etc . ( nly ll d it ) , u d f t ,

- 1 . Fig . 2 shows j ointing up of an ogee Shaped panel The 6 ' ‘ Tke Glued jozu z

dotted lines indicate the thi ckness of the timber previou s e s a ow - o e t o its being worked up t o the finish d h pe . B fr nt d

- and semi circular panels are j ointed in a similar manner. 1 s o s m e o e at t a e to the Fig . 3 h w ti b r j int d righ ngl s

e e and at a e of 0 e ree . upright pi c , an ngl 3 d g s

Fi 1 6 — nin - u a lass rame g . .—Li g p g f . Fi 1 oin in a sh a e s an rel g . 7 .—J t g p d p d . Fi I 8 . u l n u cas e of ano all g . B i di g p pi f . 1 — am a e r Fi . n t wo k . g. 9 L i d Fi 2 0 — es n w h s u are g . . T ti g it q . - Fi 2 I . C ram 1n arran e en g . p g g m t . i — lu ein lo h li F 2 2 . u s o r e g . G g p g p t d aw r. Fi 2 —es for win in g . 3 T t d g .

- . I o a e e o e o Fig 4 sh ws qu rt r circl j inting, as us d in r und com ered es s of a e s a o es oar s etc . ch t dr w r , w rdr b , cupb d ,

. I m a t o . I o o om e o r Fig 5 is si il r Fig 4, but with h ll w c rs ( cov es) .

. 1 6 e the of a as a e o e s Fig giv s plan gl s fr m , sh wing pilast r 7 ' ‘ ' jozu z s eu Woodwork

a d th - u e es at the ac The at the front n e lining p pi c b k . obj ect of the latter is so that the glass will stand clear of a The n u e ces w l of ou se bed t o the wa the w . ll lini g p pi i l c r ll , e e an a cu m a o of u and d r and the oss pr v nting c ul ti n d st i t , l of sm a a c es su c as a ers and e e rs as re e ll rti l h p p l tt , f qu ntly oc rs w e o erma e lasses et c are not e cu h n v nt l g , lin d up .

— Fi 2 . Sh owin hear s e one wa . g . 4 g t id y Fi 2 - Show n h e ar s e a l ern a e g 5 — i g t id t t d . Fi 2 6 ra n of u ar ere m e r g . . G i q t d ti b . i - Showin un i o rmi of rain F . 2 . g 7 . g f ty g Fi 2 8 — oin in wi h shoo in oar and t r l e g . . J t g t t g b d y p an .

s o s the o of a ha e a e t o the Fig . 1 7 h w j inting up s p d sp ndr l of s es o require d wi dth . In a case thi d cripti n suitably ai e and o o e oo s o be se ec e o e se gr n d c l ur d w d h uld l t d , th rwi the bad match will at on ce draw attention t o the j oin t . F s o the a a o o f or e o n ig . 1 8 h ws pplic ti n butt glu d ji ting t o the b uildi ng up of the core of a piano fall previous t o shaping up an d ven eering . — m wo —the of a 1 . a a e Fig . 9 L in t d rk building up circul r n r or a and e e a o rims for cabin et and j oi e y w k . Pl n l v ti n show rim pattern of a pu lley as use d in the pattern - making trade . —The e of a lou hsli t o a ra er s e i . F . 2 2 g glu ing p g p d w id , o ca the a e o o the ploughslip being used t rry dr w r b tt m. 8 ' ‘ The Glued jozut

i n e The o w ll be lue D splay Ca bi t . ( t p i g n e j oi t d . ) 9 ' ' jozul s eu Woodwork

8 s o s the me o of o oo oa Fig. 2 h w th d j inting with sh ting b rd and trying plane the right hand operates the plane whilst r U the left hand holds the wood fi m pon the shooting board .

Method of h olding Glued h Iro n o s Joints wit D g .

Owing t o the importation of narrow and faulty timber the e ess of o is rea e t o - da a e e was n c ity j inting g t r y th n v r it , e f f a wid timber o course meaning higher cost or raw materi l .

TO

jolui s in Woodwork

is a e and s o ere at os e e forrmn h lv d h uld d Opp it sid s , thus g a perfect fit one with the other and giving a strong j oint m m m mo of a o For with a ini u a unt l b ur . inside work the o o be l e an d s crewe o e e the s e j int w uld g u d d t g th r , cr w heads being countersunk so as n ot t o come in contact with

— i 0 . al e o rner F g. 3 H v d C oin J t . — Fi 1 al e Tee o n g. 3 . H v d J i t .

— Fi 2 . li ue al n g. 3 Ob qH v g, i 0 — li ue Halv m h Shoul er Fi . . . wit d . g 33 Ob q g

t o of the a e w e e e off the o he cutting ir n pl n h n l v lling w rk . For o s e o e ose os o s ere the wo ut id w rk , in xp d p iti n wh rk will t o w s a the we a e the a e a e m e o of have ith t nd th r , lt rn t th d a m o smearing the j oint with paint or with ixture f varnish nd h e ea o b e a sa e the o e a e a w it l d w uld dvi bl , j int b ing n il d he two e es se ara . 0 s o s t e . or s crewed . Fig 3 h w pi c p t d 1 s ows a s m a o t o the a o e s Fig . 3 h i il r j int b v , but in thi i r case the t op rail runs through and it s gene ally spoken of ” ma be u se as a Halved Tee Join t . It y d in nearly all e e a t o or b o om ra hro r cases wh r p tt il runs t ugh an up ight . 1 2 ' ‘ Tke H a lved jozut

s r Fi . o The method of securing the j oint is a befo e . g 31 sh ws a sketch of the j oint separated . 2 is o an i e al o e e At Fig . 3 sh wn Obl qu H ving J int , wh r the o e e e o r oes not o . s bliqu pi c , strut , d run thr ugh Thi type of j oint is used for strengthening framings and shelf brackets ; an examme of the latter is s hown at Fig . 49. A s trut or rail of this typ e p revents mov ement or distor tion to a frame di agonally (generally sp oken of in the trade

s e o a a . as racking Fig . 32 hows th j int p rt

— — Fi . . o e a l al n . Fi i re al n . g 34 D v t i H vi g g . 35 . M t d H vi g

e e Fig . 33 is an xampl of Oblique Halving with the e e e o s e upp r pi c running thr ugh . Thi j oint is us d in simil ar

os o s t o . 2 and has some ca e the s a a a e p iti n Fig 3 , in s s di dv nt g of i s o end r a at the to of e a . h wing g n p th fr me Fig . 33 shows s e of the two eces se a a e a k tch pi p r t d .

. Do e ai a the o e a Fig 34 is v t l H lving, d v t il running

o the to e e . is a s ron o e e e thr ugh p pi c This t g j int , us d wh r o s e s ai is ke to o the t o e e the o e ut id tr n li ly ccur in p pi c , d v t ai l p reventing the rail from being drawn away from the

o e . . is s e t e o e e sh uld r At Fig 34 a of h tw p s . k tch ” i c . is see M e a a o ew a ea At Fig 35 n itr d H lving, s m h t w k

- o e e s oo a es etc . e e j int , but n c s ary in l king gl ss fram , , wh r a c i u good pp earan e s required on the face side . Its se is obvious if the face of the fram e be moulded with beads 1 3 ' jozui s in Woodwork or other sections which require to intersect one with the m other . This also applies if the fram e be o ulded on its f ace

» . o se e edges At Fig 35 the j int is shown p arat d .

— i Fi — al e oi Fi 6 . al ed o n i h . . n g. 3 H v J t w t g 3 7 H v d J t u le o e ta l wi h On e S e Do b D v i . t id

. 6 a e the a e o the e e at one Fig 3 indic t s H lv d J int , pi c s T s a ar o end s howing a double dovet ail . hi p rticul j int is seldom used except for Manual Trai ning p urp oses . Fig . 36 e o the o a shows a sk tch f j int part .

8 - — . li u e o e ail Fi . S o e 3 Ob q D v t g. 39 t pp d al n Halvm H vi g. g .

e e s e of e Fig. 37 is a Halv d Joint with on id th pie ce i m s o et a e . h s o s se s os on to . d v il d T i j int u d in i ilar p iti Fig 34,

n e ess i e . a d rath r l labour s requir d in the making At Fig . 37 are given the two separate pieces . 1 4 ' ‘ Tke H a lved jozu t

i e Do e ai a one s e of the . 8 s Fig 3 Obliqu v t l H lving , id ‘ ‘ ” e e e o e a e se t o e e a k n , as pi c b ing d v t il d , u d p r v nt r c i g and o a a e o h a cross brace to framing . It 18 occasi n lly m d with b t

— ro al n oin Fi - Fi . 0 . ss . . 1 ross al n o nt g 4 C H vi g J t g 4 C H vi g J i , e ewa s dg y .

e i e as its es o a s o at . . The e sid d v t l d h wn Fig 34 sk tch Fig . 38 a a shows the j oint rt . ‘ p‘ s S o e D . ow o e a Fig 39 sh t pp d v t il Halving . In this case the o e a mil a t o . the e e o a d v t il is si r Fig 34, with xc p ti n th t i oe not o the o it d s run thr ugh b ttom ra l . This is an advan

— i 2 . Fi . o e a le Halv F g. 4 g 43 D v t i d Tee Halv ing J oin t for Lengthen in in m e r in g Jo t . g Ti b .

e the o o e e of the is e e e or tag if b tt m dg rail in vid nc , if it is require d to glue a mo ulding or hardwood facing slip on the o a he e e e w t t l wer edge . The glue d r s b tt r i h he gr ai n than o end wa of the a and s a e o it w uld y gr in , if light shrink g ccurs across the width of the bottom rail the moulding would not be forced away by the Upright .

The j oint lettered B in Fig . 2 9is a Cross Halving Joint

e e e e the o e . 0 wh r ach pi ce runs through th r Fig . 4 shows this I S jout i s M Woodwork

o s e a a e and Fi . 1 s o s a a o e e j int p r t d , g 4 h w simil r j int s p arat d i m e where the j oint s ade dgeways . s h ws a Tee a o w a o e ai Fig . 42 o H lving J int ith d v t l cut

- - F1i . o e aile and Fi D g 44 D v t d g. 45 . ovetailed Halved

al e oin . oin i h Shoul ers H v d J t J t w t d .

on the edge . This is seldom used except as a woodwork

e xercise . is Do e e e Fig . 43 a v tail d HalvingJoint us d for lengthen

—a e - De ail of al e o n s as i 6 l o n F . s i . F g . 4 H v d J i t g 4 7 t H v d J i t

n arro hee in Fi . 6 . o B w W l. g 4

e 18 al o o e M ai o e . ing timb r , and s a fav urit anual Tr ning m d l a o o e e the e of s o a o It might ls c m und r h ading carf j int , lth ugh e c l rarely us d in actual practice as such . As a practi a 1 6 ' Tke H a lved joz ul woodwork e xercise it calls for accurate marking out and car eful fittin g . s s a o a o of a o e le and al e Fig. 44 how c mbin ti n d v tai d h v d o s a o e a e al e j oint whilst Fig . 45 sh w d v t il d h v d j oint with e e is e o the s houlders hous d . This latt r s ld m used in actual work . the o of o e Fig . 46 shows applicati n halving j ints wh n e e e o o constructing a b arrow wheel . Th c ntr p rti n is an

— Ki che —Hal e . . n i 0 d i F . F g 49 t g. 5 v

r a le . l e D ovetail Half D op T b Mou d d Join t. la e oin pp d J t. e e f ee - a e r o e p o p e e p o , xam l thr i c s half l ” p d as it is s m - me al e one a e . e of the ee ti s c l d , third l pp d A sk tch thr

e e e a e s o n . . pi c s s p ar t d is h w at L , B , C , Fig 47 This j oint is extensively used in the p attern making trade

- for la o the a s of e a e s et c. is p j inting rm p ull y p tt rn , It p rob ably the most diffi cult of the halving j oints to mark out s e e e ree a and con truct with th desir d d g of ccuracy . e i Fig . 48 s hows a combination of a bev lled doveta l half

a e se . l pp d j oint . This is only u d as a p uzzle j oint When neatly constructe d and glue d together it is app arently o s e t o ake s o as oe a la on one imp s ibl m it , h wing it d s a h lf p e a a e e a la e sid nd dov t ai l d h lf p on th reverse side .

. is the end e of a he a e o ea Fig 49 Vi w kitc n t bl with dr p l f , showin g the overhang of the t op to clear the s kirting a a e of s e is as e e the all t bo rd . A t bl thi typ f t n d to w with wo as i e a e the e s f the a iron holdf ts wh ch ng g with nd o t ble . The hinged bracket frame shows the application of the W L . 1 7 ' ' joeu fs eu Woodwork halv ing j oint to bracket s upp orts for this and similar

r oses s as a ke s t o s or s e v n e tc . p u p , uch br c t upp t h l i g , In this e x amp le the hinge d brackets turn underne ath the t able to o the ea to o out of the wa e not p , and all w l f dr p y wh n

— e e e of Fi . 1 Se ara c g 5 . p t pi f l e Fi . 0 u se or ou g 5 , d M d d al e oin H v d J t. — Fi . 2 ro g 5 . C ss Halving o n J i t .

— al ra nin Fi . anu g. 53 M T i g i e Fi — e in erc s . rci se o n . Halved Jo t Ex . g 54 . Ex J i t

e The o e e s o the os o of s requir d . d tt d lin s h w p iti n a helf s es for boots and ho . 0 s o s the al of oss e es a e e Fig . 5 h w h ving cr pi c which h v th ir m e a e e is s o se a a e at i 1 e es o F . dg uld d pi c h wn p r t ly g 5 , but in thi s s ketch the mouldi ng is omitted t o gi ve a cle arer of the me ho of cons c representation t d tru tion . 2 is a oss a o e e the two e e Fig . 5 Cr H lving J int wh r pi c s la e are not at right angles . A p n and el vation of the j oint 1 8

‘ ' jozuts eu Woodwork

mee the s e bmldin the am of a o t , as is ca in g fr ing p ultry hous e . i 8 n a s s F . the e d e of o o o e e g 5 is Vi w an rdin ry w rk h p tr tl , showing the application of dovetai led halving where the le gs hav e a tendency to s trai n o utwar ds . The inset (a) s o s e s e h w th hou ing of the top rail to receiv the legs .

. s o s a ee a e e eral o as a Fig 59 h w d p dr w r , g n ly kn wn e a e e and se a s e oa t o a o mo e e c ll r tt , u d in id b rd cc m dat win

— i . 6 1 or F g A . Oxf d Frame

a le oin . al e oin s T b J t H v d J t .

s s o oo e e of al the bottles . Thi h ws a g d xampl h ving cross m m pieces so as to form co p art ents . The piece s hown l s a es the me o of o s sep arately i lu tr t th d c n truction . The ends of these pieces engage i n the housings or grooves of eo o es or com a m the drawer sides . Pig n h l p rt ents in s a one cases oo as es and ea are con t ti ry , b kc writing bur ux s e a s m a m a e a o the me o of truct d in i il r nn r , lth ugh th d o s o r om e al v and o s is t o be re h u ing , c bin d h ing h u ing , p ferred in s ome cas es . 60 is the a of a a e a a s m At Fig . pl n a circul r t bl h ving all i e circular s helf w th the t op removed . Th rims or framing a t e m k wn as am a se e 1 re built by h eth od n o l in ting ( Fig . 9 a er on THE LU ED O IN T a e c e are in ch pt G J ) , ft r whi h th y The a ca o of the a veneered on the face sides . ppli ti n h lving o t o the s ha e o om ra s w i s a e car j int p d b tt il , h ch in thi c s ry s o the sm al s e s o i n the ar e e a o p t , . and u p r l h lf is h wn p t l v” ti n

. 6 1 A o the e k o o e l Fig sh ws w ll n wn Oxf rd fram , il us 20 Tke H a lved joint

e . 61 3 trating halved j oints when the dge is rebated . Figs and 6 1 0 make clear the construction of this type of j oint . f th Alte rnate suggestions are shown for the treatment o e or e s the s m e n a e n a and w e e o c n r , i pl i l y b i g bl ck hit ( b ny of e are e and holly or boxwood) . Frames this typ mad

— 6 1 13 Back of orner of or Fi 6 1 0 —The Hal e o f C Oxf d g . v d J ints o Frame an or Frame . Oxf d .

ri o s s and s e and are se for e in va u width iz s u d pictur s , o s etc mirr r , .

T ols Us e d —The oo s se for o of the o . t l u d making j ints a o e ass are : a es the a e e o or other ‘ s aw b v cl pl n , g ug , t n n , ’ C h se s a e and ome ase a o e s e e t o i ls , try qu r , in s c s j in r b v l o a ar the e es a a e e and ma in bt in and m k n c s ry ngl s , p ncil rk g

knife . h d —1a e u the e s e and e e e of the M e t o . P n p fac id fac dg m e a e and e t o o ck ess and ti b r , g ug plan b th thi n width ; mark shoulders with pencil or marking knife ; gauge t o 2 1 joints in Woodwork

the thickness of the require d halving s aw waste portions away pare up with chi sel t o a good fit glue or glue and cre or us e a as e o s e o e and e e e s w , p int pr vi u ly m nti n d , th n l v l t e r a off h su f ces .

TO SET AND M K H D HOW OUT A E THE ALVE JOINT. Although at firs t sight th e halve d j oint m ay appear t o be e e e of o o e e m c a e a v ry asy it m c nstructi n , it r quir s u h c r and

Fi 6 — arkin the g. 3 M g im er T b .

— f — Fi The Two e ces o a Fi . 6 . Scor n 2 . g . 6 Pi g 4 i g with al e o n S u are H v d J i t . q .

6 s i m ou an s . 2 o att enti on n arking t d awing . Fig h ws the two e es i orm the o se a a e an d be pi c wh ch f j int p r t d , it will n oticed that e ach piece of wood has half its thickn ess cut o ommo a o a a so as t a e the e e e . s e w y , cc d t th r pi c Thi typ of j oint is used where two pi eces of wood cross each other

a es or at an a e as s o . 0 . The at right ngl , ngl h wn in Fig 7 halving j oint is used also for j oining two pieces of wood at e en s as for a e the co e of e one a th ir d , inst nc rn r a fram , h lf

f o o t . 6 o this j int being sh wn a Fig 5 B .

M RK A ING OUT.

To m a e the o the m e o be e a e k j int , ti b r sh uld car fully pl n d to e a an e s The t o a its x ct width d thickn s . w pieces m y then 2 2 Tke H a lved joint

6 r e be placed upon the bench (as shown at Fig . 3) o fix d in the Vice .

a r ut the e e of the e , , . 6 , To M k O , find c ntr timb r C Fig 3 f and set out hal f the width of the wood on each side o the o e e e . s s ose the oo t be dott ed c ntr lin Thu , upp w d (W)

t 1 . on e a e of the ce e e . 2 ins . e e se wid , th n in ch sid ntr lin a a e a s a e as at . 6 and a s e e e T k qu r Fig 4 , with h rp p nknif blad e e of e score or cut a line all round each pi c timb r.

- hi ellin awa 6 . s — Fi1g . 6 C g y F1 . 6 U sin the ark n oo u to the au e g 5 . g M i g W d p G g au e G g .

e a e a a a e and set the k N xt t k up m rking g ug , mar ing o o i ss of t woo h s s a e ma p int t half the th ckne he d . T i di t nc y be meas e and its e a ess es e s a ur d , x ctn t t d , by pricking a m ll hole from each side of the wood with the marking gauge an a a h o s o d c refully noting th t t e pricked h le c incide . The a m a is c ear s o the a o s s a o s g uge rk l ly h wn in v ri u illu tr ti n . Now ake a e c and s e or m a as e on the , t p n il cribbl rk w t , a o a a s s a e o e a r p rts y u intend t o cut w y . Thi will v tr ubl l te on es e a ou are m a se e a o s o ce , p ci lly if y king v r l j int at n . a e o s ar e k e or ma k e a e and T k y ur h p p n nif r ing knif bl d , cut fairly deeply into the m arked line on the portion you are o t o a a g ing p re aw y . — C hi s elli n . the oo o e or g Fix w d firmly in y ur vic , a a s o oa or e c st0 as m a b e m o e g in t y ur cutting b rd b n h p , y r o e e t o ou and a a hi e a the c nv ni nt y , with sh rp c s l cut aw y o 23 joints in Woodwork

th T a oo u to e a e i at Fi 6 . he e e . 6 w d p m rk d l n , as g ch nn l in e the S e a era e s o as t o s ow the me o ea . k tch is x gg t d , h th d cl rly o o a a n o o and a s m a c e at A, as Turn y ur w d b ut cut i il r h n l ‘ a e t he o e The o e o f s a en indic t d by d tt d line . bj ct u ing p n e or ma e t o t o o ea k if rking knif o mark u y ur w rk . inst d Of s e ci now to the e be o o s . u ing a p n l , will bvi u Owing knif having scored about deep across the fibres of the oo the m e ome a a e the e w d , ti b r will c way cle nly wh n chis l

is 6 T e s l an e m a e e . 6 . h us d , as at Fig mal ch n l thus d will form a guide in whi ch t o s tart your tenon or dovetail saw it prevents the saw cutting on the wrong side of the marked line and thus making the halving too wide .

S i n —La the wo on the o as aw g . y rk cutting b ard at

Fi . 6 or ou e e u t the o the e . a e g 7 , if y pr f r , p w rk in vic C r e a fully saw down th work until you just touch the g uge line . Do not p ress heavily with the saw ; u se it lightly ; the weight of the b ack iron which is fixed on the saw will ensure t the s aw feeding into the work quite fast enough . If he saw is e s a e e a be an a a a e n wly h rp n d it will , in f ct , dv nt g to s e as e the e of the saw om off the oo lightly w ight fr w d , o t o the e o f i the al n is a e wing ke nness ts edge . If h vi g v ry e one a o a s m a be a e ee the o s e wid , dditi n l cut y s wn b tw n ut id ar and ese w rea a a e the e o a of the m ks , th ill g tly f cilit t r m v l as e oo e ar n a For the o w t w d wh n p i g it way . sawing j int 24 Tko H a lved joint

e to 22 t he a e on Dovn reference may be mad Fig . 3 m ch pt r

TAILING .

he Pa ring Away t he Wa st e materi al with a chisel is t o ma be e s e i s s o at . 68 . The n xt t p , and this h wn Fig w rk y o T chiselled either i n a vertical or a horizontal positi n . he horizontal position is t he easiest for the amateur who has a ce or handscrew e a se he ma o the o e e vi , b c u y h ld w rk s cur ly with a mechanical devi ce and so avoid the unnecessar y risk i to h s fingers .

a e the se and a . 68 now the T k chi l cut aw y A , Fig turn chisel and cut away B after whi ch keep the chisel hori zontal

— h l e he Fi 6 . S ow n a o n at o r g. 9 i g H v d J i t t h an a h n le t Rig t A g .

off the to of the as e e . Re eat and cut p hill , it w r , C p the three Operations until you gradu ally pare the wood a a e a to the a e ne . he se ou w y x ctly g ug li W n chi lling , if y find a t endency for the work t o chip or crumble at the c e e o t o the orwa ess e of the se ba k dg , wing f rd pr ur chi l , turn your wood round and begin t o cut from the other e e al o the i se t o n s a at the e e . dg , l wing ch l fi i h p ring c ntr oi nt s Othe r tha n a Ri ht n l —If the a o J g A g e . h lving j int i t s a an an le s m a t o the s e c s o at . 6 ea g i il r k t h , h wn Fig 9, gr t a e a e t o b e e e c se in the u se of the hi se o c r will h v x r i d c l , wing t o h n f f o t e cha ge in the directi on o the grain o the wo d . The arrow m arks in this sketch distinctly indicate the di rection in which the chiselling must b e done so as t o give a smoo s a so th re ult . This change of direction for cutting l a es t o th o f ppli e b ttom o the halving j oint . i —S o C utt ng Joi nt a t En d o f Tim be r (Fig. h uld o 25 joints in Woodwork

the a o be e at the end of a i e e of ood as h lving j int us d p c w , at Fi . 0 se ara e and Fi . 2 om e e the was e g 3 , p t d , g 9, c pl t d , t ma e al m a b e o sa a a and the flat s a e t ri y r ughly wn w y , urf c m a s tri me d up with chi el . To saw out s e of a o ro ee to o thi typ h lving j int , p c d w rk t he line B exactly as al ready described ; then place the e e of oo o l th pi c w d b iquely in e vice as shown (Fig . 70)

— e in a E d f Fi . 0 al o t n o g 7 . H v d J t

o ee t o saw ow the o e ne a e a h pr c d d n d tt d li A , c r fully w tc ing the gauge line t o see that y ou s aw on the waste side of the l e the e e of m e its o os e ines . Th n turn pi c ti b r with pp it ou nd a ai n use t he s aw as e e o a s a s a e . dg t w rd y , g illu tr t d You will this time only have t o watch the gauge m ark on the e e of t he oo eca se the saw re ad o o dg w d , b u will ily f ll w o a in the saw kerf already m ade . N w pl ce the wood v er a the e an d ee the s aw a o o a tic lly in vic , , k ping in h riz nt l

os o s aw o to the s o e e . p iti n , d wn h uld r lin B Halving j oints properly m ade and fitted should knock t ogether with the weight of the clen ched fist the use of a heavy mallet or hammer will deface the work .

2 6

joints in Woodwork

o s i of he o o b e e . . s a ske t se j int c uld u d Fig 72 tch j int parated . Such bridle j oints have an adv antage as regards appear ance ov e r the mortise and t enon ed vari ety in case s su ch i n o as a s o n at F . wh c shows a c as on a a e th t h w g 73 , i h c i l t bl le e t o the rcular o am n The r e o n r g fitt d ci t p fr i g . b idl j i t he e a o s the ra of the le t o run ro t o the t o ll w g in g th ugh p , and gives a better and more workmanlike appearance t o r the completed a ticle . i m e e jo the a a o . s a the Fig 74 itr d bridl int , p rt sh wing

— - - Fi l e Fram . 6 . u i . i e F r F . g 74 . Mit e 75 g 7 Ob iq B r1d le m t ri h ri le s o . le wi o n . B d Join t . t B d J i t J

o o se a a e s is a os se o for upright p rti n p r t d . Thi m t u ful j int os o s m a t o a s o the sm a ass ame p iti ns i il r th t h wn in ll gl fr , i F . The oo am s ase is o 1 . g 75. w d fr ing in thi c nly g in in and a mo se ere se wo a e t o b e exce width , if rti w u d it uld h v p tionall sma e s a e a at the o om of i a e y ll . Th h p d r il b tt th s fr m a ag in shows the application of the bridle j oint .

. 6 s o s an o e r e o e Fig 7 h w bliqu b idl j int , us d in s an es as a a e or s t o e e am o in t c br c , trut , pr v nt fr ing fr m S . e a ing ( e lso Fig .

Fi . a o e dl e o se os o s e e g 77 is st pp d bri j int , u d in p iti n wh r the t o or o om e e of the or m ee s the e e and he e p b tt dg w k t y , w r , the a e e a o e t o o the end ra if r il w r ll w d run thr ugh , g in o a a s w uld ppe r un ightly .

- Fi . 8 is a so ca e e o at the o e of a ame g 7 ll d bridl j int c rn r fr . h s o a e an o en slo o se and e o o T i is als c ll d p t m rti t n n j int . 2 8 Tke B ridle joint

oo o se e e o can be se s e A g d str ng , rvic abl j int which u d in t ad

- le oin i . 8 . r F g 7 B id J t.

— St9 ed r le — Fi . . l i . ue n g 77 pp B id F g . 79 Ob i A gle m q o t. r le omt J B id J .

i - li ca i f i F 8 on o r le oin o oo russ . o . t g. App t B d J t R f T of the os e or se and e o e its a a a e is a cl d m ti t n n typ , dv nt g th t

ma Se o Fi . less labour is required in the king . ( e als g 2 9 joints in Woodwork

is an o e d e o se Fig . 79 bliqu bri l j int u d in similar position s to the a o e whe the two eces mee at an a e b v , but n pi t cut a the en of a am angle t d fr e . 80 s ows the a l ca on of t he o Fig . h pp i ti bridle j int t o a roof ss Two ske hes a re sho at the o n of t tru . tc wn j ini g he tie am an the a a e The o i be d princip l r ft r . j int a s the type generally used .

S D M R ETTING OUT AN A KING .

is a a e r e e s e out a e o to e It s f ul , wh n tting bridl j int , divid th c ess of he m e o ee al e thi kn t ti b r int thr e qu parts . This will leave the timber on e ach side of the tongu e equal t o the hi c ess o f the on e s n o m s e t o t kn t gu , thu givi g unif r tr ngth o The dl e o i s h e e f r o the j int . bri j int c i fly us d o c nnecting a of oo am i o a the intern l parts w den fr es . It s str nger th n the a vi o and ow t o e a o u o h l ng j int , , ing its p culi r c nstr cti n , e es e the wa of e s s e s or ai s t o se e r quir littl in y p g , cr w n l , cur o 8 1 s es the o o e it in positi n . Fig . illu trat j int b th Op n and

closed . To e s the e o of s e out and ma und r tand m th d tting rking , he a e the e . 81 . is n ot eces a a t gl nc at sk tch , Fig It n s ry th t bridle piece A be the same width as the cross piece B but it mus t be remembere d when s etting ou t t he j oint with the marking knife or pen cil that the width m arke d W on pi ece b e a o the on the ece The m e B must e qu l t width W pi A . ti b r Should be fai rly accurately s awn or plane d to the same l h ess and al e es s o be are and r e . t ickn , dg h uld squ t u

- rki n . The oo is ace U o the e c and the M a g w d pl d p n b n h , j oin t m arked out by usin g a m arking knife or penknife r a e is m e e a blade an d the t y Square . A knife bl d uch b tt r th n a e c as the shar e e s e ers the es of the oo p n il , p dg v fibr w d l an is no t a wa s and gives a much finer ine th the p encil . It l y necessary t o exactly s quare and trim the end of piece A

1» m a a a a e in m a cas es b e e in . on e it y with dv nt g ny l ft 8 l g r a e essar and e e e off the saw e and th n n c y l v ll d with , plan th o is o e e chisel after e j int put t g th r. 30 Tke B r idle joint

When the pi ece A has t o have a bridle j oint fitte d at eac end is the s al orks o ac ce t o cut the m e h , it u u w h p pr ti ti b r an c s ar nd m a th s a o . on e e e s a e o e b ut in l g r th n y , rk h uld r nes C t o the e ac e h a e the o n s are li x t l ngt , ft r which j i t cut s ea es the e s s a di o e the o z o a a s Thi l v nd t n ng v r h ri nt l r il , and a e n the om e e a e o e e the s l , ft r fixi g c pl t fr m t g th r , mal o off o pr j ecting ends are levelled flush with the cr ss rails .

— r 1e in o — 8 1 . o e i 8 a i he Fi . F u n n 2 . t g B id J t , p g. G g g

and close . er or ise au e d Timb with M t G g .

i — e the o e e o Ga ug ng . Aft r squaring all sh uld r lin s r und the e the n e an d s a e the o e timb r with k if try qu r , m rtis gauge s hould be set so as to s trike the two gauge lines

e . 8 and 8 at one e a o the o e mark d G , Figs 3 4 , Op r ti n . If w rk r does not possess a m ortise gauge the work m ay b e m arked at two distinct Operati ons with the aid of the m arking The a e s o be a s e s o s o m a gauge . g ug h uld dju t d a t rk the oo o r s and the o o f the a e the or o w d int thi d , st ck g ug ( p ti n e a e co ai th um s c 8 s of th g ug nt ning e th b rew in Fig . 2 ) mu t be used from the face side of t he timber when gaugin g up o e of the es orm a ra T a ma the wh l piec f ing f me . he f ce rk on the o di a e o e co the e e w rk is in c t d by a gl rifi d mma, and dg 31 joints in Woodwork

ma s o an x as the a o o rk is h wn by , in v ri us illustrati ns . o th m o of o th a Fig . 82 sh ws e eth d h lding e g uge in the right s a th l es on t o hand whil t g uging e in he w rk .

8 Fi Fi . 8 g 3 . g. 4. The arke Two Parts of the Joint M d .

The o e a e out a ea as . j int , wh n m rk d , will pp r at Figs 8 and 8 and the o o i c are t o be a a ma 3 4, p rti ns wh h cut w y y be shaded with a pencil as indicated ; this will prevent

— or n re hi Fi . 8 . ous to sellin g 5 B i g p vi C g.

i a e ari s w s c the wo es e l m st k s ing hil t utting rk , p cia ly by is no ho o am i a the o one who t t r ughly f il r with j int .

The a e . 8 not be e the dist nc A B, in Fig 3 , must l ss than distance A B in Fig . 84. 32 Tke B ridle joint

— m 8 t e s a e ri n w a e e . h Bo g A a y W s t . Exa in Fig 4 h d d o o the ce e t o be a a an d ea p rti n in ntr has cut w y , it will gr tly facilitate the removal of this waste pi ece by boring a hole a s t t s s o n The s s o with twi t bit a he po ition h w . twi t bit h uld be o t e e ee the ab ut 1 in . less in diameter than h width b tw n

— — 8 Saw n the fi r Fi . 6 . s cu g i g t t .

The easiest method of boring out this hole

8 . is shown at Fig . 5

S W THE A ING JOINT. — S The oo s o be ut the e . 86. awi ng . w d h uld p in vic as Fig a a s aw wi the n e e on the e of the T king up , th i d x fing r sid a le o me e a and o ee ou o e t o h nd , c m nc s wing , pr c d until y c m the position indi cat ed by the dotte d han d and saw A this will leave a s aw kerf or cut running diagonally from the o e e Re eas sh uld r line t o corn r of the wood . l e the vice and refix the wood so that it leans in exactly the oppos ite LW. 33 D joints in Woodwork

h e rs o own direction t o Fig . 86 t en r ve e y ur position and e ea the s aw s o as t o ou t a o er di a o a s aw r p t ing , n th g n l r r l t o t h c th cut f om the shoulde ine e orner . Fix e wood

as s o at . 8 and s aw as s o e ou upright , h wn Fig 7, h wn , wh n y will find that the s aw has no tenden cy t o run out of the m the m e e al a o e e o at . 8 guid cuts re dy f r d by th d us d Fig 6.

Re e e e om e t o saw at . 86 a i s m mb r , wh n c m ncing Fig , th t it necessary t o saw inside the gauge line otherwise the j oint

8 — hi 88 — h se llin r r Fi . . . or ho on al . Fig. 7 T d iz t g C i g

saw out .

be t oo a o t o the hi ess of the oo will sl ck , wing t ckn w d , which wi ll be m ade int o sawdust by the thickness of the s aw a e The n e e on the s e of the s aw and bl d . i d x fing r id , o the e o o f the saw cut wi rea he p inting in , dir cti n ll g tly lp the o ke t o saw a s a e as 15 a u ra t o o w r r in tr ight lin , it n t l p int s er o n i o a me a with thi fing t a y obj ect that s t be i d t . o the o e ne a s m a ma e and e Cut d wn th r li in i il r nn r , th n with a chisel of s uitable width carefully chop away the a a wo a ace e wa o was te m teri l . The od m y b e pl d dge y up n the en c or the v e and the c se sho b e e b h , in ic , hi l uld h ld a Th o n or th vertic lly . e h le whi ch has bee b ed with e twist bit will all ow th e chips which are cut away t o offer little r no r s a e o The ch se s o o e ist nc t the chisel blade . i lling h uld not all b e o e om one s e or a c e e - e e d n fr id , hipp d und r dg will b e the result ; it i s bett er t o chisel the work until half way through and then turn the other edge of the wood 34

Tke B ridle joint

just on the gauge line ; then treat the other shoulder lines n in a similar ma ner . t — o oo an C hi s elli ng a w a y Wa s e . Fix y ur w d firmly in y a e ma e e or o he se and o i o hi se suit bl nn r , vic t rwi , , h ld ng y ur c l h a ke o o 1 e e as at . 0 a e a a t e tilt d Fig 9 , p r w y bl c d p rti n th n pare away the blacked portion 2 ; after whi ch hold the chisel flat and by gradual operations pare away the dott ed

— Fi 0 h sellin aw a as e . g . 9 . C i g y W t

e ou o e o t o the e e e e e t lin s 3 , until y c m d wn gaug lin th n r p a the e o of on the os e s e of th oo m th d cutting Opp it id e w d . If any di ffi culty be experi ence d by chipped or ragged edges s e can e be o e o e ell whil t chis lling , it asily v rc m by chis ing e e o the o e of the oo so the s alt rnat ly fr m utsid w d, that fini h o f the e a es a e the e e of the o chis l cut t k pl c in c ntr w rk , as o o e o previously descri bed . S me w rk rs prefer t chisel away the waste by placing the wood on its edge and using the e e a s ea of o o The e s chis l v rtic lly in t d h riz ntally . sam method

1 2 o oo s e . ( , , and 3) h ld g d in thi cas — Joi nt s Othe r tha n a t The two pieces formin g a le o are not a a s a e as 81 brid j int lw y at right ngl s , at Fig . in many inst ances it is necessary that the j oint be at other The o o e e is tre ed in s a than w rk , h w v r , at a imil r 37 joints in Woodwork

’ ma e the e ce o a an a e o e nn r , with x pti n th t djustabl j in r s bevel is used inst ead of a try s qu are t o mark out the s o e es and a a c a e of e o the h uld r lin , th t h ng dir cti n in grain of the woo l o c r e c se out the o d wil c u wh n hi lling w rk .

. 1 ca es the han e in the a of he o t o , and Fig 9 indi t c g , gr in w d ’ he s a e o e s e e is al so s o t adju t bl j in r b v l h wn .

- le a e er h Fi — Fi 1 r o n t n l o h an . 2 . . en g 9 . B id J i t A g t t g 9 Op i h An le Slo oin R g t g . t J t.

2 s ows an o e s o o se and e o o an d Fig . 9 h p n l t m rti t n n j int , not a e o as i s s ome mes all e i o i s bridl j int , it ti c d th s j int ke out and the s ame wa as the dl e o mar d cut in y bri j int . Leading authorities are agreed that a bridle j oint is an

e a o and . 2 s o s the o at the end of int rn l j int , Fig 9 h w j int a ame and he e o e comes e the ea o f e fr , it t r f r und r h ding Op n o S a o r a on slot mortise and tenon j ints . ( ee ls em rks Fig . T HE TO N G U E D A N D G ROOV E D JO I NT

HE tongu ed and groove d j oint is used in one form or another throughout the whole of the woodworking a es o er as oes a rea ar e of o tr d , c v ing , it d , g t v i ty w rk from the laying of floori ng boards t o the construction f a o light c binet work . Flooring and M atch Boarding generally have the o e o e on the so oa and e a es of t ngu s w rk d lid b rd , x mpl a few of the various types are shown as follows

— i on u e and Fi - Se c io F g. 93 . T g d g. 94. t n G roo ved Floorin g of Hardwood ' o ar B d .

th e end e of the o i o s a . o Fig . 93 sh w vi w rd n ry in t ngued and roo e oor oar as se the ons c on o f g v d fl ing b d , u d in c tru ti

oo s for o s o s and o a e ro er . s e fl r mills , w rk h p c tt g p p ty Thi typ of oo is a e t o the o s s i n the or na m a e fl ring n il d j i t di ry nn r, n m a t o o ceal the a s e no attempt bei g de c n n il us d . a sec o of oo i ch is enera a Fig . 94 is ti n fl ring wh g lly m de of

a woo s as m a e o ak or arra . i s se h rd d , uch pl , , j h It u d in os i o s s c as a room and ska n oors etc p it n u h b ll ti g rink fl , the tongu e and groove being worke d in such a mann er that a a i it covers the nails as shown . E ch n il s dIi ven into its os o at one e e of the oa the oo e o th p iti n dg b rd , gr v h lding e a n t he a next board nd hidi g n il . s o an e m le of Fig. 95 h ws xa p matchboarding known as 39 joints in Woodwork

o e oo e and headed on one s de o and . 6 t ngu d , gr v d , i nly , Fig 9 , s ows a s m a e on e roo e and he aded on o h i il r typ t gu d , g v d b th v ar of m a ch oar is kn ow sides . This iety t b ding n in the trade and is e for a on a 5 T. G . B . It us d n iling fr ming to

— — - Fi . on ued Fi 6 on u e Fi a ch g. 95 T g g. 9 . T g d g. 97. M t a nd roo e and G roo e oar in G v d v d b d g, Matchboard Matchbo ard Tongu ed in wi h e a in w h e a G roo ed and g , t B d g , it B d v ’ on One Si e at ach Si e Vee d d . E d . .

o o for oo offi e etc . for a e o f rm partiti ns r ms , c s , , p n lling c rri f m k n m e n e e oo s o etc . and or a a a d d rs , , i g fr d l dg d d r , build

oo o se c c e s e s an d o e ou ou ses etc . ing t l h u s , y l h d th r th , i is an e m e of m a c oar a is on u e F . xa g 97 fl t hb ding th t t g d , ’

oo e and vee d on one e and . 8 s o s o e gr v d sid , Fig 9 h w t ngu d ,

— — 8 a l i 1 0 0 i h i ou e F . . F . . c F . g 9 M t g . 99 D b g ’ oar n V ee d on u e ou le - o e a le b di g t g d D b d v t i d ,

o h Si es a ch oar n . on ue and B t d . M t b di g T g d , roo e oin G v d J t.

’ oo e an ee o s es are se fo s gr v d d y d b th side . Th e u d r imilar

os es t o F s . and 6 and ma e e t he a c purp ig 95 9 , ny pr f r V m t h boa d e a e it o e eas ai e a the e e r ing , b c us is m r ily p nt d th n b ad d ari v ety . The obj ect of working a head or beads on matchboarding is to break the j ointing of the various pieces and to ai m at ornamental effect also t o prevent unsightliness should 40 Tke Tong ued a nd Grooved joint

a mo a f the timber shrink slightly . If derate mount o shrink a e es ace as is ea a wa s the as e the o g tak pl , n rly l y c , j int at the side of the bead appears t o the casu al observer t o be the e or a e o e at the s e of the head fill t ch nn l w rk d id . If the tongues are not pai nted before the work is put t o e e the s a e a se the raw oo to S o g th r , hrink g will c u w d h w , and s a e the o t oo e thu m k j int much in vidence . o s o e o e e Fig . 99sh w a d ubl t ngu d and groov d j oint used he o e a e a e a or e e e e for in t wh l s l c bin t f ct i s . It is pr f rr d the

— Fi 1 0 1 oin wi h Sin le i 1 0 - . . F . 2 oose g J t t g g . L o e a l on ue and Ton es D v t i T g . roo e A ro ss on u e G v . . C g . B Feather on ue . T g .

o of e o the a e e ar j inting cabin t st ck , and mat ur can mak asimil o o o o an s oos o j int by w rki ng tw gro ves d in erting l e t ngues .

- . 1 00 the end e of a o e o e ai e o e Fig is vi w d ubl d v t l d , t ngu d , and oo o s e . 1 0 1 i s e of i i gr v d j int , and Fig a k tch a s m lar o o on j int having nly e dovetailed tongue . o o 1 00 Fr m a c nstructional point of view Fig. is far and a a the es o a as et o e Unfor w y b t j int th t h y been pr duc d . tunatel o e e e e not the e e e n y, h w v r , th r is at pr s nt tim any ha d oo a e o o al o e o o a to t l th t will c n mic ly pr duc it , wing pr b bly the a the o t of a en T f ct that j int is he subj ect pat t . he dovetail tongue t apers slightly throughout its entire e the o on the e of the ed e l ngth , gripping j int principl w g , and s ee t qu zing he glu e into the pores of the wood . C abinetwork oints — e a to o e and J . With r g rd t ngu d grooved j oints whi ch apply more particularly to the j ointing of e o . o e es are cabin t w rk , Fig 93 is pr duc d by plan which 41 joints in Woodwork

f r n a specially made or the pu pose . O e pl ne makes the tongue a o r t roo he an es s s t o a r and n the he g v e . T h di t ize buy e t m ose w ch o in and . e e s a th hi j int g ” 2in i in ti b r , it b ing u u l

- ar T . ar t o dowel o r lo ose tongu e thicker bo ds . he 3 in p titions or as e are some mes a e du stboards ( , th y ti c ll d , between the drawers of a sideboard or dressing chest

ork o n a The . and a re in good w j i ted in this m nner . 5 in e s and t 0 s of e or me i e oo in . nd p pin A rican wh t w d

ess e a ro es etc . for the a e e dr ing tabl s , w rd b , , call l rg r siz d a e pl n s .

Fi 1 0 —ra le for lan n g . 3 . C d P i g.

— e e are two e o of o n Lo o s e To n g u e s . Th r m th ds jinti g n the use of the c o o h oose o es s e Fi . wit l t gu , viz r s t ngu , g

1 0 2 and the u se of the ea er o e . 1 02 o A , f th t ngu , Fig B . Cr ss o es a re the s o e e e e os o t ngu tr ng r wh n glu d in th ir p iti n , and h an e se e m e a ea he o t ey c b u d v ry uch thinn r th n f t r t ngues . Fe ather t ongues are cut diagonally across the grain as illustrat ed . 1 is a c a for a oos o Fig . 03 r dle pl ning up l e t ngues t o the required width (generally %I Two grooves a re m ade in n ha woo one oo e i s e for a a piece of 1 } i . rd d gr v us d pl ning the width way of the t ongu e and the other for planing the e e wa dg y. These ton gues can be cut to accurate size on a circular a o and a e are at ha s w bench if p wer m chin ry nd.

APPLICATIONS OF THE TONGUED AND' GROOVED JOINT .

i a s c of a or o of a s e oa t o s o . 1 0 s e Fig 4 k t h p ti n id b rd p , h w ing the plough groove ready worked out t o receive the 42

joints in Woodwork

ed e a e the e and s e first j oint and glu d up , ft r which nds id s The a are groove d ready to receive the cross t ongues . h rd n nd the o the wood margins are shown at o e e and at fr nt . and

— i 1 06 art Carcass of Dressin able. F g. P g T

r e so on o e o the mar grooves a e arrang d that , c mpl ti n , mo o h ginal frame st ands above the top just the a unt f t e l o e e a e thickness of the leather whi ch wi l c v r th t bl . In m f some cases the margin at the end runs the sa e way o

— Fi 1 0 ri in Ta le To g. 7. W t g b p .

f the a as the t o ow or s i s e . gr in p , thus all ing l ght hrinkag o es o of o se e s as Cross t ngu w uld c ur b u ed in this c e . 1 08 ke c o one - a e o f a a e or Fig. is a s t h sh wing qu rt r b rr d oo a e s o of th r a tracery cabinet d r . An enl rg d ecti n e ast ag l mould which is grooved to fit on the bar which forms the i o o rebate s als sh wn . 44 Tke Tong ued a nd Grooved joint

. 1 0 o or o ne o o a e o Fig 9 is a c mbing c r r l cking j int , m th d of making boxes by means of a continuous use of tongues an oo s of s d gr ves in tead dovetail . This type of j oint is

e e a a h e ma e . The a e r o e e who is g n r lly m c in d mat u , h w v r,

Fi 1 1 g. 0 . Sin gle Loose — — Ton gue and i 1 0 8 o rner Fi . om i n or F g. C g C b g D ou ble o ki o i arre oor. c n oin . on ue B d D L g J t t g Joint . not proficient t o undertake a dovetailed box frequently hi s e o uses t m th d.

- i ts . 1 1 0 e oo e n u C o rn e r Jo n . Fig is a singl l s to g e and a o are double solid tongue . B th methods used to connect

Fi 1 1 2 Fi . 1 1 . g. . g 3 am les of on u e and roo e om er o n s Ex p T g d G v d C J i t . c a o e e o s as o e end t o the o ircul r c rn r d w rk , uch a c unt r , fr nt am fr ing. 1 1 1 for Fig . shows a tongue and grooved j oint suitable e e or end o s ma h oa o dg j inting , uch as fitting tc b rding r und him e a eas m a s a l ewe a e s etc . c n y br t , king m l j l dr w r ,

. 1 1 2 o e oo e o w e a Fig is a t ngu d and gr v d j int , ith a b d o e on e to e the o o e e a e f w rk d sam hid j int , s m tim s c ll d a sta f 45 joints in Woodwork

o b e se os o s s as oa an bead . It w uld u d in p iti n uch b rding in

o l a etc . the e a ea sh at upright ir n pi l r , , b ad giving n t fini each corner .

1 1 m a o at an o se a e . Fig . 3 is a si il r j int , but btu ngl An e xample of its use i s in fixing boarding roun d an octagonal ork column of brickw . 1 1 S o s a o e and roo e m e as se Fig . 4 h w t ngu d g v d itr u d for s e e the o n e s of ca e ork s as tr ngth ning c r r bin t w , uch t ea a es al o es s etc . s o s a sma c ddi , sm l b x , plinth , B h w ll

Fi 1 i 1 1 1 F 6 . g. 4 . g . Ton gue d and Me th od o f Corn er J o in t with k n r o e rn e r ou l roo e re . or o . o G v d Mit W i g G v C M d .

e a e o one of o be se at ea om e r b t d bl ck , which w uld u d ch c r o a l a t f ci it te the cramping up when glueing the j oints . 1 1 th Fig . 5 shows the m ethod o f working the groove in e a o r m s o e . The e e a e e ac t o a k the e b v j ints pi c s turn d b k b c , itr s m ak a an he e on h roo n thu ing right gle . T guid t e g vi g a e s o s a a n s e a h a e of the o and s pl n thu w rk g i t c f c j int , thi s re co o en u s rrect j inting .

. 1 1 i m ew a s m a t Fi 1 1 1 a 6 s so o . Fig h t i il r g , but with a rc e m o o qu rter ci l uld t hide the j oint . 1 1 ca s n of a o e s r Fig . 7 indi te the buildi g up d ubl ki ting m o l e r n r t e oak - rame . C ese s t he c o k h u d r p t bri kw , A f d w an elli and the ac and o k . e p ng , B p king fixing bl c A id skirting of this type is m ade in two portions for c onvenience r n of working th e m oulding and to prevent un due sh i kage . Fi 1 1 8 i s o ar of r n a e ass and g . t he t p p t a d essi g t bl with gl

e e ra e The s e sho s the two e e e a e . j w l d w rs . k tch w pi c s s p rat d 46 Tke Tong ued a nd Grooved joint

ese are o n e t on u ein and roo and e Th j i t d by g g g ving , wh n l o n h s akes a glued up the cappin g mou d hi des the j i t . T i m n ea n s no s crews or ai s e n e e and the o t fi i h , n l b i g r quir d , j int o is to all app earances a glu ed butt j int .

u le Ski r in — h e o Fi . 1 1 8 Dressin a le To w sk ch D b t g g g T b p , it t

oul . o f ar s se ara e M d p t p t d .

PLOUGHING .

When grooves have t o be worked in the edge or face of a oar t o e ce e o es the ro e i s e e a ca e b d r iv t ngu , p c ss g n r lly ll d o an d i s s a a om s e a s e a pl ughing , it u u lly cc pli h d by p ci l oo call e a o or as i s o cas o a s e o t l d pl ugh ( , it c i n lly p lt , pl w When a plough plan e is bought it is usu al t o procure eight

‘ o or a the a pl ugh bits bl des of vari ous sizes t o fit pl ne . s Fig . 1 1 9 hows the b ack elevation of a plough plane with the a es of h r r e n m t e various pa ts l ett e ed th reon . The board or boards whi ch it is desired t o groove are s a e s a and r e e a as o e e fir t pl n d tr ight t u , x ctly th ugh it w r es e t o m a e a e n of oa d ir d k glu d or butt j oint . O e the b rds is now placed edge way up in the vice and with the face s e to the o e id w rk r. 47 joints i n Woodwork

Take the plough plane and select a suitably- sized blade the a e the s a wa a ow the fix it in pl n in u u l y, ll ing cutting e to o o a a o 1 of dge pr j ect bey nd the steel s k te b ut 3 5 an

and se e e the we e . e oose the inch , cur ly driv up dg N xt l n small boxwood wedges at the side of each stem (the parts

u n fi t % ”

- Fi 1 1 lou h lane . g. 9. P g P

— 1 2 0 lan of lou h lane . P P g P .

cal ed the e are e e e S the a . and l st ms l tt r d in pl n , Fig adjust the plan e by t apping the stems with a hammer until ‘ the cutting iron is in the desired position then knock e up the small wedges nice and tight . When s etting the fenc to or from the blade it is a wise precaution t o measure the distance from the fence t o the skate at each end of the plane e e ska a t The t his will ensur th te being p rallel t o he fence . f neglect of this is a source o annoyance to many amateurs . 48 Tke Tong ued a nd Grooved joint

Now adjust the depth s top by turning the screw at the t o of the a e meas the e o f the re u e oo e p pl n , uring d pth q ir d gr v om the e e o f the a e t o the st 0 and he a e fr dg bl d p , t n c r fully lock the screw which adjusts this stop . The screw is generally adjusted with a screwdriver at the side o f the of r i r plane . Other types plough o fill ste planes have a m on e of t screw adjust ent th stems in place he wedges . — in h l n The a e is now ea for use . Us g t e P a e . pl n r dy o the e e o e t o the s e of the m e the a H ld f nc cl s up id ti b r , h nds in os o s o at . 1 2 0 the os o of the o p iti n as h wn Fig , p iti n b dy being that generally assumed in planing . Move the plan e a a and o a s the s a a e e b ckw rds f rw rd in u u l m nn r , b ginning the cut at the end of the board nearest t o the vice j aws (the o o ee w t he a the e o fr nt) , and pr c d ith pl ning until d pth st p i s e e a s e a a in contact with the wood . Th n tak t p b ckw rds and repeat the process until the whole length of the groove ' s a m e o o t e fe e o i ploughed . C re ust b e tak n t f rce h nc up t the o w the e a i s the a s s b ard ith l ft h nd , wh l t right h nd thru t t he e a and o the a e be plan b ckwards f rwards , and pl n must ke p t vertical .

TONGUEING.

The grooves having been completed the tongues have to 1 2 1 s o ske of a oar an the be made . Fig . h ws a tch b d d method of marking out cross tongu es (a) and feather o b T e s a o e e for ma os o u e t ngues ( ) . h u u l pr c dur king cr s t ng s i s to plane the end of the board and u se a cutting gauge t o give a line the required di stance from the end (see

e . The oa is sa e o or a e saw sk tch) b rd wn with a t n n p n l , s and the piece of timber for the tongue is thu procured . If a feather tongue is t o be used it is cut diagonally from the board (6) and the ends cut square as s hown by the dotted line . Fe athe r Tongu e s can be obtained in fairly long lengths out of o o s s on the o e a os narr w b ard , whil t th r h nd cr s tongues are limited by the width of the board After ' L s 49 joints in Woodwork

off the o es e e e a e cutting t ngu , th y r quir pl ning with nic ty to the roo es and the a an a e o f a oo e oa fit g v , dv t g gr v d b rd

. 1 be a (Fig 03) will ppreciated . A glue spoon similar t o

Fi — i . 1 2 1 e ho of ark n O u t for ross on ues g . M t d M g C T g and Fe a er on es th T gu .

’ a plumber s ladle is generally used t o pour the glue into the oo e al to e the o e o one gr v s, and it is usu glu t ngu int

Fi i 1 2 — e ho of 1 2 2 1 2 F . . . g . 3 . g 4 M t d f To n e T n u ei Views o gu ing and o g ng . roo n lanes G vi g P .

oa s a e a o t o set the o o e e b rd fir t ft r ll wing this , j int is c mpl t d in the usual m anner .

— f n To n u ei n lane s . 1 2 2 s o the end e o a g g P . Fig h ws Vi w t ongu eing plane for working matched j oints out of the 50

joints in Woodwork

i h e a e n s i in is b means of L g t J apa nes V s Sta d . (F x g y e a n e non o n s Mortis d T J i t . )

52 T HE M O RTISE A N D T E NO N JO I NT

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT is the method of j oining timber or other material by forming a solid rectangular proj ection in the one piece and cutting a corresponding cavity to receive it in the adj oining

e e . The o e o e the e o the pi c pr j cti n is call d t n n , and the o se a teneo t o o e cavity m rti (L tin , , h ld ; and Fr nch , mortaise . o of e are e e in o ) J ints this typ s cur d vari us ways .

— - F1 1 2 are aced Fi 1 2 6 . S ub g 5 B f g. t enon oin enon T J t. T .

S e e oo e o e e o e s e mall w dg s , w d n d w ls , m tal d w l pin , glu and a are e e e o to the o on p int fr qu ntly us d , and pri r intr ducti of glue we have examples of Egyptian furniture in which the m ortise and tenon j oints were unit ed by a composition of cheese .

— 1 s a e he o Ba reface d Te n e na Fig . 2 5 illu tr t s t j int in its o a a a i o one o e simplest f rm nd shows tenon h v ng nly sh uld r . i s a e a a e a e e o and b e o e a This c ll d b r f c d t n n , it will n tic d th t t he o o c a e the o se is e a the p rti ni whi h c rri s m rti thick r th n on e o i c The o n is e e o e e e wh ch th ten n s ut . j i t th r f r l v l or e on one e o and o ( flush as it is call d) sid nly , it sh uld e l never be used at the corner of a frame . It is a us fu interior j oint for framing that has t o be covered on the b s e ma o and a ow the o to ack id with tchb arding , ll s w rk 53 joints in Woodwork

finish level at the back when the boarding has b een applied see a ( pl n) .

St u b o u m — r St p Te n o n (Fig . 1 2 6) also occasionally a e a o e en c ll d j ggl t on . The illustration s hows a t enon as se the e o of a a T u d in int ri r fr me . he t enon is n ot allowed t o ro the s e and s ess on the e e i run th ugh til , un ightlin dg s thus avoided . This type of t enon is often used at the o e of e and e e e t o be c rn r a fram , it th n r quir s haunched .

i 8 i 1 i 1 F . 1 2 . F . 2 . F g . 2 7. g g 9

aun ch e en on . au n . aun ch e en on o n H d T G gi g H d T J i t .

A good workshop m ethod of gauging the depth of the f e n 1 2 8 a ece of mortise or a stub t non is s how in Fig . pi gummed stamp p aper is s tuck on the side of the m ortise

se ca the es re e of the o se . chi l , indi ting d i d d pth m rti This rea ac a es the o as not e e s t o be g tly f ilit t w rk , it is n c s ary c onstantly measuring

A au n che d Te n on e the end of oo a e H , as us d at a d r fr m , is a b s ee s o at . 1 s se e h wn Fig 2 7 . In thi c it will n the of the e o is e ce s o a s f e that width t n n r du d , th t u fici nt timber will be left at the end of the stile t o resist the r i e p es sure of the t enon when the j oint s driven togeth r . The s o or o c is e on the e o is a e h rt p ti n A , whi h l ft t n n , c ll d t he a c and the a o c e a es is le h un h , c vity int whi h it ng g cal d t he au c The a and the a c e e h n hing . h unch h un hing pr v nt the two e e of e or e o e e on pi c s timb r lipping , b c ming un v n 54 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

the e e as o be the e e e a fac sid , w uld r sult if it w r cut aw y t o the s o e entirely up h uld r . 1 s o s the e of e o and a e e Fig . 2 9 h w typ t n n h unch us d wh n oo e t o e e a the stile or upright rail is gr v d r ceiv panel . In this and similar cases the haunch is made the same width and the same depth as the groove ; the groove therefore a a o of s acts as the h unching . An pplicati n this j oint i

o the t o of the oo e . 1 0 . sh wn in p rail d r fram , Fig 3

F . 1 0 . Fi 1 1 Fi 1 2 ig 3 g . 3 . g . 3 . Appli cation of Occasion al J oint for In side aun che S u m Fram n H d t p i g. or i se and enon M t T .

This type of j oint is also used t o c onnect the rail t o the le f o an o a e a e . 1 6 . g rdin ry kitch n t bl , Fig 4

. 1 1 is a a o of the s m e o o as o a Fig 3 v riati n tu p t n n , cc i n lly used where the work in hand dem ands a thin t enon and o s t o a st ut tump take heavy strains .

A M orti se and Tenon oint se for e a J , u d insid fr ming , i s s o at . 1 2 a o of its u se e see h wn Fig 3 , an applic ti n b ing n the e e ai h . 1 0 c a l m T e se o o t o . in fri z r l , Fig 3 ( nd r i fr p) ai s ma be se as s o 1 as of . 2 in the e r l y u d h wn in Fig 3 , but c oo am e 1 0 o he s e a d r fr (as Fig . 3 ) they w uld have t in id e dges grooved t o receive the panels ; the t enons would e e o e b e s a o e s o o t o the th r f r lightly n rr w r than h wn , wing oo e at ea e gr v ch dge . A aunched arefaced Tenon e l os o H B , us d in simi ar p iti ns 55 joints in Woodwork

to . 1 2 o . 1 . The oo or Fig 9, is sh wn at Fig 33 d r frame in this case would be made of m atchboarding nail ed on the back o the la s . 1 2 . as h wn in p n , Fig 5

. 1 is l s a o s how a e e o Fig 34 an il u tr ti n ing a h unch d t n n , the e of the a o s a with na—m s v ri u p rts . . 1 s o s the We dg e s . Fig 35 h w method of cutting wedges whi ch are t o be use d t o we dge the t enons ; this avoids ome o waste of material . S w rkers cut the wedges from

— Fi Fi . 1 i . 1 . F . 1 S i e 6 . l g 3 3 . g 34 g 3 t Haunche d Bare . an d Cross a ce enon w h orn f d T . it H .

— i - e h F . 1 u i e i I A . o g 3 C tt n g W dge s F g. 35 M t d

rom as e of au nch n e n e no ns . f t H i g. W dgi g T the e es e out of the a of the o ai or the pi c l ft h unching l ck r l , a w o om s o . 1 b tt r il h n at Fig 30 . A Stile a n d C r o s s Rail e o e e are o n , fram d t g th r , sh w at . 1 6 . The o o a o e the a is ca e the o Fig 3 p rti n b v r il ll d h rn , and it is usual t o leave s ufficient length of stile t o proj ect a o e e o the os a s s o a e e be no b v and b l w cr s r il , th t th r will tendency for the s tile t o burst out at the end whi lst the am an We of a e is o cr ping d dging the fr m in pr gress . On o e the am t e o awa c mpl ting fr ing h h rn is cut y . 56 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

1 e o e e e a am of a e In Fig . 37 A d n t s a singl lin di gr fi ld gate and the illustration above s hows the m ethod o f e o the ee e e t o the t o e a e e o t n ning thr pi c s p rail , bar f c d t n ns o being sh wn . 1 8 i a e the e o of x an er o le Fig . 3 ind c t s m th d fi ing int i r g o ai t o a The a to a t able having a circular r str ght p r il . inl id le s as e i s s m - e o e o the t o a and t he g in thi c tu p t n n d int p r il , inlai d portion of the leg is allowed t o run through the

r s o i of e . ail , thu giving c nt —nuity d sign h At . 1 are o n the e Sp roc ke t W e el . Fig 39 sh w guid bar and a of a ai - o s a e two e a e ch in ch n m rti ing m chin , nl rg d links of the chain being indicated at A . The chain is

i Fi 1 8 Fi 1 Fi F 1 . . . 1 0 g. 37. g 3 — g. 39. g 4 . - Fi 1 eri Fi 1 a e o nt. . 8 F in In or Le to g. 3 G t J i —g 3 ix g t g Ta lo Fi 1 S rocke heel Fi 1 0 . . g. 39 W . g . . p t 4 or is n ool M t i g T . a o o to the a of e simil r in c nstructi n driving ch in a bicycl , with the exception that it is provided with teeth which a a the e the e o s cut w y timb r as chain r v lves . When u ing a chain mortiser the portion of the machine carrying the fed ow a o the e s chain is d nw rds int timb r, thu cutting a

e and e o se . o e e m o se cl an tru m rti If , h w v r, a stu p m rti is required it is necessary t o pare away a cert ain amount of e a e a se the a i e o o s e e timb r by h nd , b c u m ch n bvi u ly l av s e o om to the o se To o e ome a s micircular b tt m rti . v rc this diffi culty the latest type of mortising machines have a re o e- o a men e o s e the a squa h l b ring att ch t fix d al ng id ch in , 57 joints in Woodwork

oo the o o o of e This t l , w rking p rti n which is illustrat d in 1 0 o s s s of a s a e o o se Fig. 4 , c n i t qu r h ll w chi l E , which is s a e e rom the s e and e o s D h rp n d f in id , a r v lving twi t bit , e s or c e s o a o one r fitt d with purs ni k r , but with ut p int ( spu e ee at the o om of the s a o hi can b s n b tt illu tr ti n) . T s bit e o es s e the e e a e and o e a a the r v lv in id sh ll lik chis l , b r s w y e o s m e s the ess e e e e on t he sup rflu u ti b r , whil t pr ur x rt d a se the o ers t o be awa ea s a chisel c u s c rn cut y d d qu re . A in ma s e . s a e 6 s . e s morti g in qu r by in d pth y thu be cut . o o ma e the s a of the se The p rti n rk d A is h nk chi l (Fig . w e e is e o the o of the m e the o e h r it fix d int b dy achin , and h l at the o to ee E allows b ring bit fr itself .

— — a h e Fi 1 and i 1 1 . unc . 2 on F g. 4 H d g 4 L g Tenon for Skyli gh t Short Shouldere d

o r for G ar en Fra e enon oin . d m . T J t

1 1 s o s the a ca o of . 1 t o the Fig . 4 h w ppli ti n Fig 33 making o f r n s and s m a a a s kylight o garde frame . In thi i il r c ses the s e a s are e a e as show in the s ec o and the id r il r b t d n ti n , bottom rail is thi nner than the Side rails to allow the glass o t finish level upon it .

- L n a n d Sho r Sh uld r d o i nt . 1 2 o o g t o e e J . Fig 4 sh ws a haunched m ortise and tenon j oint havin g a long and r o s i s a a comm o o ame sho t sh ulder . Thi f irly n j int in fr d a o for o fi es am for ee ho ses oo s e s p rtiti ns f c , fr ing gr n u , t l h d , ‘ nd is a re e so ce of a o a e t o t he am a eur etc . a t , f qu nt ur nn y nc . It is n ecessary t o u se this j oint when both the stiles and s are e a e an d a for a e a upright r b t d , it c lls accur t m rking a a e the mak out and gre t c r in ing. 58

joints in Woodwork

e ee a b. 0 o o e Op n is s n at and At it is sh wn cl s d . It is of he o - w a t s ft edging v riety and should be interesting to Ma a a e nual Tr ining te ch rs .

A Te n o n e d a n d Sc ri be o see a d i nt t . 1 J is n Fig 46 . The c o s a i s at the o e so as t o th r s r il cut sh uld r , fit e moulding h is o e on the w ich w rk d stile . This is a good j oint in every u se day . r d and Mo ld d — 1 Mit e u e oint . J . Fig 47 shows a type of o a e se a e o j int l rg ly u d in light c bin t w rk . The method of o di mitreing the m ul ng and tenoning the stile to rail is i e ndicat d.

— — re and Fi 1 8 Fi 1 . . win enons g. 47 Mit d g 4 T T . e oin Mould d J t. — Twi n Te n o n : (Fig . The method Of tenoning the ea e s a the a e s or the midfeather e ee b r r which c rry dr w r , b tw n two e s a ess e or a a as e i s e e draw r , in dr ing tabl simil r c rc h r o om e o the e o on th idf a r ar . e m e the e sh wn On c pl ti n , t n ns o al wedged di ag n ly . — nn n . 1 o the e on of the e Pi i g . Fig 49 sh ws t n ing insid end of a wardrobe to the top of the carcase . This is also

. e b called pinning Th tenons s hould e wedged di agonally . The tenons and the distance between the tenons are more s a o a e e di e a e ri e sati f ct ry if m d qui stant , b c us if slight sh nkag occurs this is p arti ally equalised . The width be tween no e e ee the tenons sh—ould in cas xc d 3 ins . ails At . 1 0 is s o the e o of o n Top R . Fig 5 h wn m th d j ini g to s to the o of a oo e or o ou e the p rail p st t l sh d similar uth s . 60 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

The two are r h e to e o e rails , which at ig t angl s ach th r, are half- lapp ed and mortised ; the tenon on the post e e o e runs ntir ly thr ugh th m .

- — i 1 o oin n Fi . 1 1 sk F g. 5 . J i g g 5 . Tu To ails of enon p R T . ri h os Up g t P t .

A Tusk Te non oint e e e to e e the J , with w dg , as us d s cur e to the e e i oo i a e bind r gird r wh n mak ng fl rs , is ind c t d at

. 1 1 . The e o e e o e e the Fig 5 t n n h r is narr w, and ngag s with mo e i e the o e o es rtis , wh ch is situat d in c mpr ssi nal fibr

— — nd Fi 1 no her sk Fi . 1 . u sk enon a g. 52 A t Tu g 53 T T

enon e e . T . W dg

edi e our o imm at ly adj oining the neutral layer . In illustrati n o the m rtise has been cut t o Show the interior . 1 Fig . 52 is a v ariation of the above j oint . 1 e Fig . 53 shows tus k and wedged tenons as us d when 1 making a port able book or me dicine cupboard like Fig . 54. 0 61 joints in Woodwork

' The s e is o e o the end and the tenons run o h lf h us d int , thr ugh a e s e re e s e ar e the end nd ar cu d by w dges . Thi allows th ticl to be quickly and e as ily t aken t o p ieces for rem ov al or

- e o sh . Th e o e ne 1 a e t p li ing d tt d li in Fig . 53 indi c t s that e e m a be a e es e th Sh lf y sh p d if d ir d .

Fi 1 Fi 1 . . g . 54 . g 55 ’

e cine u oar he elwri h s oin . M di C p b d . W g t J t

’ Whe elwri ght s Self-we dgi n g M o rti s e a n d Te n o n

- In . 1 the i e is ca r e aro the Joi nt . Fig 55 l n B , B , B r i d und timber so as to cle arly illustrate the am o unt of t ap er given e to the mortis .

— — - Fi 1 6 o e a l a d Fi 1 Fox e in . . . n w g 5 D v t i g. 57. dg g e e enon W dg d T . — D ove t a il a n d We dg e d Te n o n (Fig . When two ’ pieces s uch as the cross r ail and leg of a carp enter s bench are e re to b e e o e e a mor se and e on r qui d h ld t g th r by ti t n , and to be e a a en a a the eno is o e a e on r dily t k p rt , t n d v t il d one side and th e mortis e is m ade of s uffi cient width t o p ermit the wides t p art of th e dovetailed tenon t o p ass e t e e o is its os on into it . Wh n h t n n in p iti a h ardwood

e e e a o e th e e o as s o . w dg is driv n in b v t n n , h wn 62 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

- s the me h f Fo x We dg e d Te non (Fig . Thi is t od o o l T e o se i s securing a s tub ten n by sm a l wedges . h m rti slightly dovetailed and two s aw cuts are m ade in the 3 a o e . o c erf tenon b ut 1 6 in . from e ach sid Int ea h s aw k

— — Fi a er o n Fi 1 8 . o n w th t. g. 5 J i t i g, R ft J i re Face Mit d .

a m a wedge i s i nserted nd the j oint glued up . The cra ping e o o es the e es o the s aw s s a Op rati n f rc w dg int cut , thu c using a an r the end of the tenon to sp re d d tightly g ip the mortise . — M o rti se a n d Te no n with Mit re d Fa ce (Fig . This is a useful method of j ointing framing which has a square

— Fi 1 6 o oo i 1 - D ra Fi 1 6 . F w . 2 . 6 . . g R f g . 1 g o in s Tie ore i n enon n J t b P nin g. T i g e am n ou l e B , Ki g M d d os and S ru P t t t .

edge as shown ; and it is e qually useful even if the face e a e e dg s h ve moulds worked up on them . If th j oint has square edges a reb ate m ay be formed to accommodate a a e a o o ou i ar o the me p n l by fixing b lecti n m ld ng und fra . A section of the bolection mould planted on the frame is s o n the o e u e h w in l w r fig r .

. 63 joints in Woodwork

- i oin F . 1 s o s the e o of e o Rafter J t . g 59 h w m th d t n ning e th p rincip al ra—fter to the king p os t . f oi s . 1 60 s a es he e o f Roo J nt . Fig illu tr t t t n ning o the

s t o the os and the k os to the tie ea . strut king p t , ing p t b m o ese e am es ar o B th th x pl e used in roof w rk .

- ra wbo re i n ni n At . 1 61 is ee the e D P g . Fig s n m tho d of e r e o a o e e o e e s cu ing a t n n by dr wb r pinning , mpl y d wh n it is not convenient to obtain the necessar y pressure by

Pi 1 6 Fi 1 6 . g. 5 Fab%: Twin Tenon s with Frami au nch for hick ng. H , t m er Ti b .

s a m . The o e the e u ing —cra p j int is mad in usual mann r, an a i s o e e . d J n . twi t bit is used to bore a hole thr ugh pi c B The tenon is driven home and the hole is m arked on the side of the tenon the tenon is then withdrawn and the o e o e a e e the o e an h l b r d bout J in . n ar r t o sh uld r th as a e a e e the m rk d at C . When the tenon is fin lly ins rt d o es not e e o rec oo in be h l will r gist r c r tly , and if a hardw d p driven into the j oint it will draw the shoulders of the tenon o t a close j oint—and effectually se cure the p arts . a 1 6 s e a mo e s S sh Be a r Fig . 2 hows how to t non uld d ash b r t o e e e s s ra o o a th r bat d cross rail . In thi illu t ti n b th sho ers of the mo e bar are s own s e uld uld d h quar , but in the best class work these shoulde rs may be slightly hous ed e of o into the cross rail to p revent side play . This typ j int is e for o l etc. the o er r l us d h rticultural bui dings, If l w ai 64 The M ortise a nd Tenon joint be o e the s a e e e the b ar the m uld d with m m mb rs as sash , end of the s ash bar will h ave to be scribed on t o it to m a e a k fit . u —Tenon with Tong ed and Grooved Shoulders (Fig . The obj ect o f the tongues and grooves here are to p revent the a e of the o as or e om a e and f c w rk c ting , b c ing w rp d , s s o the a ea a e of the a e o f the thu p iling pp r nc surf c work . If framing is t o be veneered on the face side this is an e e oo e o xc ptionally g d m th d .

— e Fi 1 6 — en Fi 1 6 8 — ammer i 1 66 n . . . F g. . Op g 7 Op g H

Slo or se Slo or se ea enon . t M ti . t M ti H d T at 6 0 ° an le g . — l ra n . 1 6 i a es the a of Tab e F mi g . Fig 4 ind c t fr ming - a cas s m o s the a rail to a dining t ble leg . In e si ilar t thi tenons run into the leg and almos t touch e ach other . The y are therefore mitre d on the end as shown in the m e . a a a s ins t Ch ir fr es ofte n c ll for imilar tre atment .

Twi n Te n o n s as se e the e with haunch , u d wh n timb r is of ea ess ar e o . 1 6 . gr t thickn , sh wn in Fig 5 An Op e n Slot M ortise at the end o f a right - angle d ame is see 1 6 6 . s o . 1 6 s fr n in Fig Fig . 7 hows an op en l t mortise and t enon j oint at the end o f a frame of o ese o s are o d le B th th j int ccas ionally called en brid j oints . — a m m e r e a d Te n n At . 1 68 is o n the H H o s . Fig sh w method of j ointing framing h aving semi circular or se g e ' m ntal heads . The front elevation indicates the method V L . 65 y joints in Woodwork

of e n the s w dgi g j oint o as t o dr aw up the shoulders the end i ew s ows the ton uein of the s o e s hi V h g g h uld r , w ch i s e essa i f i c m e h as t o be n c ry th k ti b r wrought . The s ketch e s the e d pict stil when t aken ap art from the head of the a e fr m .

C la — m i . p n g Fig 1 69 shows the method of tenoning a i oa s e o s and s e e a e a dr w ng b rd , d sk t p cr t ir f lls . This is ommo a e a . m c nly c ll d cl mping The etho d is use d to prevent Wi e es o i d surfac fr m wind ng . A variation of the j oint is

— — Clam Fi 1 o In ser e e non Fi 1 6 n . . . s g. 9 mg g 7 t d T . s o n the e - a e the o e s s e a e h w at l ft h nd sid , c rn r in thi x mpl not being mitred . — e e f Insert ed Tenons (Fig . Wher two pi ces o timber run to gether at an acute angle it becomes necessary to s s use inserte d tenons . Both piece of the timber are morti e d e se e e o s e se e the es e e and th in rt d t n n ar cur d into wid t pi c . ' On the left i s shown the ins erted tenon secure d by the method known as fox- wedging on the ri ght the inserted tenon has been let into the wide rail from the e dge . The n arrow rail is secure d by wedging the tenons from the t e o e outside e dge in h rdinary mann r .

- de and Narr w ails . 1 1 s o the e o Wi o R . Fig 7 h ws t n ning of a e t o a a row a e the o is at an a e wid n r r il wh n j int ngl .

h Fil . 1 2 a e c of a Dre a d n o u g t e . At Fig 7 is sk t h portion l of a dre adn ought fi e . This h as sup ersede d the old fashione d home - made float used to clean out the sides of o e a m rtis . 66

joints in Woodwork

SETTING OUT AND M THE AKING JOINT.

The Princip al Use of the mortise and tenon j oint is in the cons r o of a ous es of ram s c as oo t ucti n v ri typ f ing , u h d r and window frames . In one or other of its m any and varied forms it m ay be classed as th e most imp ort ant j oint the ene a oo r m a be in g r l w dwo kin g trade . The j oint y

se an e a one o at the owe a . 1 u d as int rn l , as sh wn l r r il , Fig 73 ,

an 1 —Se in u le a d ail 1 d . O t S s n s Figs . 74 75 tt g ti R for or se an d en on o n s M ti T J i t . or as an e e a o as the e a of the s a e xt rn l j int , upp r r il m illustration . — la ni n . a ev er e of am has to be ma e P g Wh t typ fr ing d , it i s n ecess ary that the face side of the wood be plane d u s rai and o ut of n and the a e a as p t ght wi ding , f c m rk ( i l 1 . s hown in F g . 73) p encil ed up on it The best edge of t he m e s ou n e be a e u e e an d ti b r h ld xt pl n d p tru in l ngth , s a e t o the a e s e and the e e a % ea a e qu r f c id , dg m rk cl rly pl c d U p on it .

The M a rki n G a u e is now set t o the es e g g d ir d width , and a e es are e on the oo e the g ug lin mark d w d, aft r which 68 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

was te wood is plane d off until the timber is the require d e ess is a e an d re a e a s m a width . Th thickn g ug d t t d in i il r m a e e ce s cases w e e the e o is nn r , x p t in uch h r finish d w rk to be of a rough and ready character . The t wo Stile s or up right rai ls have their faces turned

t o o e a o e as o at . 1 an d e t uch ch th r , sh wn Fig 74 th ir

1 . e length may be anything from in . to 3 ins long r than

i 1 - Se in O u t the S le wi F 6 . s h g. 7 tt g ti t arkin n e M g K if .

s e the require d finished size . Thi wast wood at each end of the s es as s o the a o H0 is o f m o an ce til , h wn by rr w , i p rt t o the or as re e s t o a e a e e the s w k , it p v nt gr t xt nt bur ting of the mortise whils t cutting the hole or when knocking e r e i o e e the o . Th s al p oj o s al e the t g th ”r w rk m l cti n c l d o off a e the a e ee ut h rn , and it is cut ft r fr m has b n p o e e t g th r .

The t wo C r o s s Rails . 1 e e a e a e . Fig 75, hav th ir f c s pl c d together as s hown in the s ketch . These rails may with a a e b e e . o e h a the s e e and dvant g l ft 1 in l ng r t n fini h d siz , the p ortion of the tenon (which will p rotru de through the e a e en be stil 1 in . t ach d) may cut off after the work is ut o e e p t g th r. 69 joints in Woodwork

Set o ut the Stile s with a marking knife or p enknife and a s a e as sho n at . 1 6 . s ske c o try qu r , w Fig 7 In thi t h nly one s e is sho for ea ess of e ese a o two til wn cl rn r pr nt ti n , but ‘ m be a e t or more stiles (as at Fig . 1 74) ay m rk d out at he

- i sa e e o e a 1 2 n . s a e be se m tim , p r vid d try qu r u d ; in fact , ar out the s es a s is to be e om e e as m king til in p ir r c m nd d , o e be e o to e e e all cr ss lin s will xact , wing th ir b ing mark d

— — Fi 1 How o Sa he enons Firs era i . . t w t on g 77 T t Op t .

e at the s ame Op eration . The cut m ad by the marking knife sho uld be lightly carri ed all round the work as the o s is om ea e e of the s e the m rti ing cut fr ch dg til , cutting m e e er n of the ortising being finished in the centre . Th l tt i g Fi i —H f on . 1 s as o o s z O ho M os o o g 74 f ll w , rn ; , p iti n mo i se os o of a a s e ne or rt ; H , p iti n h unching , in id li ,

e as is o cas o al a e . sight siz , it c i n ly c ll d

Se t o u t the C r o s s Rails as at . 1 o e s e c . Fig 75, l w r k t h The e e s e is o o s —T e o s the l tt ring in thi figur as f ll w , t n n e e of the e o e e e a e the small pi c t n n l tt r d J is c ll d haunch , 70 Tke M ortise a nd Tenon joint

and the sh aded p ortion H is cut away to allow the haunch J to the a o f the s fit h unching tile . The Tenons are generally one- third the thickness of the i e s ea the s a e m t mb r , thu l ving m a ount of subst ance at e ac Si e of the e o as the e o se is om ose of h d t n n t n n it lf c p d . The o s m rti e gauge is set to the required dist ance and used e es e see as alr ady d crib d ( Fig .

8 — n era 1 . Seco on in Sawin enons 7 d Op ti g T .

To saw the Tenons a e the ai the e , pl c r l in vic as at 1 and a a e e o or a s aw a o Fig . 77 , with p n l , t n n , h nd , cc rding to the e of the o o the o s e of the e o siz w rk , cut d wn ut id t n n R line as s hown . everse your position and cut as shown at . 1 8 e a e the a e os o and Fig 7 , th n pl c r il in a v rtical p iti n , you will find little or no diffi culty in sawing down s qu are u Re t e a s f with the sho lder line . p eat h bove method o all t o e s a sawing until he ten ns ar wn . Next s aw out the pieces at the side of the tenon by the t s t e following p rocedure . Pl ace he rail again t h bench s o or the e a s a e to t p , in vic , and cut mall ch nn l in which 71 joints in Woodwork

sa as s o at 1 . o a run your tenon w h wn Fig . 79 If y u h ve score d the line deeply with your knife when you were a ou t the or ou a e e f m rking w k , y will h v littl di ficulty in m removing a small p ortion with the chisel . The a ount

emo e the ll s a o is of o se e a e a e . r v d in i u tr ti n , c ur , x gg r t d In he s a a e s m a e a e the e o s aw and t m ll ch nn l thu d pl c t n n , guidi ng the saw blade with the finger so as to keep it up right

— in h ann el a Shoul er f e Fi 1 . u t o non g. 79 C tt g C d T be ore Saw n f i g.

w a a t e m or . h was e e square (Fig s a w y t ateri al . R move the was te m ateri al at the sides of the tenons in a similar a a d e s aw out the o o ar e 1 w n . y, th n p rti n m k d H , Fig 75, er e low sk tch . The M o rti sing of the stiles may next be t ak en in hand by p u tting the s tiles edgeways in the vice and boring away the bulk of the was te wood from the mortise with - e a a s uit able siz d twist bit nd brace . This metho d will s a e a rea am ou of o se as to a re a e e oes v g t nt n i , g t xt nt it d a a a away with the use of the m llet . T k e the m allet nd c an c o a o 8 h se h o . ho n a 1 1 i l d p d wn b ut 3 in as s w t Fig . he e t e os 1 a then turn t chis l o th p ition shown at Fig . 82 nd 72 The M ortise a nd Tenon joint

— e a er al . 1 8o Saw n awa as . i g y W t M t i

— Fi 1 8 1 U s n the h sel and alle for ortisin . g. . i g C i M t M g

e remove the small piece as shown . Continue th se two Op erations until you are about h al f- way through the wood and e s a s a m a e the e a Fi . 1 81 th n t rt in a imil r nn r at lin , g , 73 joints in Woodwork

after which turn the oth er edge of the timber upp ermost an e e a the m e o s s d r p t th d hown . 1 8 s s Fig . 3 how the sketch of a mortise which has its side removed so as to Show the method of s uccessive cuts with a chisel when removing the core from a mortis e ;

s , o o the o e s e e ea ow thi in c njuncti n with th r k tch s , cl rly sh s

— Fi 1 82 emo in as e of or se w h h sel g. R v g W t M ti it C i .

m a oo wo e the methods of working . In ny w d rk xamina tions the ex aminers insist that the mortise shall be removed s ess e s the se we ce ai a se by ucc iv cut with chi l , but rt nly dvi the e o of of the wa e oo w a o r m val much st w d ith b ring bit , p rovided the worker can keep s trai ght and well within a e s the limit ations o f hi s g ug line . un chin — t e emo the o e Rem oving Ha g . Af r r ving m rtis o e the sm a o o a e the a l h l , ll p rti n which is c ll d h unching wi l m e re quire to be re ov d with a chis el . This calls for no s e a re m ark as is c e ar s o n s 1 8 an 1 86 . d . p ci l , it l ly h w in Fig 5 Fi 1 8 s o s an e e a e of o se o g. 4 h w v ryd y typ m rti and ten n 74

This must be remembe red by the worker when marking s m 1 - u is e he ar e . Fi 8 r o t h stil with t king knif g . 5 ( ight hand s e ows the h a c e o and oo e the k tch) sh un h , t n n , gr v G at

- . 1 86 e l us bottom Fig . (l ft hand i l tration) shows G (groov e ) o and HH he h a c a e m ma at t t t th o o . e o s p , ( un h) b tt T n n y be e o e e e e s o 1 for glu d t g th r and w dg d as h wn at Fig . 73 if

— 8 aun ch n h r e abo e Fi 1 6 . w oo . g. H i g it G v v inside work ; but if for outside work they are generally u Fo - sme ared with thick p aint and wedged p . r light class cabinet work it is usual to cut the mortise about seven eighths of the dist ance through the s tile and make the tenon t o match it ; the edge of the finished work does e s ow an ca on of the o and e a es not th n h y indi ti j int , it l v a nice clean s urface at the edge of the work for polishing or varnishing . T HE DOWELL I NG JO I NT

he OWELLING is the term generally given to t l method of j ointing timber and other materi a s by e oo e or e a e s are a e o . w d n m t l p g , which c ll d d w ls The ide a of j ointing timber in this manner p ro b ably occurred to s ome observ ant woodworker whilst f e cle aving a piece of spruce or other variety o timb r e c e a a e a e e a e e of with the axe . Wh n l v g t k s plac in pi c e f he knotty timber it is often noticed that the fibr s o t

Fi Fi . . 1 8 8 Fi 1 8 Fi . 1 0 g g . g . 9. g 9 . Proba ble O ri D ou ble Me thod o f Making o ellin oi o f D w g. P nted

Nail.

oo are e e e e o o o of the w d s v r d , l aving a pr truding p rti n knot which bears a remarkable resemblance to a dowel ma o be e s a th o of o e . (Fig . and thi y pr b bly rigin d w lling It would n aturally s uggest t o any woodworker the idea of a e s or o e s at a e t o the o pl cing p g d w l right ngl s j int , s e e the wo thereby tr ngth ning rk . With regar d to p egs or dowels which are not made of oo we s o e one or two s a ce s w d , hall nly giv in t n s in thi o o e s are e t o s e e the s of article . Ir n d w l us d cur up right oo es to the s o e s e and o e s e om o d r fram t n t p , d w l mad fr ir n s ar e o as o all se for a a e a n ail cc i n y u d p cking c s m king . 1 88 s ows a o e- o e a wh c is e as a Fig . h d ubl p int d n il , i h us d o e o o s c as the of o d w l in r ugh w rk , u h making s ap and 77 joints in Woodwork

s o e . One ugar p acking b x s half of the nail is driven into the e e of the oar dg b d in the ordinary m anner ; the two o o e oa r m r b rds which are desired to be j ointed are then ai a e o on the e and the ec s l d f c d wn b nch , n es ary p ressure o a e the use f is bt in d by o a cramp so as to force the p oints o f the o r a s o the a o o p r t uding n il int dj ining b ard . Needless to s a s e o is o se fo t e l y , thi m th d nly u d r h roughest class of wor

- For a e a an - c bin t m king d similar work strai ght grai ned woo o e s a e beech d d w l r mostly use d these m ay be b ought the o e of a o 6 m , s . and of by gr ss in l ngths b ut 3 , any desired e diamet r.

— Fi . 1 1 S eel owel la e g 9 . t D P t .

- M aki n o wels . Ma a a e o e e e e to g D ny m t urs , h w v r , pr f r e a e e e for the o a and the mak wh t th y r quir w rk in h nd , ol ow is t e e o a e e a em o e f l ing h m th d th t is g n r lly pl y d . Pieces of straight- grained wood are wrought to a s quare section 8 a at . 1 a e the o e are ne awa as Fig 9, ft r which c rn rs pl d y m a o 1 to o n o a a se o as 0 . The s a f r ct g n l cti n Fig . 9 h rp

o ers o at . 1 0 are now a e a a and the c rn sh wn Fig 9 p l n d w y , roughly formed dowel is driven through a steel dowel i 1 t e aid of a ea a me s a e . 1 h p l t , F g 9 , by h vy h m r , thu giving s ess an s o e s the nece sary roundn d fini h t th dowel . When hammering dowels throu gh a plate the hammer s hould on no account be allowed t o come in cont act with the a e of the o e a e or the e e of the o e f c d w l pl t , cutting dg h l will

oi . e t e o e to w n of the be sp lt Simply driv h d w l ithi i in . a oc out the e wel plate nd kn k it with n xt ( 1 .

e C radle a the o e s off e e . 1 8 Th . Pl ning c rn r pi c Fig 9 di a e t o a e e is a fficult m tt r, and f cilitat this a cradl 78 Tke Dowelling joint

1 2 is a e e for the r ose . The a a e (Fig . 9 ) m d and k p t p u p adv nt g e o o s e e oes e e of a cradl is bvi u , pr v nting as it d any t nd ncy

— Fi 1 2 ra le for lan n Dowels. g. 9 . C d P i g

- of the l o e o e to s or o e . l or p art y f rm d d w l lip w bbl A jg, e e e e the e e of two e a a e cradl , is asily made by b v lling dg s s p r t

Fi 1 g . 93 .

Fi - 1 Fi 1 95 . g. 94 g — Fi 1 ow el w h roo e . g. 93 . D it G v - Fi . 1 e ho of G roo n owels. g 94 . M t d vi g D Fi 1 —race g . 95 . B .

pieces of wood and then glueing and screwing them together

1 2 . m a o w o i e e o as at Fig . 9 A s ll bl ck of o d s ins rt d t act a s 0 hi e i e as t p w lst th planing Op eration s in progr ss . It is usual to bevel both edges of the timber from which the 79 joints in Woodwork c a e is o e s ac o o a all e of o e r dl f rm d , thu c mm d ting siz s d w ls m o . t o . am e e fr i in 2in in di t r . 1 w m Fig . 93 sho s a co plete d dowel with a small groove n a o i s e e e e run ing l ng t ntir l ngth . The obj ct of this groove is t o allow the ai r and s up erfluous glue t o escape and thus avoid splitting the work on hand the groove also s ecretes a e m o of e ease o on the c rtain a unt glu , which incr s its h ld e timb r . 1 Fig . 94 shows the top p ortion of the end view of a

— Fi 1 6 oo and B ad owels. g. 9 . G d D bench and illustrates the method of grooving the dowel longitudinally by me ans of a s aw kerf . The dowel is e e the e h s rew as o the to e e s cur d in b nc c sh wn , and p dg of the vice jaw acts as a guide to the tenon or dovetai l saw ‘ ‘

s s a the oo e or e a e . whil t wing gr v , saw k rf as it is c ll d — lli n . 1 6 o s o e dr a of two Do we g . Fig 9 sh w a br k n wing e e boards j ointed by dowelling . Th dow l on the ri ght o e b ad me o the ou e or ose sh ws a v ry th d ; c nt rsink , r bit

he owe o e . 1 8 e ee (Fig . and t d l r und r (Fig 9 ) hav b n t oo e a a e use of and the o e h as ee lib r lly m d , d w l b n cut much too Short t o en gage with the hole in the upper o the e s o s a board . The illustrati n at l ft h w wh t should o a . s s f c e ea a e e wee the to of bt in , viz , ju t u fi i nt cl r nc b t n p the o e and the o e an d a e s ou e k d w l h l , v ry light c nt rsin ing at the j oint of the board . e o e o e Regar ding the use of th d w l r und r (Fig . many experienced workmen delete this tool from their 80 Tke Dowel/ing joint kit and prefer t o slightly hamme r the arris or sharp edge round the end of the dowel and thus crush the fibres so that they will e xp and when the y come in cont act with the e and hi s m a e ea out e e liquid glu , in t nn r spr d and w dg tightly in the hole . 00 es e e u Fig . 2 illustrat th m thod of marking o t and tw for we li e e e o e gauging o boards do l ng . Th dg s f th boards are first shot to a true j oint ; then the face sides

— Fi 1 . 9 . o n ersink g 7 C u t .

— Fi . 1 8. Dowel oun er g 9 R d .

Fi 1 —w s g . 99, T i t Bit . are placed together and the lines for the dowels are marked across the edges with a fine p encil and the aid of a t ry

s a e . The o s are e a e om the a e e qu r b ard th n g ug d fr f c sid , the o s a e the s e thus giving p int indic t d in k tch . i To a the s . 1 s a oo t o st rt twi t bit , Fig 99, it g d plan p rick the board at the p oint of intersection of the marked r - m es a a c c a o e ar awl . s lin with sh p , ir ul r p int d king Thi obvi ates an y tendency of the boring bit to run out of truth and thus cause unevenness on the face side o f the j ointed board . A s afe rule for the Sp acing of dowels / when j ointing

e oar o ess n a e and a o e e s e tc. sid b d t ps , dr i g t bl w rdr b nd , , i is to a e the o e s ins . to 1 0 ns . a a and a e pl c d w l 9 p rt , pl c

e end o 2 00 0 1 . two dowels at ach as sh wn at Figs . and 2 81 joints in Woodwork

The e of the o e s s o be a in I l ngth d w l h uld bout 5 . to } in . long . 0 1 sh s Fig . 2 ow the two boards p rep are d ready for

— Fi . 2 oo . arkin and au n oar f owellin g M g G gi g B ds or D g.

e . The e one is or e e the o e s glu ing upp r b e d to rec iv d w l . and the o e one S l w r hows the dowels glued in p osition . It m is cus to ary t o war m the edges of the boards before

— i - h Fi 2 0 1 oa r s re a fo r G lu e n F . 2 0 2 e o g. . B d dy i g. g . M t d o f D ow ellin g hick im er T T b .

re a the e am are e u e t o s eez e sp ding glu , and cr ps r q ir d qu e se h l be he o n o r th j oint tight . The s ou d left on t j i ted b a d om one o r h u s accor o e s a e of the wea he fr t fou o r ding t th t t t r .

- as e e e m e s ins or 2 in . oa s In c s wh r thick ti b r ( ay 2 . 1 b rd ) 82

joints in Woodwork

e k e is s wn an d sp o eshav d to t he desired shap e as s hown e o e m by th d tt d line . This ethod is illustrated t o Show

a , the use of a s a e em a e owe s m b th t by uit bl t pl t , d l ay e e se ou e e i xactly t t v n when there s n o str aight or s quare a e om h c to use a m ar n au e and the me f c fr w i h ki g g g , thod m a of co rse be a e to m a o he e a y, u , ppli d ny t r x mples of owe at the s re o of the orkma d lling di c ti n w n . — Mit red Fram e . 2 0 s o s a m e and . Fig 4 h w itr d dowelled a ne o i fr me . O c rner only s shown ; it needs little o r no

Fi 2 0 g . 4 . D owelling a — re Frame Fi 2 0 a le ea w h owel Mit d . g . 5 T b L f it D s .

expl anation beyond the fact that the dowels should be at a es to the e of o and o se e the right ngl lin j int , c n qu ntly dowel at the outside e dge of the frame will have to be o e a e s es much sh rt r th n th other . This giv a strong and s er ea e o s a e for a ose vic bl j int , uit bl m ny p urp s i f t e e e in in Ta le . 2 0 s a ea or h s o D g b . Fig 5 l f cr w typ f e l re s o e e d and rec a . c a o e s a n on n t bl Cir u r d w l h w at , t angular wooden p egs at the othe r b oth methods are e all oo and of o rs e the o e s are o e o qu y g d , , c u , d w l nly glu d int f se we s is e t e a the leaf . The obj ect o the do l t o guid h t ble leaf into its p rop er p osition when the leaf engages with the a e o e and t o m a e the flat s ace of the a e to t bl p r p r, k urf t bl p and ea e s e o e and s e s e a e e s a e l f r gi t r c rr—ctly thu n ur l v l urf c . n . 2 06 s o s one o n e of a ame Fra m e Dowelli g . Fig h w c r r fr h on and shor shou e s h as o c urs hen the t wit l g t ld r , uc c w up righ e o es is rebated through its entire length . Th h l in both pieces 84 Tke Dowelling joint

s are bored for the dowels before they are reb ated . This avoid any difficulty in endeavouring to bore with only one side s m a e f o is of the twist bit in the wood . A i il r typ o j int d o es used on nearly all kinds of glass an do r fram in o cabinet w rk . 2 0 a oo e o e two o o and Fig . 7 is w d n bl ck mad in p rti ns is s s e a o a held together by screws ; it u ed t o fa t n r und s the o e e to e s re a all the o e twi t bit , bj ct b ing n u th t d w l t ma be a e e e holes are of uniform depth . I y djust d as d sir d

—Frame — Fi . 2 0 6 Fi 2 0 8 Sha e g g . p d

and firmly screwed round the twist - bit ; if the hole is am e e o - i ~ i a . a n or h . i m de i in in di t r it will clip r und i . § b t e and will answer a dual p urp ose . It is a pr ventative for

o e as s o at . 1 6 . bad d w lling , h wn Fig 9 2 8 is a s a e to e f . 0 a or Fig h p d p r il , such as is us d a ward robe glass frame - showing p osition of the dowel holes an d m i the lugs left for cra ping p urposes . After the fram e s glued up and thoroughly set the lugs are cut away along e o e e and s es the es s s a th d tt d lin thi giv d ired fini hed h p e . 2 0 an e am e of o e n m e the Fig . 9 is x pl d w lli g fra ing wh n e i moulding on the dge has to be mitred . It s necess ary to cut the shoulders away so as to allow the members t of the moulding to interse ct . The sec ion of the mould i h n the s e c for e a ess of res o s not o ep e a . s w in k t h cl rn r” nt ti n The o o m e is a e the o and not p rti n ark d H c ll d h rn , it is 85 joints in Woodwork cut off until after the frame is glue d up its obj ect is to p revent the rail splitting or b ursting when knocking up he rame or r the am n roc ss t f du ing cr pi g p e . 1 0 sho s t e m e o f Fig . 2 w h th d o dowellin g a moulded cap to the top o f a wooden be dste ad p ost or similar pill ar e e is es e to a o an ns l ess wh r it d ir d v id y u ight in .

. 2 1 1 e oar S o the o e Fig is a sid b d pillar , h wing d w lling

— i ell n Fi . F g. 2 0 9 D ow i g g for oul e Frame T urne i llar. M d d . d P of the bulbous or acorn p ortion to the upp er and lower o e - o e s cre is se to turned shaft . An iron d ubl p int d w u d o e the o e s the e o see s e o e c nn ct d w l in int ri r ( k tch , br k n drawing) . - m . 2 1 2 a e le and o o of the a Fig is a dining t bl g p rti n fr ing, m l showing the m ethod of dowelling the fra e to the eg .

m m a e s m e . h a s o ra es e tc . ar e a a a C ir , c uch f , , d in i il r m nn r Fi 1 o a e le an a g . 2 3 shows the top p ortion f tabl g d ome - m a e e e T e a e is m a e of an h d dow l gaug . h g ug d y ar woo and s eel e ns are v en h ou at th e h d d , t wir pi dri t r gh required p ositions and sharp ened similar t o the Sp ur of m k u e s e and a e u e a ar ing ga ge . The l g ar s awn pl n d p tru and s u are and the a v an a e of the a e is ha all q , d t g g ug t t legs are marked exactly alike and are therefore inter 86 Tke Dowelling joint

a e of e is e changeable until glued up . A g ug this typ asily . b ke for Its s e i c u ose and quickly made and may e p t p c fi p rp or altere d for other work . e e of le 2 1 ca es the uee p g, Fig . 4 indi t Q n Ann ty a

i 2 1 2 F g. .

i 2 1 . F . i 2 1 . g— 3 F g. 4 Fi 2 1 2 ow ellin - a le Le g . D g a Dinin g T b g . 2 1 - owe l au e i 2 1 — 0well n a 3 D G g F g. 4 D i g

for e s . a ri le Le L g C b o g.

e e we a e a o e e of e s e out hi c H r h v n th r typ irr gular tting , w h is accomplished in the following m anner . Saw and plane the broken p ortion of the leg true as s hown ; take the timber which is t o be j ointed and tre at it in a similar manner ; now place four ordinary pins on the lowe r c r p ortion . C arefully pla e the t op p ortion t o the equire d p osition and sm artly giv e it on e t ap with the h ammer ; hi s a se the in - e a s t o e a e e a io s and t will c u p h d l v ind nt t n , 87 joints in Woodwork

ese be a e as e e for o a e o if th t k n c ntr s b ring, ccurat w rk will or o of the l result . The new p ti n eg is afterwar ds sawn es r a and wrought t o the d i ed sh p e . This is an exam ple o f work where it is next to imp ossible t o use a a e and as o one o is e e not g ug , nly j int r quir d it is me a e e em e worth the ti t k n t o mak a t plat . 2 1 o s the o e of edi e or t o Fig . 5 sh w d w lling a p m nt p shaping on to a washstand back . The p ediment is required

— Fi . 2 1 Dowellin a ash s an e en g 5 g W t d P dim t . to be taken off from time to time for convenience of remov al

- or re o sh n . the s a co e e o the e e p li i g As h ping will m b l w y , s crews at the top edge wo uld app e ar unsightly ; thus owe is eso e t o s an d s m a as es d lling r rt d in thi i il r c . The t o ols se o e are : ace s - u d in d w lling Br , twi t bit , owe - o e co ers tr - s a e m ar - awl and d l r und r unt ink , y qu r , king , c the us ual ben h tools . The first four ar e illustrated at 1 1 1 8 1 s . and es ec v e Fig 95, 99, 9 , 97 r p ti ly . The m e o o f or n is : an e u a out o e th d w ki g Pl p , m rk , b r o e o e e o e o e e o s h l s , c unt rsink , glu d w ls , and c mpl t j int .

88 T HE SC A R F JOI NT

” HE m ethod known as scarfing is used for the o of m e the i e o of its e j ining ti b r in d r cti n l ngth , en abling the workm an t o produce a j oint with a ll smooth or flush app earance on a its faces . One of the simplest forms of scar fed j oint is known as the al la a o o is out at the h f p , in which p rti n cut of e e or o e e to al the ach b am j ist , qual in d pth h f full

— i - — F . 2 16 . al La Fi 2 1 o e a le g H f p g. 7. D v t i d Scar o n . Sca r oin f J i t f J t.

e of the eam and of e a e to the e e d pth b , qu l l ngth r quir d scarf . 89 joints in Woodwork

The two pieces before they ar e placed together form a

o n as s ow at . 2 1 6 the o ec ar j i t h n Fig , p r j ting p t A fitting into the re cesse d p ortion m arked B a nd the two pieces being he r es ec e os s e s s ecure d in t i r p tiv p ition by s cr w . i 2 1 shows a o e a e s ca o . h s s a a a Fig . 7 d v t il d rf j int T i v ri

on of Fi . 2 1 6 the e of the o e a la e o ti g , l ngth d v t il p b ing fr m i s i i s to 8 n . n en . 6 n . l gth 2 1 8 s ra o of o es e to Fig . is illu t ti n a j int d ign d

— Fi 1 o n U se in oo or . 2 k g 8 J i t d R f W .

es s o s a . The a e s e is e s r i t a cr ss tr in f c id l ft flush , whil t the e i underside is assisted by an iron plate . Th j oint s s ec re h u s o s and ashers . s e of o u d wit n t , b lt , w Thi typ j int is frequently use d for j oinin g p urlins in roof work the on e u ers e is i n h s case m ir plat on the nd id t i o itte d . 1 is s o Fig . 2 9 design ed t o re ist b th t ension and com r u p ession and is an e xcellent j oint for all p rp oses . The j oin t is brought together by using folding wedges as shown t e in h centre . i f 1 a . 0 d be e 2 2 s a ar a o o . 2 n o i Fig v i ti n Fig 9, it will n t c d th at ten ons are p rov ide d on the face and underside t o e s r s a l o i f r ist c o s strain . Prob b y this j int s one o the best

ar e es of the s ca e o . or un a e howe e v i ti rf d j int Unf t t ly , v r, its o on is som ew a cos and h s m a be the p r ducti h t tly , t i y 90

% oints in Woodwork

a e . o s o e are e to o e e pl t Ir n nut , b lts , and wash rs us d c mpl t the j oint . The m et hods of scar fing and fish~ jointing are many and a e and se e a o the a e of the v ri d , , in l cting j int , n tur p ieces t o be j oined and the direction an d the amount of the oa S o be a e a e o o e o l d h uld c r fully t k n int c nsid rati n .

— Fi 2 2 2 F she oin g. i d J t.

The a o e o come e the ea of ar e b v j ints und r h ding c p ntry , an d the or a oo s s as the saw an e o - din ry t l uch , pl , b ring bit and chisel are all that are requisite and necess ar y t o o e a so and se ea e p r duc und rvic bl j oint . Scarfed j oints are e e of a e s e and e are s a g n rally l rg iz , th y u u lly made by placing the work up on sawing trestles owing t o the bench ei too to o o e the a e e b ng small acc mm dat l rg timb rs .

92 T HE HIN G E D JO I NT

NE of the most common forms of hinged j oint in % ” use t o- d ay is that forme d by using the butt e and m a ro es e er e ce the a a e hing , nyt ubl xp i n d by m t ur , % ” % ” % s as e - o s o - o n and s e uch hing b und , t p b u d , cr w o oo et c are due to a a of o e e b und d rs , l ck kn wl dg e of the principles o f hing ing . Hinges call for careful a and e o e e o e is e a g uging accurat fitting, th rwis tr ubl c rt in o t o ccur .

—0 - ound Fi 2 2 . St g. 3 p b r D oo .

- - hin e Fi a u in . i 2 2 . u . 2 2 . F g. 4 B tt g . g 5 G g g

D D RS BOUN OO .

- o —A oo or bo x is s a to be e Hi nge b u nd . d r lid id hing bo und when the recess which con t ai ns the hinge is cu t too ee e e the o o o e a e t oo d p . Th fram and b dy p rti n ng g 93 joints in Woodwork

ea o er e c ose the es e a tightly with ch th wh n l d , r ult b ing th t s the door has al ways a tenden cy t o open a little . Thi fault m ay be in m an y cases remedied by p acking b ehin d the hinge with on e or two thickn esses o f good stiff brown For ack n ur oses s ch as h s a e be p ap er . p i g p p u t i p p r will found to be o f m u ch more v alue than thin strip s o f wood o r e- v e e er the a e a wa s a a ea knif cut n , l tt r l y h ving gr t e s w e a sc e or a aw is se e tend ncy t o plit h n r w br d l in rt d .

A St o p -bo u n d door is the n ame app lie d when the door is not finishe d t o e x actly the s ame thickness as originally s c es he intended . Thi aus t door t o bind on the s top s at

the a as show at Fi . 2 2 . The f ma b e b ck , n g 3 di ficulty y r em e e h n th e oo a e at th e ac or di d by t in ing d r littl b k , a a the o o w slightly rounding w y p rti n hich binds .

Scre w-bo u n d is a common fault o ften overlooked by is s s c e the am ateur . It cau e d by using r ws o f which the e a s are t oo ar e for th e co ers k ho es in the e h d l g unt un l hing , an d m ay b e av oided by Slightly Sinking the holes in the o e s or ose- brasswork with a c unt r ink r bit .

M ALIGN ENT . — Alig n m e nt Another fault that is fairly common is a n the a es of t e n es u t o m h vi g x h hi g o f align ent . Esp ecially i s this the case when three hinges are used t o h an g a w r ro e o i a d b r other l arge door . It s absolutely n ecess ary in all cases that the e xact cen tre of the pivot - pin of the n es s hou be in a s a hi g ld tr ight lin e . — Hi n ge i n g o f Sha p e -Fr o n t e d Wo rk Particular atten tion t o alignment is necess ary when the body and t he o o ram e are S a e on c d r f h p d th e fa e side . A famili ar ex amp le that ev ery re ader m ay insp ect for hims elf is the curv e d s e of a ra wa ca r a e o and ra lwa carr a e oor id il y r i g b dy i y i g d ,

’ where he will notice that a Sp eci ally wide hin ge h as t o be used at the bottom of the door t o give the necessary 94

joints in Woodwork

p erienced worker ne arly al ways ov erlooks thi s . The result is a h n e - oun oo the ca se of w c is not s o e e i g b d d r , u hi h di c v r d by the worker because he is so sure that he has set the

a e correc . The s a ce Fi . 2 26 S o s the g ug tly di t n B , g , h w e es of the e line g auged for th thickn s hing .

H D S INGE JOINT .

i n e s o e ff to the e e P o siti o n o f H g . An th r di iculty b ginn r i the os o for his e an d e e be s e s p iti n hing s , it may h r tat d

Fi 2 0 g. 3 . Th e ecess R .

that the general rule is t o carry a line across the face of the w ork from the inside of the cross rai l and place the

h n e at as . 2 2 6 . i g E , Fig

Sa wi n fo r he R c s — e a out for the g t e e s . Aft r m rking

- e as show at . 2 2 6 a e a fine oo he s aw a hing , n Fig , t k t t d ( dovet ail s aw is considered the best) and s aw down as i s o at F . 2 2 ca e e a e not to e o the h wn g 7, r b ing t k n cut b y nd

e l e . s e c ee saw ker ar e o n gaug in s In thi sk t h thr fs sh w , 96 The H ing ed joint

e e a e s a or 6 . th the e is of , y 5 ins , but if hing gr t l ngth . w l b e ea l ac i a e removal of the was te wood i l gr t y f il t t d by

ke s . ese c s s e er the addition of int ermedi at e s aw rf Th ut v t o be e as a e the cross fibres and allow the timber ily p r d s away in short length .

— 2 2 8 e the e o Pa ri ng o u t the Re ce ss . Fig . illustrat s m th d m of p aring away the wood by first cutting a s all piece o o of e away up to the gauge line . This f rms a s rt tr nch

2 1 Fi 2 2 3 . g. 3 . Th e Hin ein of a Box g g Lid .

or shoulder and p revents overcutting when t aking away

e . o the bulk of th mate ri al . Fig 2 2 9s h ws the chisel cle aring out the o o of the e ess e a c e a moo b tt m r c , l ving it l n , s th , l 0 e i m and quite evel . At Fig . 2 3 the r cess s shown co pleted e f he e be i s s and r ady or t hing to screwed in t p o ition .

- St o p p e d Hi n g e d Jo int s fo r Bo x Wo rk Fig . 2 3 1 is ’ a section through a sm all box simil ar to a lady s workbox (the back of the box in the illustration is enlar ged in t c f thickness o learly Show the p osition o the hinge) . In this c as e the knuckle of the hinge is le t into the woo dwork u is the of the box the a e ntil it flush with back , and g ug 97 %oints in Woodwork

e e wo uld have t o b s et to th total width of the hinge . The back e dges of the lid and the b ack edge of the lowe r p ortion f the b x are ane a a at a a e f e s o o p l d w y n ngl o 45 d gs . a e indicated by the dotted lin s . i e me b x e F . 2 2 s o s th s a o th o e and g 3 h w with lid p n , it will be observed that the chamfered edges come togethe r and form a stop which p revents the lid falling backwards

— Fi 2 S a H n e g. 33 . tr p i g .

—i Fi . 2 o n e g 35 , P v t Hi g for Screens .

—N n - re ersible i 2 6 . o F g. 3 v ee e Scr n Hing . 2 — e ers le or Fig . 34 . R v ib D ou ble - foldin g Screen n e Hi g .

e o of e - in the and bre aking the box . This m th d l tting the knuckle flush is a useful one for box work because e o o a s oc ass e can b e se . rdin ry t k br butt hing u d Att nti ”n m a o ev e be a e to the o e - i e y, h w r , c ll d st pp d butt h ng , whi ch is sp ecially m ade to answer the above p urp ose i n its action the s am e mechanical principle as the one applied x e to the bo is us d. 98

joints in Woodwork

is f Fig . 2 35 a typ e o pivot hinge which is used to fix at the t and o om of a s c ee op b tt r n .

- . 2 6 is the non rev ers e s c ee e and Fig 3 ibl r n hing , as its m m s l e a e e o o on i ec o . n i pli , will nly f d in d r ti n

. 2 is a ack fla h e a s e a e Fig 37 b p ing with p ci lly wid wing, used for the fall- down le af of sm all t ables and similar ar c es ti l . i i l e e e i . e h s s e t F g 2 38 s a card t able hing . T i t into h dg s of the a e s o a all s or e e o a o e and t bl , th t is flu h l v l b th b v e the s ur a e b low f c .

r r i i n s . 2 is a e e or o C e nt e o P vo t H g e . Fig 39 c ntr piv t hi e u se on the t o and o om o f wa ro e oo ng , d p b tt rd b d rs , m ore p arti cularly the interior door of a three- winged wardrobe Wh ere the method of fixing is confined t o the l e or a r e s cornice and p inth . Th p tion c r ying th pin or o is let n o th e t o and o om of the oor the em a piv t i t p b tt d , r in ing (or fem ale) p ortion being let into the cornice and plinth es ec e r p tiv ly . — Ri si n u tt i n e s . . 2 0 the s e g B H g Fig 4 is ri ing butt hing , se on di n an d raw oom o ors so a e the u d ing d ing r d , th t wh n door is op ened the door rises s ufficiently to clear the s h s a thickne s of the carp et . T i hinge h s al so an advantage o e the or n a n e a is se - os v r di ry butt hi g in th t it lf cl ing , l i a. he we h of th e oor u s the e e o h . t n t e e , ig t d p b v l hing s n j oint causes the door t o clo e . B a d and hook hinges and o ther ordin ary varieties are too well known to re quire s illu trating .

HIN E G ING IN AN ACUTE ANGLE .

1 i s c w o f a cor r Fig . 2 4 s a e tional dra ing ner cupboa d i i Sh owing a good m etho d o f h nge ng the door . The inset a Shows an enlar e ew o f the corner arr n the h e g d Vi c yi g ing , also th e a a o r ece 0 wh ch is e t o the ns e e e d p t pi , i fitt d i id dg u h e e es re a 0 e o f the c pbo ard s o th at the ing d dg a t 9 d gs . to the face . This is a far be tter an d stronger method than 1 00 Tke H ing ed joint

s o n b is o e e e o that h w at , which ft n att mp t d with disastr us o rec m e b uf results . The inc r t tho d allows ins ficient wood for o e ea ase the i e e fixing purp s s , and in n rly all c s th n dg

— Hin ein oor of orner u boar . Fi . 2 1 g 4 . g g D C C p d

r the a and of the door breaks away du ing m king fitting, m T e a a o e ce m a e or soon after co pletion . h d pt r pi y hav a face mould worked up on it to give a pilas ter- like appear so e ance if fancy dictat s .

— — e Hi ein Sec on Fi 2 Ins n 2 . . g. 42 id g g. 43 ti

D HIN EI INSI E G NG .

is a s e c of one end of the o e a ase of Fig . 2 42 k t h l w r c rc e esse the oo a e e e s e the a kitch n dr r , d r fr m b ing hing d in id o o o and e o carcase . In c mm n w rk in light cabin t w rk it 1 0 1 joints in Woodwork is p ermissible to let the whole thickness of the hinge into the door ; an d when s crewing the doo r to the carcase it is u su al t o fix the knuckle o f the hin ge flu sh with the face o f the a case hus allow n the oor ram e to s a c r , t i g d f t nd 1 a m a n a re ak of a o ln . w the a e . The b ck , ki g b b ut 3 ith f c m arking gau ge s hould b e s et to the full width o f the n e the m ark a e on the ns e of the arcase end hi g , g ug d i id c , thus forms a line to guide the worker whilst fixing the

— e Hin ein Fi —Se c i Fi s . 2 2 u . . on g. 44 . O t id g g g 45 t .

c u a oo ene a e u re door . To s u cessf lly fix d r it g r lly r q i s two ers o s one t o o the oor os o h s the o e p n , h ld d in p iti n , w il t th r e s c b ores the holes and fixes th rews . e r m e o Fig . 2 43 shows th co re ct thod f fitting butt hinges - e i on high cl ass work . One wing of th hin ge s let int o the oo an d the o er w is let n o the case or oo am d r , th ing i t car d r j b , thus distributing a prop ortion of the weight t o the carcase e nd ins te ad of allowing the whole of the weight t o be u be e i i 1 ca r e the s crews as o th ase n a F . 2 r i d by w ld c , g 4 . The method of Sinking e ach p ortion o f the hin ge into the door and c arcase resp ectively is costly ; hence it is not t e e e a a e che a o h g n r l p r ctic in p w rk . 1 02

joints in Woodwork the a ase e and e s o the e es of the a c rc nds , th n l tting dg f ll , it will be foun d th at the fall fron t m ay be p u t in from its hor z o al os on and a ffi e oom is e to i nt p iti , th t su ci nt r l ft e n able the s crewdriver t o be m anip ul ated without incon v enience .

Fi 2 - e ol n Fl a l for a le g . 47. R v vi g y R i T b .

R R EVOLVING FLY AIL . i m l F . 2 a S e of a a a t e em g 47 is k tch s l t ble with h top r oved .

rev o v n r a i s o o u - i A l i g fly il s h wn piv te d p on a pie ce of i n . i w re . The obj ect o f this fly rail is t o form a s upp ort t o the sm al h e ro - le i l in g d d p af of the t able . This method s s e for m a occa m uitabl s ll s ion al tables and si ilar articles .

HINGEIN R G DRAUGHT SC EENS.

2 8 illu e a Fig . 4 strat s a p ortion of draught s creen which is construct e d o f a light fram ework and covered with 1 04 ' ‘ The H ing ed jozm

‘ e e- baize or American cloth . The reversibl doubl folding

s f ee . hinge (Fig . 2 34) would an wer admirably or s uch a s cr n ases o owe e w e e is es e t o e a s ee C ccur , h v r , h r it d ir d hing cr n ’ to be e for an e e e o a us d invalid s b dsid , and it is th n imp rt nt

B A

i 8 —Hin ein rau h Screen Fi —la F 2 s . . 2 . n . g. 4 . g g D g t g 49 P

th at all draught should be e xcluded through the j ointed o e e e s e e edges . The d ubl r v r ibl hing will not fulfil these o o and the o o e o e e o e a o e c nditi ns , f ll wing m th d is th r f r d pt d .

the a . 2 two a s of oo In pl n , Fig 49, A and B , l th hardw d

ee or a o a a s e s e dl are s o n . (b ch , birch m h g ny n w r pl ndi y) h w They are m ade the s am e length and the s ame width as the e e of the ee the o e e s i o e dg s scr n , c rn rs b ing l ghtly r und d a aw y . 1 05 ' ‘ joz m s in Wood 'zoorfa

double -foldin a - oo e e e A g, dr ught pr f hing is th n mad s a o lo s . oc e oo fine e a o I . e f l w Pr ur g d w bbing , b ut i in wid , e e ess ar a - and th n c y l rge he aded t acks . Lay the laths side e h h e s as s o t e e a o . 2 and ocee by id wn in l v ti n , Fig 49, pr d e as mm to web th m s hown . Co ence with the web under the l ath A bring it between the laths and over B now a e o the e - a e e of o the a t k it r und l ft h nd dg B , and r und b ck

— Fi . 2 o . F n er o nt g 5 i g J i . and e ee the a s and o e o e o b tw n l th v r A , c ntinuing this m th d o f a th e la s n the owe end is e a e an d wr pping th u til l r r ch d , then fas tening th e webbin g as indicated by the dotted lines

- whi ch rep resent the t acks . This self contained hin ge is then fixe d t o the edges of the s creen by boring suit able o es ou the a hs and s n o e su s c h l thr gh l t u i g c unt r nk rews . This is a cheap and effi cient method of overcoming the fi dif culty . N R FI GE JOINT .

0 i er o — m Fig . 2 5 s a fing j int a ov able interlocking j oint u e f f m used t o s pp ort th le a o a Pe broke t able . The s m all p ortion is s crewed to the table rail and the shap ed bracket 1 06

hi na a n e C C bi t. Sho win th e use of loo se la s e r whe n b n e in g Pi t i g g. 1 08 % Tne H ing ed joint

i in o o rod o the e e of g n . or % r und ir n running thr ugh c ntr of the j oint .

I EING OPEN JOINT H NG .

The remainin g illus trations ap ply m ore particularly to the hanging of the ordinary household door .

’ ‘ q- w

— e Hin e Fi 2 2 . n oin in . g. 5 Op J t g g

i 2 is e m e e o a o the a F . 2 g 5 t r d Op n j int h nging , fr m f ct that when the door is op en a certain amount of Op en

Fi — le arin th e r e l 2 . ch ra u . g. 53 C g A it v Mo d

S e s e o t o t e s p ace xi ts between the edg f he do r an d h doorp o t . This Op en sp ace v aries according t o the p ositi on in which s e i i the butt hinge is fixed . A ction s shown at wh ch the 1 09 joini s in Woodwork

in of the e is let e e the a e Of t e p hing in l v l with f c h door . This will allo w the door t o Op en as shown by th e dotted e an d w not c ea the a a e mo hi . lin , it ill l r rc tr v ulding

HINGEING R R R TO CLEA THE A CHIT AVE MOULD.

a h os Fig . 2 53 indic tes t e p ition of the hinge fixed so as to allow the door t o Op en and lay flat back to the architrave s moulding . In this in tance the butts are m ade with w er s and e are e eral o e to ke id wing , th y g n ly p r vid d ta

- ee e see . 2 a of e thr scr ws ( Fig 37, right h nd wing hing ) .

— 2 lose n Hin ein . 54 . C J oi t g g

To determine the p ositi on of the centre pin of the hinge i e c re of the o in the following rule s observed . Th ent piv t p of the hinge must be half the di stance between the face of the oor w e ose and the o e of the hi e d , h n cl d, utsid arc trav m oulding . HIN E N CLOSE JOINT G I G .

The m ethod kn own as close j oint hanging ensures the j oint at the hanging stile being in close p roximity to t e a i . Th h h n ging rail ; this s shown at Fig . 2 54 e first member o f the architrav e mouldin g is generall y a he ad k of the s ame di am ete r as the kn u c le o f the hinge . The bu n e is let in as sho th e us ra o and the tt hi g wn in ill t ti n , oo e o e e or s a ose- fittin o d r wh n p n d f m cl g j int . I I O

joini s in Woodwork the end and the m o i n is sele e on o of , uld g ct d acc unt its s uit ability t o hide the j oint of the linin g p iece . i a . m . m o 2 S a t o F . 2 6 e d has Fig 57 is i il r g 5 A b d ul ing , owev e een worke on the e e of the oo s e to h r , b d dg d r til he e r e hide t j oint between th doo and th end . In this case a similar bead would be worked on the hinged stile to match .

. 2 8 of o e e e o e se Fig 5 is a m r intricat typ , and is ft n u d ’ on e e e o s e The end the i an is j w ll rs sh wca s . at r ght h d

— ee n S ile Fi . 2 s . g 59. M ti g t

Fi 6 0 i . 2 . F 2 6 1 g g . . Showin e a e s ra al Showin rass s ra al g R b t d A t g . g B A t g . s e e t o e e e the m e and o the a lightly r bat d r c iv fra , b th r il o a o la and the end are gr oved with p l ugh p ne . A sep arat e ea m a e and e o the oo e of the oo a e b d is d glu d int gr v d r fr m , engaging with the groove in the car case end when the i o e door s cl s d . The slammi ng stile and the end are worked with a oo o and a e a e e are a al h k j int , if c r fully m d th y pr ctic ly s - du t tight . e t o e Fig . 2 59 shows th meeting of wo do rs which Op n o ar s a se a a e e ce of m er e m a e to o m utw d , p r t pi ti b b ing d f r a reb ated as tragal m ould and glued t o the right- hand

oo . m effe e n s d r This e thod gives a neat and ctiv fi i h . 0 i m e t e e e o . 2 6 s s a t o the a o w h Fig i il r b v , ith xc pti n that the rail of the door is reb ated t o re ceive the astragal m m i er e on the es ass of oulding . This ethod s pref r d b t cl o k e a se s o no o the e w r , b c u it h ws unsightly j int at insid of the e door fram . 1 1 2 Skntting joints

s t e e of o e s a Fig . 2 61 illustrate h typ j int mad by u ing

- brass astragal mould as employed on high clas s work . 2 6 i a e c of a e e of as a o Fig . 2 s Sk t h pi c brass tr gal m ulding , ’ which m ay be p rocured from any c abinet - maker s iron i o monger in s uit able lengths . It s fixed in p ositi n by slightly reb ating the edge of the doo r and fastening with ordinary countersunk brass screws . t the o . 6 e a e o o e a Fig 2 3 is a r b t d j int , br k n fr nt by a o l a double bead moulding . The illustrati n shows its app ic c u a - o e o w be o e tion to a irc l r fr nt d cupb ard , and it ill n tic d

- 6 2 Fi 6 . urve ar th . 2 2 u o oors w g . g. 3 C d C pb d D i B r a al o uble - ea e n ass s r h e a e o . A t g . D d d R b t d J i t that the hinged rails are receive d in a rebate which is worked on the carcase ends . The rebated j oint at the e e of the two oo o e on the e e so c ntr d rs is w rk d slightly b v l , t a o for e e e o e t as o ll w cl aranc wh n p ning he door .

- . 2 6 the oo o se on oo a o e and Fig 4, is h k j int u d g d cl ss j in ry a of s e a o e cabinet work . A p ir p ci l wo d planes are requir d e o ea eff Th to mak the j int in a ch p and icient manner . e

- o of ai of in . oo o 3 to 65 . c st a p r g h k j int planes is from 5 . They are of similar size and general app earance to the e ordinary ovolo moulding plan . Fig . 2 65 is a sp ecial typ e of book j oint as used on larger

o . The o m a be a e s the o a e w rk j int y m d by u ing pl ugh pl n , the e e a e an d a - s e e e the r bat pl n , a suit bly iz d b ad plan , loose tongues being inserted as shown and fastened by screws and glue . e e o - i Fig . 2 66 is a r bat d j int with loose tongue sl p and w I L o 1 1 3 joints in Woodwork

s a a mo s a e for a es o e I a tr g l uld , uit bl fr m v r } in . in thickness .

The o - - lo se tongue slip is glued into the right hand door

Fi — . 2 6 Hook oin g 4 . J t .

— Fi . 2 6 S ec al e of Hook o n g 5 p i Typ J i t .

— 2 66 eba e oin w h on ue Sli R t d J t it T g p.

— - Fi 2 6 . us roo rawer oint . g. 7 D t p f D J

i 6 o S o e to e e er e F g . 2 7 sh ws a hutting j int us d pr v nt p m a 1 1 4

joints in Woodwork

e m a o a e one of the e Wh n king airtight sh wc s s , b st and simples t tests is to place a lighted candle in the case and close all the doors ; if the candle goes o ut within three s u a e a om e o o e minute yo h v cc plish d y ur bj ct . For the making of all the above j oints a half- set of - i - ol o and o a es in . n . and 1 in . e a e h l w r und pl n , a i , f , r b t a o a e be all a e pl ne and a pl ugh pl n will th t are re quir d . o se ose of our ea e who ossess S a e Of c ur , th r d rs p a t nl y adjustable moulding plane will be able to dispense with t e a o e oo h b v t ls .

1 1 6 T HE DOV ETA IL JO I NT

H OT ING definite is known as to the origin of dove b ut a a e e o h tailing , qu int and pl asing littl st —ry whic is well worth rep eating runs as follows z Joyner Wood was called by Farmer Giles to do sundry

e ai the o e e . One i e o n r p rs at h m st ad day , wh lst nj yi g his e o he es e o o e o dinn r h ur , pi d f ur d v s ccup ying a o o a to a our p siti n simil r th t in illustration . This suggested to him the idea of j ointing hi s timber by the interlocking method hence we have dovetails

Fi 2 I — o e a ls g. 7 . D v t i .

Th u h vet ailin —One of the S e o of r o g Do g . impl st f rms

the o e ai o o . 2 2 e e two e es d v t l j int is sh wn in Fig 7 , wh r pi c of timber ar e j oined by the m ethod known as through e is se e e a e dovet ailing . This m thod u d in v ryd y practic for o n the o e of rames e sse and j i ing c rn rs f , brack t tru s , e a s a hundr d nd one other article . ‘ 2 S o s the e o of o o e i as Fig . 73 h w m th d thr ugh d v ta ling a e to the m a of o e s and e e ppli d king b x s , plinth , g n ral H 7 joints in Woodwork c arcase work ; it is used in p ositions where no obj ection can be t aken t o the end grain showing on e ach Side of the e h se finish d work . In t e ca of plinths and furniture cornices the foundation fram e is m ade of yellow pine or other che ap oo and the m o e e e s e and a e m e s are e w d , r xp n iv r r ti b r glu d and m re a o ar o s ess es and s a es s it d r und in v i u thickn h p , thu s aving the more costly m ateri al and s trengthening the construction by the method known as laminating . In

— - — La o e ail n . o e a ls for Fi . 2 . g 2 73 . D v t i g 74 p D v t i

o e s etc . B x ,

i t o e ee the a e S e many cases all that is necessary s v n r f c id s , ss thus covering and hidin g any unsightlin e .

a e a e of la - . 2 n p Lap do ve t ailin g . 74 p Fig is x m l . o e a l s is se e e a rawer Si e oms Wi d v t i ing , uch as u d wh r d d j th is n ot e ss e t o a o the end the drawer front . It p rmi ibl ll w ho at the ro of a e grai n of the timber t o s w f nt draw r , and

‘ - this iS why lap dovet ailing is resorted to . he o e i It is s afe t o s ay th at the gre ates t us e of t d v ta l i for s and s m a r oses and we S a e e o e j oint s thi i il r p u p , h ll th r f r d the m akm deal fully with th e meth ods of m arking out an g f of this class o j oint .

—A os im crt ant o the o s o An gle s . m t p p int in c n tructi n f the i s and of a dovet ail is to avoid nav mg the angles o p n e a i o of one e i s o si e e t ails too acut . An inclin t n in ight c n d r d 1 1 8

joints in Woodwork

e e s o be cut tIn a e s o a the e is gaug us d h uld a g g ug , th t lin 1- c se a o . e effec al i in i d b ut 3 5 in in d pth , thus tu ly cutt ng e ss e of t e m e th cro fibr s h ti b r .

. 2 o the e o of s t e a Fig 77 sh ws m th d u ing h cutting g uge . The stock of the gauge must be held well up t o the end a of the timber . The g uge is a most difficult tool for the o ce t o use and his o e is e e a l a e n vi , tr ubl g n r l y c us d by

o too . the a e e so a the h lding it flat Tilt g ug a littl , th t

— — Fi . 2 . e h o of ark Fi . 2 8 S ua g 77 M t d M ing g 7 . q ring wi h u n au e ines across End t C tti g G g . L .

thumbs crew s hown in the illustration goes ne arer t o the oo the a e e not e so ee and e e fl r ; bl d will th n bit k nly , b tt r results will be obt ai ned . The dotted lines indicate the e a s u p ositions which th dovet il will occup ywhen marked o t . The gauge is set a trifle less than the thickness of the dr awer sides so as to allow for the thickness of the steel e and a e e is m a e on the s e of the cutt r , a g ug lin rk d in id l e drawer front and a l round the drawe r b ack . Th gauge s s a e in la on the a is now readju ted o as to le v a f . p dr we r o and a e is e on the e of the e fr nt , lin mark d nds draw r o all o the e s of the a e s es fr nt and r und nd dr w r id , which

i . w ll engage with the drawer front . A glance at Figs 2 74 a and 2 77 will m ke this quite cle ar . The dovetail pins on the drawer front and the drawer I Z O Tke Doveta il joint back are now sp aced out and m arked on the end with ’ the aid of the o e s e e the e e e s a e j in r b v l , lin s b ing th n qu r d o to the a e e the e o s d wn g ug lin by m th d hown at Fig . 2 78 a s the tr - s a e n th t is , by u ing y qu r and marki g awl . awin —The e o w u S g . draw r fr nt is n o p t into the s e e the are as s own at . 2 b nch vic , and pin cut h Fig 79. The a e a is e e m a e of dr w r b ck tr at d in a si ilar m nn r, but course in this cas e it is not lap but through dove ai i and the saw e oe o the e t l ng , k rf g s thr ugh timb r and o e e e d wn to th gaug lin .

— Fi 2 80 . A e ho of g . M t d

of Saw n i ns . ou hin in o e a ls i g P R g g D v t i .

We now come to the p oi nt whe re it is ne cessary t o remove the superfluous materi al . Fig . 2 80 shows a method commonly adop ted and known as sawing out the waste the s aw is held at an angle a nd p art of the inside p ortion a a o f the dovetail is cut aw y as s hown . This is a good pl n for the ma e e a se c ear s o s him the a t ur, b c u it l ly h w at commencem ent of hi s chopping ou t which will be the pin and whi ch the tail . 81 o e e o s e s e for Fig . 2 s hows an th r m th d that an w r w ll o oo s c as ne e ca h ewoo and s a s ft w d su h pi , Am ri n w it d tin e i on e walnut . The draw r front s laid flat the bench aft r h as ee s a and a a e an d sh a c se the it b n wn , with m ll t rp hi l s a corn er of the dovetail is knocked off as shown . Thi t kes the bulk of the m ateri al away and the dov etail is then e in e p ared out squar th usual way . 1 2 1 joints in Woodwork

e o is S o at . 2 82 . a r A third m th d h wn Fig With h rd , cu ly m e s s ch as o a o m ah o a and s a woo ti b r , u t b cc g ny tin d , it is a laborio us pro cess t o carefully chop away the timber in sma e ces and t o o e o e h s f cu we o c as ona l ll pi , v rc m t i di fi lty c i l y s ee the workm an t ake a twis t - bit and bore a series of e holes as s hown . A gr at p ortion of the timber m ay then b e sp lit away by inserting the chisel end - way into the a a e w c is a e t o a n s gr in , ft r hi h it p r d fi i h . o e a is e se for ra e m a As d v t iling chi fly u d d w r king, it will be of interest t o giv e several illustrations of variations of the o and e j int its us s .

— — i 2 8 I ou h n in La Fi . 2 8 2 . ou h n F g. . R g i g p g R g i g

o e a l ins wi h h se l . o ut b orin D v t i P t C i y B g.

D MARKING DRAWER SI ES.

c e s t e me o f m a the os o Fig . 2 83 indi at h th d o rking p iti n o e t e o u o f f the holes in the dr awe r side . Wh n h p aring t the dovet ails is complete d the dr awer front is turne d o e on to the s e as sho n and the os o of the v r id w , p iti n recesses which will engage with the p in p ortions are m arked m a u e with the arking wl as ill strat d . The completed drawer b ack is m arked on the sides in e a s m l m an e an x ctly i i ar n r . Another method of marking through dovet ails is shown

Fi . 2 8 . The s e is h e os on on the end and at g 4 id ld in p iti , the o e a l s aw is nser e and a o ut of the s aw e d v t i i t d dr wn k rf , ea t e e on t e a e thus l ving h xact m ark h dr w r back . 1 2 2

joints in Woodwork

o o es a o e a i c nditi n will r ult in f ulty d v t iling , and it w ll also p rove the necessity for using a finely- toothed and

- - e o . thin blad d d vetail saw The writer has found an 8 in . o e a l s aw to e t e os o e f ra e d v t i b h m t c nv nient or d w r work . We now come to the point where it is necessar y to cut

Fi 2 88 Fi 2 8 . g. . g . 9 u n hannel Showin F a ul emo al C tti g C . g ty R v f a e ore o W st C .

a the as e oo or o e the su a o e e is way w t w d ( c r ) , and u l pr c dur

- to s aw a a the a o e a s a . 2 8 . ar e , w y h lf d v t il , Fig 5 With c s can be cco s e the o e a saw s thi a mpli h d with d v t il , thu avoidi ng unnecessary labour and the use of the paring 1 24 Tke D oveta il joint

8 s e chisel . Fig . 2 7 illu trat s the method of holding the drawer side in the bench vice whilst the Op eration is m e e c o pl t d . e a i the a e s e is a e flat o the Aft r s w ng , dr w r id pl c d up n e c one end con a the e t o e e the b n h , in t ct with b nch p r v nt dr awer side from slipping away ; a chisel (preferably bevelled edged) of suitable width is now taken and a small

e at a . 2 88. The e o of chann l is cut as , Fig m th d cutting

— n i 2 1 —Fr me oin Fi . 2 0 . u se veral F . . a g 9 C tti g g 9 J t,

o e ls t o nce Show n ar s se arate . D v ta i a . i g p t p d

e this ch annel is shown in the same illustration . Th - m a e chisel cut is starte d about g in . fro the g uge line ; th is a e h u to the a e e e a cut m d rig t p g ug lin , which (wh n g uging) m 1 u e s s was a e . ee so t o c t th o s e of the d 3 2 in d p as cr fibr m e . e e of e oo e e o e co e timb r A small pi c wast w d will , th r f r , a as at a aw y . The o ec of m a e so e bj t cutting this s all ch nn l is that , wh n the chisel is held vertically on the gauge line and struck the al e the se a e no e e to o e with m l t , chi l will h v t nd ncy f rc its way b ackward and overshoot the gauge line . The waste or co re is now removed by holding the chisel approxi m ately ve rtic al and applying s ufficient p ower to drive it m e e is ow halfway through the ti ber . The draw r sid n e o e the o e o re e e and the o e s e turn d v r, p rati n p at d , c r pu h d 1 25 joints in Woodwork

are s be e e c se s a a out . C mu t x r i d whil t cutting w y the

ore Fi . 2 8 t o e su e the c se e n he n e ar c B , g 9, n r hi l b i g ld ly e e cula too m c e a or e e be e a p rp ndi r ; if u h l d ( b v l) giv n , i a and e o e a s ow at a . 2 8 f ulty und rcut d v t l , as h n , Fig 9, erc a s will b e the result . Und ut dovet il p rev ent a p rop er of the e e v e a wea o and o e a se grip glu th y gi k j int , ft n c u the face of the drawer side t o be splintered whilst driving b e ess ar o on t a up the j oint . If it nec y t e ase e or wo s h vings from off the drawer Side whils t fitting the completed drawer the ca ase the o S o ea e a as e a in rc , j int will h w a gr t r g p ch s ee s a is e o e . ommo o es eci ucc ding h ving r m v d In c n w rk , p a in sof m e s a o e s al o the s of lly t ti b r , m ny w rk r l w pin a 1 a e a t o o the S es a o . and dr w r b ck run thr ugh id b ut 1 6 in hammer down the pins of the dove tail . This is called ' ” s o the o e ai s and is e e the o bi h ping d v t l , unn c ssary if w rk a be p rop erly m de and fitted . An altern ative method of dovetailing 15 that of cutting the o e a s s o at . 2 0 . o or six d v t ils fir t , as h wn Fig 9 F ur drawer sides are placed l n the vice an d the dovetai ls are s awn at one Op eration . A little le ad (or bevel) from front t o is e wh s s a and s e o be se back giv n il t wing , if thi m th d u d c are must b e t aken t o s ee that the p arts of the drawer Sides which will be on the inside of the completed drawe r are o a the orke o r the e l be e t o the t w rds w r , l ad wi l giv n dovet ails in the wrong dire ction . After s awing the dove tails in this m anner the sides are place d in their resp ective os ons on the ra er o s or acks and m arke h p iti d w fr nt b , d wit u - - a p o nce bag or by using the saw blade method . The s are e cu t the s a wa are e n a en ha p in th n in u u l y, c b i g t k t t the s aw er be on the o s e of the m arks o he se the k f ut id , t rwi s i e t s pin will fin sh too slack to ngage with he t ail .

VARIATION OF THE DOVETAIL JOINT .

is s e c of cons truc Fr a m e o v e t ails . 2 2 a a D . Fig 9 k t h ti on al fram e s uch as is used f or building up a corni ce or the o e a a e e a o a plinth. At j int mark d hous d bar f ced d vet il 1 2 6

joints in Woodwork

e of - o a p la e a . hi s m es oo so ty blind p d v t iling T k a g d , und o h as the i sa an a e o f ow n m j int , but it d dv t g sh i g a s al l

o o f m - p rti n o the ti ber of the fron t rail end way of the grain . A little sketch o f the j oint s ep arated has been s hown 1 at b . 2 . o s of s k are e for o e , Fig 9 J int thi ind us d c rnic s , o e etc f r e a o o e . b x s , , and ls p aint d furnitur

A Mit e d v ail o s a e ° r o e t at . 2 2 0 D j int is illu tr t d Fig 9 , it e all the e e c of a e and b x is us d in b tt r lass c bin t o work . Fig. 2 94 shows one of the p ieces separated ; note the e the to and o o e e mitr at p b tt m dg .

Fi . 2 . Fi 2 g 95 g . 96 . Hou se d a nd Marking o u t a Mitred D o ve Ho u sed a nd re o e a l Mit d D v t i .

d and Mitre d ovetail - House — D Fig 2 95 is another form o f dovet ail c ommonly called a housed an d mitre d o r reb at ed and mitred dov et ail . In this instance we see at the o is not m e at the t o and o o e e th j int itr d p b tt m dg , e se or o n e o k or for m a and wh n u d in plinth c r ic w r , king

- e te a a es et c . the e are e com e the c ddi , , dg s (wh n pl ting o o e e e e the m o i c is a e w rk) c v r d ith r with uld ng , whi h p l nt d on the or ce or or the to an d o om of c ni plinth , with p b tt

- the box or t ea caddy . A complete p lan and a s ketch of i o one piece sep arate d s sh wn . o the me ho of m out o s Fig . 2 96 sh ws t d arking a h u ed t o o and mitred dovet ail . The ends b e j ined are plane d up true and s quare and then reb ated as s hown . The dotted lines indicate the p orti on which has been worked 1 2 8 Tke D oveta il joint

e o e e a away . Th d v tails ar now s wn and p ared out in the us ual way and the p art denote d by the arrow is afterwards cut away with a chisel and fin ally finished to a smooth surface with a reb ate plane ; the method of working is

o . 2 e e the o e a e sh wn at Fig 97. wh r d v t il pins ar seen with a th e waste p ortions cut way . ow t e m o o Fig . 2 97 als o sh s h eth d f cutting away the mitred em o e e of oo part . A t p rary pi c w d is planed to a true

— — Fi . 2 . ork n a ouse Fi 2 8 Do eta il g 97 W i g H d g. 9 . v and i re o e tail e n M t d D v . K yi g. mitre and placed undern eath the dovet ai led piece to form o e a t emplate . Both pieces of the timber are n w s cured t o the bench with a handscrew or cramp the template A will form a guide for the chisel and reb ate plane and allow e m a s harp edg or arris to be worked on the itre .

v il e . 2 8 a e o e t o e e Do e t a K ying . Fig 9 is m th d us d pr v nt e o a s s s o W e and s a e e wid b rd uch as ignb ards , id h p d p di m e s etc . o or a . a e o e a m nt , , fr casting w rping It is c ll d d v t il

e and two e o s are o . e o a k ying , m th d sh wn B y nd c lling attention to the fact that the angles at the edges of the ke e e e are e e e o be at or a o ys , wh r th y b v ll d , sh uld b ut i e . o e ee be the aw s 75 d gs , n thing furth r n d said , as dr ing se - e a e o k is o lf xpl natory . Angl d vetail eying sh wn at

i . A F g 2 98 . 1 29 joints in Woodwork — o ve t ails fo r Sm all . 2 oo wa D Bo xe s . Fig 99 is a g d y to e are smal o es s as e a e o es and ases p r p l b x , uch n g tiv b x c fo m r e s e a es . . 2 s o s a e sci ntific in tru nt c s Fig 99, C , h w sk tch of the e s o e are the e e e a e nd j int d ; A and B pi c s s p rat d,

— Fi . 2 8A . Do e ail e in on the n le g 9 v t K y g A g . and the plan E D illustrates the method of rounding

the om e . The adi e a the o away c rs r us di s aw y at j int , e o practically hiding th j int line .

Fi 2 0 1 g . 99. 3 . Dove tails for D ove ta iled

S ll o es urve ork . ma B x . C d W

OTHER VARIETIES OF THE JOINT .

. 00 Is a a l oo s oo w s e e Fig 3 sm l f t t l ith tr tch r rail, which would be finished by we bbing and upholst ering t he t op this shows the application of dovetailing when the timber 1 30

joints in Woodwork

0 —Me o of o e m . a s l e a o s . Fig . 3 9 th d d v t iling l b x The box is dovet aile d in one width and the t op an d bottom glued on the Sides and ends are then out along the dotted

i —L Fi — —e elle F . 0 . a . 0 . e e Fi 0 . g 3 3 p g 3 4 J w l g. 3 5 B v d

Do e a il n . rawer Si e ov e a l n . v t i g D d . D t i i g

l e o the . w be o e a a S e a in , thus f rming lid It ill n tic d th t p ci lly wide dovetail pin must be left so as to form p art of the a of t e e o lid and p rt h low r p rtion .

Fi 0 — e elle g. 3 7 . B v d — Do ve ta iling with Fi . 0 6 . e elle o e ail n ns arallel to g 3 B v d D v t i g. %Pi p

ar s se ara e es . P t p t d . Edg

SETTING OUT AND MARK ING THE DOVETAIL

JOINT .

For constructing a dovetai l j oint at the corner of a

e as Fi . 1 0 is e essar to u the e s of fram , g 3 , it n c y trim p nd 1 3 2 Tke Doveta il joint

the e s ar e e . 1 1 . be timb r qu and tru , as at Fig 3 This may accomplished by neatly s awing to the line and p aring the end of the oo i a S a se or w d w th h rp chi l , by bringing the woo to s w finel - set e d a fini h ith a y plan , such as an

— Fi . 0 8. bl u e Do e ail n g 3 O iq v t i g.

- iron face d smoothing plane . The ends of the wood must be p erfectly square when teste d from either the face side e a e e or from th m rk d edg . Take a cutting gauge and set it to equal the thickness of the e o o . 1 2 e timb r , and, h lding it as sh wn at Fig 3 , strik

— Fi . 0 g 3 9. o e a l n for Small Box D v t i i g . the a e es on the oo as s e at . 1 . g ug lin w d illu trat d Fig 3 3 , G o ee to a ou t the o e a s at . 1 Pr c d m rk d v t il pin , as Fig 3 4 in i s s a o a a o s the e th illu tr ti n G g in sh w gaug line . The inclina i o of t he t n lines across the end of the wood should not be too e a or the o b gr t , j int will e a we ak one , and the e dges of the o e ai b d v t ls will e li able to crumble away when the o o e o e e w rk is kn ck d t g th r . 1 33 joints in Woodwork

— — Fi 1 0 orner D e i . . o a l. Fi . 1 1 . S uar n g 3 C v t g 3 qi g.

— Fi 1 2 How to U se the u i n au e . g. 3 . C tt g G g

I 34

in Woodwork

— — Fi . 1 . ove ail n i F 1 . H i g 3 5 D t i g g. 3 6 ow to obta n e la e T mp t . Correct Angles for Dove tail em l T p a te .

— Fi . 1 . u n o e ail w th h sel g 3 7 C tti g D v t i C i .

. e o t e se on the e a a a bout in deep . Th n h ld h chi l bev l g in and cut a a ore as e oo ocee a erna e w y m w t w d ; pr d lt t ly, s forcm the t hisel o e a and e a n fir t g d wn v rtic lly, th n p ri g 1 36 The D oveta il joint

i — — F . 1 8 . es in Fi 1 The arked g 3 T t g. g . 3 9. M

the oo i the e e o e l ou w d away w th chis l h ld bliqu ly , unti y a e a a h v cut h lfw y through the thickness of the woo d . Turn the wood ove r and repeat the v arious operations the o e or as e e e e o e as S o until c r , w t pi c , is r m v d , h wn at

— Fi . 2 0 . arki n o e a ls wi h ark n Awl g 3 M g D v t i t M i g , 1 37 joints in Woodwork

. 1 . a e a a an e e a e H , Fig 3 7 P r w y y littl irr gul riti s which m a be e the co e s h n - i i se s a n . ch ea y l ft in rn r wit fi l , thu l ving l m e al s ooth and ne at . Lay th piece o f woo d which is to a e the o e a m ar e on flat o the e c and h v d v t il k d it up n b n h , t ake the pie ce with the dovetail pins cut up on it and place

the os o o a . 1 8 in p iti n sh wn t Fig 3 .

— Fi . 2 1 Saw n the o e a ls . g 3 . i g D v t i

Sa w o rk. a e a m a awl or a ee le W T k rking , knitting n d wh has had its end s a e e and ar the n es of ich h rp n d , m k li

s a a e o s at . 0 the dove tail in a imil r m nn r t tha t hown Fig 32 .

R emo e the e e . 1 8 and the o e e e o v pi c A , Fig 3 , l w r pi c sh wn i 1 8 ll c e a ow the arks aa e a e ar at F g. 3 wi l rly sh m as th y pp i i 1 he e 1 . he ece F . t d F . ace t an in g 3 9 Pl pi ( g 3 9) in vic , i 1 s aw outside the es a a as sho n F . 2 . lin , w in g 3

e aw o n the es aa . 2 1 a e the oo Aft r s ing d w lin , Fig 3 , pl c w d i e the ce as Sho at . 2 2 and u th s aw in vi , wn Fig 3 , , g ding a e the e n e of the e h a cut a a bl d with ind x fi g r l ft nd , w y R e e the sm all piece at the side of the wood . ep at th op era o as m a be e ess an d the o e e o be ti n y n c ary , c mpl t d j int will 1 38

f rawers D ressing Table Chest o D .

1 40 Tke D oveta il joint

he er e 2 . s s a o w h t Fig . 3 5 Fir t t b d wn it v tical chis l , which 1 m a e the out a o in . o of the a e must k b ut 3 2 in fr nt g ug

— - Fi . 2 . La o e a il n rawer Fro n to Drawer Si e g 3 3 p d v t i g D t d .

— — Fi . 2 hrou h i 2 h in as e g 3 4 T g F g. 3 5 . C ipp g W t

ov e ail n . of L o e l D t i g ap D v ta i .

e see s a mm lin ( illu tr tion) . This co en cing of the cut slightly In o of the e e e g ug lin is a very imp ort ant feature . Th .fr nt a i e be i e e to e e the e e e ch s l may l k n d a w dg , and if chis l dg 1 41 joints in Woodwork be placed exactly up on the gauge line and force be applied t o the a dl e o e th e er a a e a on h n , it will f rc timb w y qu lly e a e of the a e e and the s e e of the ch sid g ug lin , fini h d d pth hole will therefore b e t oo deep for the thickness of the ra e s e o e o s e s se o e the d w r id ; in th r w rd , it will pr s it lf v r gauge line on both sides . By taking the first vertical cut on the waste side of the

— k n r wer o e ails S es or e n s wi h i 2 6 . ar a F g. 3 M i g D D v t ( id d ) t

the Saw la e whe n a ils are out be ore ns . B d , T f Pi

e e e e o a sm a e e the gaug lin , and th n r m ving ll pi c with

h se e o e as s o at . 2 the oo c i l h ld bliqu ly , h wn Fig 3 5, w d is removed and less resist ance is offered t o the chisel when ' e i m e s the n xt v ertical cut s ade . This ov r hooting the a e e is a om o au the e er who is g ug lin c m n f lt with b ginn , p uzzled at the res ult b ecause he is certai n he had hi s chisel exactly on the gauge line when he comm enced his

- vertical cut . It is esp ecially noticeable in soft grained

woods . To a the as e of a la - o e a as o cut way w t p d v t il , sh wn at

. 2 the e o e are e e e Fig 3 5, v rtical and bliqu cuts r p at d until 1 42

joints in Woodwork

Dovetail s aws have sp ecially thi n blades an d very little set o the ee s o t o as os e the up n t th , as limit far as p sibl e e e thickn ss of th saw k rf .

ccas onal a le w th our rawer O i T b i F D s .

Do e a o are e e a e o e e an d en v t il j ints g n r lly glu d t g th r , wh the glue is set they are lev elled up with a finely- set plane s - e and finished by glas p ap ring .

1 44 DOV ETA I L G ROOV I NG

HE doveta il housing j oint should first be car efully a e out m a i e so as to o s m rk d with a rk ng knif , cut acr s e e e n th fibr s of the wood . For obtai ning th bevel o ’ the edge of the wood a j oiner s bevel may be

s e the n le o not be too e . See u d , and a g sh uld acut ( i e e d e pre v ous chapter . ) Tak a chis l an p ar away

s a e at . 2 8 so to o a m ll chann l as A , Fig 3 , as f rm a small e e shoulder to guid th saw .

— Fi 2 8 Farin awa h annel for Do e a l roo in . g. 3 g y C v t i G v g

fine e o or o e ai o . 2 With a t n n d v t l saw , as sh wn at Fig 3 9, out the saw e as at D . 2 8 . fi u k rf , Fig 3 If any dif c lty is e e e e the s aw e e an d are ou xp ri nc d in cutting k rf tru squ , y

eso t o the e o S o at . 2 8 a may r rt m th d h wn C , Fig 3 a sm ll temp orary piece of timb er has been screwed on the t op f t of the work to form a guide or he s aw. 2 8 ow the ma e o e h . t e Fig 3 , B , sh s s ll chann l f rm d by chisel p rior t o the sawing operation . The sawing of the bevelled side is worked in a similar manner ; but occa sionally we find amateurs who adopt the method shown 1 45 joints in Woodwork

i at Fig. 330 . A block of wood H s first m ade by boring

- a r in . h o e o its e re e and a e s i l thr ugh nti l ngth , ft rward m aking a s aw cut at the desired bevel the obj ect of this

i — F . 2 . u i n the Saw er g 3 9 C tt g K f .

o , h 18 e s e for the ose to fo bl ck w ich k p t p cially p urp , is rm e for a guid those who have not full control of the dovetail ; the of the saw e the o e the e e saw back cl ars h l , and r quir d

— Fi o u e lock for e ell n . g . 33 . G id B B v i g

a aw h as ee e bevel is obtained . When s cut b n mad at e ac e of the roo e the s r s m e re a h sid g v , — u plu ti b r is p a d aw y the o ow a e z a a o o . 1 in f ll ing m nn r Cut w y p rti n E , Fig 33 t e a a o o an d s a a the ex h n cut w y p rti n F, la tly cut w y ap p o rtion marked G ; continue by this method of paring 1 46

joints in Woodwork

e a t o c the a e a e e e is e es With r g rd utting lt rn t pi c , it n c sary t o s a e the end of the s e e and s a e and fir t pl n h lf tru qu r ,

a a e s e the e . the with cutting g ug trik lin K , Fig 333 ; e e e e on the e e is set out and the e r quir d b v l dg J , with chis l a small channel is agai n forme d . With the tenon or dovet ai l s aw o the e t o the e re e and a e cut d wn lin K r qui d d pth , c r fully e the woo a S a h se t o the o e s p ar away dwith h rp c i l c rr ct hap e . It is prob ably needless t o rem ark that the exp erienced craftsm an sets out his work and cuts the timber without a t o eso to s h m e a al me a s as the o h ving r rt uc ch nic n bl ck H ,

o the s at . 2 8. ese a s t . 0 r o the Fig 33 , lip C , Fig 3 Th id am ateur are fas ten ed temp orarily t o their p ositions by or ar e or e e handscrew or din y scr ws , , b tt r still , with a cramp .

1 48 JO I NTS FOR C U RV ED WO RK

IG m . 334 shows a circular fram e ade up in two e se the e e s e e e t o e a thickn s s , s gm nt b ing scr w d ch e a i oth r nd the j oints crossed in two layers . Th s is e o e o and e for n a v ry str ng m th d , it is us d maki g

c a me u 1 a e e . ircul r fra s and curbs p to 5 ft . in di m t r The e me can be e e o or s o the o s g nts ith r l ng h rt , nly imp ortant condi tion being that they must be m arked out

—ir lar Fr me in Two h ckne Fi . cu a sses g . 334 C T i .

and s awn to the correct radius . Fig . 335 Shows a board e out se m e for h s ass of o k and the mark d in g nts t i cl w r , o e the oa s are the e e e wi cu t u as l ng r b rd b tt r th y ll p , it gives m ore opp ortunities of cutting one piece out of the

other as at A A . I 49 joints in Woodwork

. 6 o how to e to ut the o o Fig 33 sh ws b gin p w rk t gether . To o e o e e e os o nd c ntinu this , fit th r s gm nts in p iti n a s m crew the t o D and E resp ectively . The completed work

s e . is illu trat d at Fig 334.

— Fi . . B oar arke in Se ments for ircular oint n g 335 d M d g C J i g .

f s e . o a or e o e Fig 337 sh ws a circul r rim , curb , mad gm nts e e which ar e halved tog ther . This method is suitabl for m ea o w e e the e s are of o s e a e e . h vy w rk , h r ti b r c n id r bl siz The halvings are cut on the ends of the segments to any

— k o e h er Fi 6 . u in ircular or . g . 33 P tt g C W t g t

o e e s a e or e e e a one e a e so as c nv ni nt h p b v l , ch b ing m rk d i to fit ts fellow . e e a s e e e e c or Ci a Wh n xtr tr ngth is r quir d , s mi ircular rcul r k es es of oo work is built up out of four or five thic n s w d , The e o of and the method is calle d l aminating . m th d 1 50

joints in Woodwork

as ee e o ee s a e se me of e sw ps , b nds , g h p s , and g nts circl s The e e out e e o - a timb r is mark d in suitabl l ngths, r ugh s wn,

i F . F i g g . 339 . ui l i n u Sem i ci r cu lar ea of oor Fra m e B d g p H d D .

a nd e a e e on the a e e o e e e th n pl n d tru f c , glu d t g th r, and wh n set the e are C e e t o th e e u e e sid s l an d up r q ir d shap . It is

— ' — m na e Fi . a l of or e B ox i o . a r f a 1 . F . o g 34 P t L i t d g 34 H f C , am i na e Ta b le Fram e . L t d . one of the s on e e o of o s o me e tr g st m th ds c n tructi n, and c s ms d e cos . e s e an a sarily tly Pull y , pull y ri , hundr d and r e one other j obs a e built by this m thod . 1 s o s one a f a o e box Fig . 34 h w h lf o c r built by this e o and ea t o be o e t o t he e i e s a e m th d, r dy w rk d r qu r d h p ,

- vi . e as e on its end. z , a half circl mark d 152 M ISC ELLA N EO U S JO I NT S — OINING eather oards At . 2 the e o W B . Fig 34 m th d of j ointing and n ailing weather boar ding on such temp orary buildings as garden sheds and tool- houses is shown . The weather boarding can be bought e a m ready pr p ared at ny local saw ill . The section A illustrates a suit able piece of timber with C hamfered e es i e on the end of the e e oa i dg , which is na l d w ath r b rd ng

— — i 2 oini n Fi . . Fi . . F n al for F g. 34 . J g g 343 g 344 i i

e r n a er u n s. orn ce ole . Weath r Boa di g . L dd R g C i P

e o the a n o be a e to a e t o prot ct it fr m r i , which w uld li bl c us . i f he p remature decay if it h ad access t o the end gra n o t hoar ding .

— e of s . e the o La dde r Ru ng . Fig 343 illustrat s m th d fastening the rung (or st ave) of a l adder t o the side . e e o is s o the e ei Sini l At A th common m th d h wn , stav b ng p y I S3 joints in Woodwork

driven int o the hole an d wedged . At B a much but more e xp ensiv e m ethod of construction is given st ave here is s ocketed and the pin turne d t o a sm aller

i am e e . o ases the or a e e d t r In b th c rung , st v , is paint d e e e before b ing driven int o th sid and wedged .

ide a e s es are a e two La dde r S s . L dd r id m d in distinct ” . One e o o a e the e ways m th d is kn wn as a pl nk sid , sid

— — Fi i n i N aile o n . o n F . 6 . t g 3 45 . J i g g 34 d J i

u s c oo work for us ic ork . R ti W d . R t W being cut from a plank as shown at the section the other e ho al e a o e s e and co s c e m t d is c l d p l id , is n tru t d by cutting a strai ght larch p ole in hal f and using half of the

o e for each s e of the a e as at se o . p l id l dd r , cti n C — ni inia s . s o the C or ce Poles Ends and F l . Fig 344 h ws as e of a o ce o e end to the o e o e or f t ning c rni p l c rnic p l , a turned o rn ament t o an overm antel shelf or top shaping . o e - o e s e is se a of c is s re e A d ubl p int d cr w u d , h lf whi h c w d

- into e ach p art of the articles t o be j oined . Double p ointed e screws are known in the trade as dowel s cr ws .

— ca es the o Jo i ni n g Ru sti c Wo rk Fig . 345 indi t j inting f he t o am n of a s she e or e o e o t p fr i g ru tic lt r summ r h us ,

- the illustration being self explan atory. 1 54

joints in Woodwork — r o r i c ol . 8 o Hin ge d Joint s fo C n e P e s . Fig 34 sh ws a hinged j oint for cornice p oles and should be of great

— Fi . 8 n e o n for orn ce oles etc g 34 Hi g d J i t C i P , . interest to those who are frequently removing from house T e o to house . h j int will adap t itself to fit any bay window

— Fi . . eneer e n g 349 V K y i g.

— i — c u re i 1 r e n Fr me F . 2 . F . a a 3 g 35 . G d g 5 Pi t e w l h o n Fram o t . or Sky ig t J i t. J

a d (even a square bay) and it is form ed by turning n cutting To a co ce o e to a b a Wi o two pieces as A . fix rni p l y nd w is e e for e a h a e of the ba one of these j oints r quir d c ngl y, b and ed to the the pole b eing cut into s uit a le lengths fix 1 56 M iseella neoas joints

hinged j oints by the use of the dowel s crew and a little u is e a s ee es o em a k ame e hot gl e . It p rh p n dl s t r r that the di t r of the j oint should be of the same diam eter as the co rnice

o e t o e a e the s to e i s e o e the a e . p l , n bl ring as ly lid v r surf c — . s a e the e o of Ve ne e r Ke yi ng . Fig 349 illu tr t s m th d e s e e - i strengthening the co rn r of b oxes which ar m ad of i n .

~ or in . m e e the o e e ee e s . § ti b r , by s curing c rn rs with v n r k y The box is e and e the a a e mitr d glu d in usu l m nn r , and a e a o ffi c e me for the e to set s aw s ft r ll wing su i nt ti glu , cut % ” o r s aw kerfs are m ade as shown at a a . A piece of s aw- e ee a e a s e o the s aw e s thin cut v n r is ft rw rd glu d int k rf , and when dry the f ace is levelled off flush . This method is often used previous to veneering the face side of the box e e ee is a so e for e or . with rar v n rs , and it l us ful r p air w k — lle ti n . 0 a e the e o of e e Pe g . Fig 35 indic t s m th d p ll ting and screwing the corner of a p icture frame . The mitre j oint is first screwed and a p ellet of the same timber is made to fill the hole which has b een bore d to receive the

e e . e o t o . the scr w h ad This m th d is similar Fig 347, with excep tion that in the latter case the p ellet P is glued in e position and levell d off . The e o e e e e low r illustrati n shows th finish d dg .

k li h a n d G r de n F e . 1 S o how S y g t a r a m . Fig 35 h ws t o fix t he interior reb ated rail of a skylight or garden

ame t o t he o a . s a e a e of the e fr fr nt r il Thi , ft r p rusal sk tch , t e does no call for xplanation .

— 2 s t e o e f a Fr a m e Jo i nt Fig . 35 hows h c rn r o picture m e ee - e e e as . e e c fra v n r k y d Fig 349 in p r f ren e t o nailing . — i Jo i nt i ng Br oke n Tu r n e d Wo rk At Fig . 353 s s hown a e a le c has ee a e a o s the turn d ch ir g, whi h b n fr ctur d cr s o m turned p rtion A . One of the neatest ethods of rep airing an a w T e is d m king a ne j oint is s hown at C . h broken p art first sawn away and the ends of the leg are planed true s and quare . A new p ortion C is turned in the lathe and

- t e in . e e h dow l pins engag with suit ably bored holes . 1 57 joints in Woodwork

The o a me and e and a am m a j int is w r d glu d , cr p y be applied to i e the e essa ess g v n c ry p r ure .

C a st o r i n s a n d C u h - P r s Fe et (Fig . Breakages

e e oc t o the o e - fr qu ntly cur l w r p art of a dining table or a le at the o o m a e S ch ir g p rti n rk d , which fits into the

o e of the s o . s ck t ca t r Owing to shrinkage or to continual

— — in in rne Fi . . astor ns Fi . o u g . 353 J t g T d g 354 C Pi , e tc Work . .

ra o of the s c ews and the soc e as o the oo wor vib ti n r k t c t r , w d k e m is e aten away and the castor becom es loose . Th si plest and mos ef e e wa of mak n the re a is t o a , t f ctiv y i g p ir turn new as o in . awa the old o o o e the c t r p A Cut y p rti n , b r le an d e and se the n e w in . u s ra es a g, glu in rt p A F ill t t ” ” us or er a e oo as se on a s e oar . cr h , dinn p l t f t , u d id b d The upright p os t of the sideboard is generally made out e i u r o f timber abou t 1 % ins . Squ are th foot s t ne d and fitted m in p osition by the dowel pin as Shown . Ex a ples of this class of j oint ar e frequent in fu rniture of the Queen Anne 1 58

joints in Woodwork owing t o the fact that no cross rails ar e required under

- the table . The p articular form of the inserte d t ee piece ma es m oss e for the sl es o c me k it i p ibl id t o asunder . The table slides are first worked to the desire d s hap e (sp ecial a es e se t o m ake the oo es and the tee - e e pl n b ing u d gr v ) , pi c is made sep arately and glued and s crewed into the left- hand slide .

- o cket Scre win . Ou the s e of . 6 P g in id rail Fig 35 , P , the e o o n o e - e m th d kn w as p ck t scr wing is shown . Table

— — - h n En tch i 8 . No c e o . Fi . 6 0 . d N o . F g . 35 9 t d J i t g 3 t o the o of dr ess - ab e S e oa s et c are ps , t ps ing t l s and id b rd , m o e screwed t o the carcase p ortion by this ethod . A h l of the required diam eter to fit the screw is bored obliquely from the top edge of the r ail a gouge is then t aken and e the woo d is hollow d away to receiv e the screw he ad . — . s a es a e o of s e e Blo cki ng . Fig 357 illu tr t m th d tr ngth ning and stiffening a cornice or plinth by glueing small blocks of wood (generally yellow pine) into the angles of the

am . S o the oc s os o . h s me o fr ing B , B h w bl k in p iti n T i th d of combining strength with li ghtness is greatly used on s interior fitting . — - Not che d o i nt s . . 8 a o e o e e J Fig 35 9is n tch d j int , wh r two o s s or a s os e o e the o e of the j i t , sc ntling , cr s ach th r , bj ct j oint being to prev ent the j oists moving from their p osition 1 60 M iseella neons joints an d not o m a e a a t t ri lly we ken them . Fig . 360 shows a o c e o n t h d j int at the end of a j oist . — i C o g g e d Jo i n t Fig . 361 s a typ e of j oint used for

o e s t o e o to e s et c . c nn cting p urlin raft rs , and j ists gird r , —A 6 s Sa ddle Joi n t t Fig . 3 2 is hown a comp romise e ee h o c a e e b tw n t e n t hed nd the cogg d j oint . It is us d for o e os to e a or of am c nn cting upright p ts h ds sills fr ing. and undoubtedly t ak es its n ame from its similarity t o the i o way n which the saddle fits the h rse . It does not

— — i 6 1 Co e o nt. Fi . 62 . Sa le oint. F g . 3 . gg d J i g 3 dd J

e e the as oe o e e o o w ak n framing d s a m rtis and t n n j int , ff 6 and shrink age has little e ect up on the j oint . Fig . 3 3 o e o is a n tched j oint on a reb at d j ist . — - 6 Roll t o p D e sk Fall ( o r Ta m bo u r Front) . Fig . 3 4 shows the method of making a fall - front for a roll - top s e e e ldi desk or similar article . Section of th r bat d mou ngs e T e a o e es a e e o e e ar shown . h v ri us pi c r fix d t g th r by

e on e a e as o . is s t o stringing th m a wir c bl , sh wn It u ual use not less than three pieces of cable on a desk of 3 ft one e e of a e ea ea end one e e at the pi c c bl n r ch , and pi c o o the o s e e centre . This method f j ining vari u pi c s by me ans of flexible wire cable has almost s up erseded the old- fas hioned method of glueing the mouldings on stout i i cloth or l nen tick ng. 1 61 joints in Woodwork . — Raft e r oi nt . 6 s o e e a o as J Fig 3 5 h ws an v ryd y j int , used at the juncture of the p rincip al rafter and the tie - beam

oo s o . s e o f e e o e a a e in r f tru s w rk A k tch pi c A is sh wn s p r t d ,

CASLE — — - h e o nt Fi . 6 . oll to esk Fi 6 . N o c g. 3 3 t d J i g 3 4 R p D e ois o n o n Re bat d J t. J i t.

and it should be noted that the depth o f the cut p ortion B s hould not be more than one - fourth of the total wi dth of e ti - am th e be . — i sm u . 66 b rd o th o Bi rds m outh Joints . Fig 3 is a j int ,

— Fi 6 . a er a nd Tie eam o n g . 3 5 R ft B J i t.

as e e a s ar on the al a e Si e o us d wh n p fits w l pl t , a mpl j int be re a a e is which can dily m d by the handsaw . A nai l own se r os o sh cu ing it in p iti n . ows t bi mou Fig . 367 s h he rds th j oint where the sp ar s o e the o s e of the a a e h s al o a run v r ut id w ll pl t , t u l wing for o e s s as a e oar etc fixing an rnam ntal fini h , uch barg b d, , 1 62

joints in Woodwork

u t - ointin C oun o s with ov ail e s B t j g te r T p D et K y . m o e s Fig . 370 indicates a ethod often used t s cure the end of o e o s etc . e e o be e e of c unt r t p , , wh n timb r cann t s cur d

— — i 0 . C 0 u n e r To o nte Fi . 1 e ho of u on F g . 3 7 t p J i d g 37 M t d B tt

wi h o e l e s i n w h n le Iron . t D v tai K y . g it A g sufficient length for the entire sp an of the counter . The b oards are first glue- j ointed and the ends are secured with o e e S a o a 1 6 an d d v tail k ys . ( ee ls p ges 9

Fi — u o nin 2 . g . 3 7 B tt g a — a le To . Fi B ed o n T b p g. 3 73 . J i t.

u t oni —A m ea s of s e r n e s r aces of B t n g . n cu i g wid u f woodwork t o angle i ron by m eans of wooden b uttons is

o . 1 . The a a a e of an e of sh wn at Fig 37 , B dv nt g this m n r 1 64 M iscella neons joints

t o securing a wide b oard is that it allows the b oard o c ntract or exp and according t o the alterations in t emp erature . f o Perhap s one of the m ost familiar methods o butt ning one co n e 2 . s S e c re ese s is shown at Fig . 37 Thi k t h p r nt r r e t o the of an invert ed t able and shows the t op secur d e o the a s of o se , ar e oo rails by the butt ns B r il , c ur gr v d e o s in this case to receiv e the tongue of th butt n .

— - Fi all lu s Fi . . Fi . 6 Slo g. 3 74 . W P g , g 3 75 g 3 7 . t

Four ar e es . Slo Screw n . Screw n a racke V i ti t i g i g B t.

i . s a e Dove t ail Plat e s fo r Be d Jo nt s . Fig 373 illu tr t s the fixing of a wooden bed side t o the bed foot by means

- of o a es are e as s o . ese cast ir n pl t , which fitt d h wn Th plates may be obtained from any of the large furnishing o ironm ngers . — all l s At . o e of al are W P u g . Fig 374 f ur typ s w l plugs o —a the o a e a a a e e sh wn , rdin ry r ct ngul r t p r d wall plug to e e ee the oi s of the or b the driv b tw n j nt brickw k ; , circular tap ered wal l plug as used t o plug a wall after a a - s a e r has ee se d a s e a st r h p d brick d ill b n u d , twi t d w ll plug se for s m a oses t o t he e e a o s e e u d i il r p urp w dg , but c n id r d to be sup erior in holdin g p ower owin g t o its twisted form a tion ; 0 is a n other typ e of wall p lug considered to have i s gre at tenacity by reason of ts corrugations . Wall plug 1 65 joints in Woodwork are requi red in ne arly all cases where it is necessary t o oi woo wor to r c o as for s a e ea - ra e j nt d k b i kw rk , , in t nc , h vy f m d l f s s silvered mirrors t o the wa ls o hop .

Slot Screwin o r e hole Screwin os g, K y g, is a m t useful way of j oinin g light woodwork in s uch a m anner m i s th at the fixing ethod s n ot exp ose d t o the eye . A tout i f e s ser e o . o he he as . s t t . cr w in t d within 3 in ad , at Fig 375 In the adj oining piece a hole is b ored with a centre bit

— — i 8 - Fi ou s n F . 3 7 . ookcase F Stu s g 3 7 H i g g B ig 3 79 d .

o n Sh el o n s . Ji t. f J i t

- i n . s and a slot is cut with an g chi el . The two pieces of e are ace o e e and s the timb r pl d t g th r , by liding upp er piece forward the screw runs up into the slot or keyhole and 6 s secures the j oint . Fig . 37 hows the application of the j oint fixing a Shap e d bracket t o the sh ap e d shelf ; the bracket and shelf are inverted in the illustration to clearly Show the method of j ointin g . For he avy work sp ecial brass p l ates are obtain able for this p urp ose one plate is let flush into the upp e r p ie ce and the othe r plate into the r e e lowe pi c .

— s H ou si n g Joi nt Fig . 377 hows a housing j oint which m alle a re e a is s ome e c nd o se o . re ti s d t nch d h u d j int A t nch , oo e or o out s o as to e e e the or o to gr v , h using is r c iv p ti n 1 66

joints in Woodwork

o w a a e and e e o bo by b ring ith br c c ntr bit , thus f rming a ne e a recesses t o Op r tion . — t u ds . s o two s B o o kca se S . Fig 379 h ws di tinct of cast- iron bookcas e studs ; the iron pi a e e o e o di o es in . in di m t r , and c rr sp n ng h l thirds through the thickness 8 e e e the . . o the o e to r c iv pins Fig 37 , C , sh ws h l s e s the studs . A p oint in favour of b ookcas tuds is that it is not necess ary t o line up the thickness of the bookcase a s e s s are se ends as when dju tabl lip u d .

' —A oo e o f B att e ni n g (Fig . g d m th d o j oining cross b attens t o dr awing bo ards and other wide surfaces is s o e e . e o r for the e s o s are out h wn h r Aft r b ing scr ws , l t so as t o allow the screws t o move along the slots when 81 me shrinkage t akes place . In Fig . 3 a simil ar thod is e o se e the a e o om t o t e e appli d t cur dr w r b tt h draw r b ack . If s hrinkage t akes p lace in the drawer bottom and it ea es the oo e the a e on the s e s are l v gr v in dr w r fr t , cr w a e e the a e o o is o e u o the sl ck n d , dr w r b tt m kn ck d p int

oo e the s e s are a ai e e . For dr n gr v , and cr w g n scr w d awi g m - o s etc . s e al a e e ca s a e s o e as b ard , , p ci ly d llipti l h p d l tt d br s socket cups are m ade t o receive the screw he ads . 8 o n e e t s - Fig . 3 2 shows a j i t wh r wo cro s pie ces A and B are al e o e e an d e t o s o o D h v d t g th r fitt d a upp rting p st C , s o fo s - a u eful j int r cro s fram ing and fitment work .

—A e o of e e the D ov e t ail K e yi n g . m th d str ngth ning m i itred corners of thin bo xes s shown at Fig . 383 . The a box is firs t mitred nd glued . Dovetailed trenches are S o an d ma e s of the a e e d o e ai e cut as h wn , s ll l ngth t p r d v t l d e re o e k y piece a cut and inserted in the trenches . N t that t e e ai ke e e a s m c The m a e hs h dov t l y pi c t p er fro a to . s lll n gt ar e glued into the trenches fo rmed in the box and all levelled off after sufficient time has el apsed for the glue m m to set . Boxes ade in this anner are generally afterwards e a a finish d by the l ying on of rich nd rare v en eers .

. 8 8 and 88 are o se om e Figs 3 4, 3 5, 3 j ints ld us d in 168 M iscella neoas joints

a o we e fo practic l w rk , but which illustrat r the benefit of Ma al a a nu Tr ining —te chers . A utt oint To and B J . pull up fix a butt j oint in a

— Fi . 8 . D o e a l e i n g 3 3 v t i K y g.

o e or an ar ob ee e e of e a c unt r y simil j , thr pi c s d al nd two o di e e are e e f l ng w dg s r quir d . The de al pieces Should be

1 8 . o o 2 . 1 in . the e es of ab ut ins l ng by ins by , w dg ( hard

- Fi . 8 . U se ul anual ra n n erc se o nt g 3 5 f M T i i g Ex i J i .

oo o 1 2 ins . o o out of a e e of 2 . w d) ab ut l ng, b th pi c & ins by - i - l m § in cut as shown at Fig . 386 . A 2 h . by g n . ortise is cut in the centre of e ach of the deal pie ces . They are e s re e to e s e of o e o i e th n c w d und r id c unt r, thr ugh c rcl d 1 69 joints in Woodwork

o e e e the e e e e as s o a h l s , k ping c ntr pi c back h wn in diagr m . The hardwood wedges are then inserted and the j oint

e u . The o e s c ews can e be ut pull d p th r r th n p in , giving rm ee a v ery fi job . (S also p age C o o e r e d oi n t s —The erm oo er n p J . t c p i g j oint is e o se the a e - a a e o w s ld m u d in c bin t m king tr d , alth ugh e

Se c ti on o n C D

S u l t a n. — On A B Fi . 86 ut o n for ou n ers e tc. g 3 . B t J i t C t ,

fin d e o e a few of the e - boo s and a o it m nti n d in t xt k , ls in the City and Guilds p rogramm e of the cabin et- making a e ex mination . The name evidently has come from th oo e n ra e c is one of the ommo es o c p ri g t d , in whi h it c n t f rms of j oint used in the making of casks an d barrels . The p attern- m ake r and the cabine t- m ake r hav e adopte d this method of j ointin g when m aking and building up circular and s a e ork s as coal - o es w e - coo ers c n e h p d w , uch b x , in l , yli d r es r e and se e e a e o ee and e d k falls, cu v d rp ntin p n ls, g kidn y 1 70

joints in Woodwork

Fr a m e s fo r Oil ai nti n s —The e o of P g . m th d making j oints for frames on which the c anv as is stretched for oil i i s s 8 . p ainting shown at F g. 3 9 They are generally mitred at the o e s and e e c rn r fitt d with loose w dges . The four p arts of the frame can be held temp orarily by a piece of thin board while the c anv as is being t acked to the edges of the ame . the a om a l s fr In cc p nying il u trations Fig . 389A shows the action of the wedges when tightenin g up the

Fi 8 F i 8 13 g . 3 g . 3 9 . o n and e ho of e n the Frames of Oil a n in s J i t M t d W dgi g P i t g .

e the e e to o e the e o . . 8 3 fram , r sult b ing p n mitr j int Fig 3 9 shows the p osition of the saw cuts for re ceiving the h ard a e o e e e wood wedges . Note th t th p arallel gr ov is carri d th o e e e fulllengt h of the material f r gr at r convenienc in cutting . The other groove is taken from the outer angle of the mitre e s es ue e o t e j oint inwards . Th cut fini h with d r gard t h necessary t ap er see the dotte d lines showing t ap er in 8 A T e oo es be e e o er e fi g. 3 9 . h gr v will wid n ugh aft b ing an o ar a ri s aw for ar e o e cut with rdin y h nd p , but l g w rk th y l e r c are usual y groov d on the ci cular s aw ben h .

D S S R CORRUGATE TEEL FA TENE S. It is now m any years ago since the steel s aw- edge fastener a e e on the arke and at the e e e first pp ar d m t , p r s nt tim 1 72 M iscella neons joints

80 e . p rob ably p r cent of am ateur woodwork ers have never see or e a of its m a se n h rd ny u s . It is probably owing to the fact that the fastener could

— - i 0 . Saw e e o u a ed S eel F s e ne s . Fg. 39 dg C rr g t t a t r no t until recently be b o ught in small quantities that it e e see a s has not been g n rally n nd u ed . In appearance it resembles a mini ature corrugated

— — i 1 oin n Fi 2 . o n i n a F g. 39 . J ti g g. 39 J i t g

r Fra e . Two Boa ds . m

a i se s ee is s e for oo r o es g lvan d h t such as u d r fing pu p s , with the e e o o e e a the o a o are e e xc pti n , h w v r , th t c rrug ti ns div rg nt instead of being p arallel and that one end is ground down to a cutting edge .

0 e e r re . e e At Fig . 39 thr e sizes of fast ne s a shown Th s

are e ar o s e o . t o 1 . e an d mad in v i u siz s fr m i in in in l ngth , I 73 in Woodwork

o a e S e oar C tt g id b d .

174

joints i n Woodwork

cut and p laned de ad square and the fasteners inserted as

o . The use o f a c is not e e e ess ar as o sh wn p v n n c y , wing to the bevel on the fastener the s houlder is drawn up s clo e and firm . i f 1 - i a e two e es o n . m F g. 393 indic t s pi c timber itre d at m e a o or the corner . To itr nd ten n mitre and dowel a j oint s uch as this requires a great amount of skill ; here the mitres are planed true an d the fasteners driven across the j oint . o e or a e for Fig . 394 is a c rnic plinth fr m a war drobe or

a e e of e . All the e s ar e o ar e simil r pi c furnitur timb r sh t squ , or t o the m e ma be e e the o e of the itr , as y r quir d , and wh l T frame is f as tened together as shown . he cornice or plinth o i is e e a o the e the s al wa m uld ng th n fitt d r und fram in u u y. Numerous examples of the use of this fastener will s uggest e se e to e e and for e e e ai o a e th m lv s r ad rs , g n ral r p r w rk , c bin t d o e o e are an e e o a e e e an j in ry w rk th y xc pti n lly us ful fast n r .

e e of in . fiv e o o s are o b Fast n rs l , with c rrugati n , pr ba ly o e for e e a ose the m st us ful g n r l purp s . T HE M IT R E D JO I NT

LTHOUGH mitreing i s used In ev eryday wood o o e a our l of e a o s w rk , it c m s l st in ist r gul r j ints imply because it has been partly dealt with in almost every

e o s a e . For e e we e m e pr vi u ch pt r xampl , hav itr

a . e e o . h lving in Fig 35, a mitr bridl j int in Fig 74,

o e roo e e . 1 1 e a t ngu d and g v d mitr in Fig 4, mitr d

o e e o o . 1 1 8 o el e m rtis and t n n j ints in Figs 47 and 5 , a d w l d

e e . 2 0 m e o e a Fi . 2 mitr fram in Fig 4, a itr d d v t il in g 95,

Fi . and a mitred j oint with steel fasteners in g 393.

— i tre Skirti n —in in . . 6 . F i h F g. 395 Mi d g 39 d g a R g t n le for M itrein A g g. — i itr in Mitre ng. The term m e g is generally used t o denote the type of j oint used at the corner of a pict ure frame or where two pieces of wood are bevelled away so as t o e o e the or n o at fit ach th r , as skirting pli th m uld e e e u o Fig . 395. In th se cas s th timber is o t s that the j oint is e ees t o the a e and the two e e e e at 45 d gr f c , pi c s , wh n plac d o e e o an a e of 0 e ee a e t g th r , f rm ngl 9 d gr s (a right ngl ) . The e mit rein o e e not o ne to the t rm g , h w v r , is c nfi d fitting of timber around a right angle it may be justly a pplied I77 I joints in Woodwork to the of a fitting moulding around an angle irrespe ctive o f the m e of its e nu b r d grees . One o e ears s erms as a a m re se to ft n h uch t h lf it , u d e o e he d n t t fitting of a moulding around an octagonal

— Fi F n n n les for S ra i h res g. 397. i di g A g t g t Mit .

o or e e al ro a o be o e o e c lumn p d st , and p b bly it w uld m r c rr ct n 2 i i t o describe the j oi t as a mitre cut at 2 3degrees . M tre ng consists of halving the angle and m aking each piece to of o o the a e be o fit the line bi secti n . Sh uld ngl b unded by

ai es as at . 6 or . e the str ght lin , Fig 39 Fig 397 A , th n e o il be s a h e o the n e mitr d j int w l a tr ig t lin , but sh uld a gl 1 78

joints in Woodwork

o ma e a e a ome- a e sa i o appr xi t sh p , h m d w ng bl ck is generally

se sho at . 8. Two e e of oo u d, as wn Fig 39 pi c s w d are glued

— M re Shoo n oar 399. it ti g B d .

Fi - e e . 0 0 Scr w r ra g 4 . Mit T p.

one on the t o of the o e the e e e e e p th r , r quir d angl is transf rr d

e e o the saw e m e . the s e the saw e s th r t , and k rf ad In k tch k rf are s o e ree and e and of o e h wn at 45 d g s , right l ft , c urs , o e e and e ma be e e e e e th r angl s saw k rfs y mad wh r d sir d. 1 80 Tli e M itred joint

lanin — e sa the e e to o e the P g . Aft r wing pi c appr ximat ly o e a e is e es on - ass wo to ane the c rr ct ngl , it n c sary high cl rk pl cut end so as to give a perfect finish and enable a glued j oint

’

Fi . 0 1 . Donke s Ear Sh oo in o r g 4 y t g B a d .

to be e b mad . This may e accomplished by using the plane on the s oo o w Fi S o . the h ting b ard , as h n at g 399, and , if o e o a es of ri o es w rk r is c nst ntly using mitr va us angl , it is

— Fi . 0 2 u n for res. g 4 . Ga gi g Mit

easy matter to make the angle block swivel to the e e e e o as a e and e secur r quir d b v l by cutting a sl t , indic t d, th n the o a o and m e or o e ing bl ck with b lt thu bscr w, with a c upl of o a e e s e o e s e e the s e m e st ut g ug scr w . Oth r w rk r pr f r cr w itr l a ow . 00 a e e tr p sh n at Fig 4 . This pparatus tak s wid p inth 1 81 joints in Woodwork

or o e o s and the e ma be al e e c rnic m uld , angl y t r d by fitting temporary packing pieces under the work so as to tilt the mo n t o the es e a e The e o of uldi g d ir d ngl . m th d using the a e is i a e th a o pl n ind c t d by e rr ws . Another method in everyday use by those workers who are constantly mitreing wide pieces of stock at ’ 45 degrees is the donkey s e ar shooting board illus

— Fi 0 - B e elle Fi 0 Fr n g. 4 3 . v d g. 4 4 . ami g Framing with M itred with wide Mitre d oul n oul n M di g . M di g.

. 0 1 T e a on S trated at Fig 4 . h plane is l id its ide on the s a e of the oa m ar e and e s i urf c b rd k d A , us d in a im lar t o h a s o a manner t t h wn t Fig . 399. A simple m ethod an d one that Should always be remem bere d because it is han dy when working without a shooting is t m a o s ow a . 02 Set the or b ard h n Fig 4 . rking cutting gauge t o the thickness of the wood t o be mitred at 45 e ees en a e s a e on the oo as S o d gr th g ug thi dist nc w d , h wn at ra o the e t o the e e as S o and s aw B d w fr m lin dg , h wn , a e o n The a on a s of and pl n t a fi ish . di g l a square give e ees and h s is the me o se t o out the 45 d gr , t i th d u d mark

. n f m o o . The e d o the oo f o se be ar e w rk w d ust , c ur , squ its e es e ore m ark n ou t in h s man er with dg b f i g t i n . 0 s o s e e e am n o c Fig . 4 3 h w a b v ll d fr i g int whi h has been 1 82

joints in Woodwork

m o s e the o are of the me e o is i p s ibl if m uldings sa s cti n , and it is desire d to make all the members correctly inter s a es are se t e s o of c e sect . If tr ight mitr u d h ecti n the urv d moulding will have t o be of a different s hape to the section of the s a mo i and ese a s of a i e tr ight uld ng , in th d y m ch n m a e o s s m o is o s o is d m ulding thi eth d seld m re orted t . It e e ea e and eas e t o a e e m e e the b tt r , ch p r , i r , m k curv d itr s wh n e e a e n c ssary m chin ry is at hand.

— i n - 0 6 . e tho of Se out for a ur e i re 4 M d tt g C v d M t .

So e ea s a o the e had e a e s m y r g writ r ighty p n ls , imilar 06 t o aro n a ar e oo an the aid to . d Fig 4 , fix u d l g r m , , with of a home - made former worked the mouldings and their respective curved mitres on a double spindle moulding

machine . % The Me tho d of Setting - out a C urve d Mit re is indi 0 6 an is a o o —D a cat ed at Fig . 4 d s f ll ws r w a section of the o i e as s o at the e a of the m uld ng full siz , h wn l ft h nd s a o and o e es o the am n as s o n illu tr ti n , pr j ct lin r und fr i g , h w

1 2 and . he e the nes 1 2 and e sec at the , , 3 4 W r li , , 3 4 int r t o ne D C ea s o s a a s a m re not c r r , it l rly h w th t tr ight it will cut o s of e o e e ll all t all the p int int rsecti n . A curv d lin wi cut he 1 84 Tke M itred joint

e se o s and a e a e m a e of a o a ee int r cti n , t mpl t d c rdb rd , sh t s o be a t o s s a e he or e ee e . t e zinc , v n r , h uld m d thi h p At l ft hand side the geometrical setting ou t is shown for obtaining the curve without having t o resort to drawing it before hand . a e a the w of the o as s ow o e T k h lf idth m ulding , h n by d tt d l e e e the a ox o of the e in A , and wh r it cuts ppr imati n curv d

— Fi 0 m l f i ein . e a e or M tr g 4 7. T p t g.

mitre place the point of the compasses and strike out a circle as shown with the same radius place the compass o on B— a is the s e o of the e and the p int th t in id p int mitr , cut e on the and e the a a s s o at ou circl right l ft with sm ll rc h wn . With the sa me radius put the compass point at the junction of the e e i e C1 the c e circl and mitr l n , and cut cir l at right e ee and l ft , viz , . Now e a e o aa a o e e o cc rul lin thr ugh , and n th r lin thr ugh , and where these lines out each other it will give the correct a s of the e m re The a a a e of o the r diu curv d it . dv nt g kn wing correct radius o f a curved mitre is o f gr eat benefit t o the e ma s as e a e t o set his a e skill d chini t , it n bl s him up m chin s o t o e a s Ma o e s an ces of as giv definite re ult . ny th r in t e e o be e the ene a es curv d mitr s c uld giv n , but g r l principl governing this class of work will be readily seen from the o e e m e ab v xa pl s . 1 85 joints in Woodwork

d o — 0 n M oul ed o r Fram e . s a e Mit re i g a D . Fig 4 7 illu tr t s the method of mitreing the m oulded portion of a door frame t o is e o e and m o se ma oo e where he j int t n n d rti d. A s ll w d n e m a e is a e out of e e or o e a woo t pl t T m d b ch th r h rd d , s e a i a having its end cut at 45 degr es . This templ te s pl ced on the o and e os o ac o rail , as sh wn , h ld in p iti n by pl ing b th and the e a e the e The a of the tem the rail t mpl t in vic . f ce e o s e for e se e a e the o e plat f rm a guid a wid chi l , and n bl s w rk r a e o n to gradually p r away the m ulding to the correct a gle . The chisel is used in the direction indicated by the arr ow mark.

1 86

joints in Woodwork

The o e e a c e as s o . 08 m a be a e c mpl t rti l h wn in Fig 4 y c ll d ,

- - o a Six o e am . is ma e u of we one in f rm , p int d pyr id It d p t nty

f e e e es e ac o oo . e and . di f r nt pi c , h cut fr m w d Qin wid jin m s c wo be e r . thi k ; in . od ay u d if p refe red For the o e e e s amo e or e e is t e o p urp s ith r yc r whit mapl h m st useful .

i Fi . Fi . Fi . F g. g g g

0 1 o . 1 2 . 9. 4 4

h ree ross eces . K e ece T e Th C Pi y Pi .

E - R THE TW NTY ONE PA TS. The piec e—s required are as follows 0 Six e es ins . on wi al o Fig . 4 9. pi c , 3} l g , th a h f sl t cut m in the centre as shown . Thi s slot ust be exactly the ’ w of the oo c ess and out e a al idth w d s thi kn , x ctly h f o s o a two e es are a e a ros way thr ugh , th t , if pi c pl c d c s by

eans of the a e o e r a e be . m h lv d j int , th ir su f c s will flush The lo al o be e a he e e s t must s x ctly in t c ntr .

— 4 - 1 0 Six e es s e 2 . o al Fig . 4 . pi c , iz } ins l ng , with a h f cut

e e m f 0 . c ntr slot s—i ilar to that o Fig . 4 9 1 1 Six e e hese e 1 . e Fig . 4 . r quir d , t b ing 5 in in l ngth , e o and with Slots i n th middle as bef re . F —One of ese as six e re Ke y Pi e ce ( ig . th l t r qui s

S e a re a m en as or the ke oc of the e . p ci l t t t , it f ms y bl k p uzzl e its o h as een one ha of the a o a Aft r sl t b cut , lf n rr w p rt m 1 . e e e e s be sa a a sho . 2 Th u t wn w y , as wn in Fig 4 inn r dg u e f must also be gently rounded . The special s o this vital 1 88 P nz e le joints

e e c we a the ke l be e ai e pi c , whi h will c ll y, wil fully xpl n d ese pr ntly . — . 1 . en adition t o ese ere are r ee Fig 4 3 Th , in th , th th

e a a t o m a e . e the o e a s e are c ntr l b rs k Lik th r p rt th y 5 in .

in . are ea ins on and are as s o by k , but ch 4; l g , cut h wn i i 1 . T e d e F . h en o n n o a are . o and g 4 3 pr j cti s 5 in l ng, the - a a e a al the e h e cut w y p art is x ctly h f d p t of th woo d . f e ee e e % Two o th and Y . 1 are a thr pi c s ( in Fig 4 3) simil r ,

I % .

— e n l B re Fi 1 . The ra a . g. 4 3 C t

e ea but the Slot b of the third one Z is only 1 in . wid inst d - he l be o e in . o not t f . o i in As wi l n tic d , this i sl t is in e e o es o the - al of the c ntr , but c rr p nds with right hand h f larger Slots of % and Y . s e - one e e a o be In making the e tw nty pi c s , wh t sh uld b orne in mind is that the different p arts fit closely into e the s o m be e ach other . Conse qu ntly l ts , in width , ust out so as to grip the thickness of the wood ; in depth they must be exactly half this thickness .

FITTING THE PUZZLE .

u the e the ee e a In fitting p p uzzl , thr c ntr l bars must s be o e as ose o m the s e e o am e o of fir t j in d , th f r k l t n fr w rk 1 o e o o is the article . Fig . 4 4 sh ws th m in p siti n , but as it 1 89 joints in Woodwork

a puzzle in itself as t o how they can be got thus some n i e xpla ation s necessary . — Fi rs t St a e . rs e the a s % and see 1 g Fi t tak b r Y ( Fig . 4 3) m a an e e as s i 1 . and rr g th hown n Fig . 4 5 It i s mos t i mp or a h a the o e c o s a of % a e ar s and a t nt t t pr j ti n f c upw d , th t the o e o s a of e o s a pr j cti n Y fac t ward the centre . Then t ke the Z o e bar and bring it flat int th slot of % . The little

1 —Th e hree e n ral 1 — 4 4 . T C t 4 5 How to Adj us t the r in os on a r s . Ba s P iti . B ( No te position of o e in r c e n s a . p j t g d , )

ov o of owe e s ema ab e the s o of % . e sl t Z, h v r , mu t r in l t Th n s e the bar a on t o the ce re so a the a e e e c lid Y l g nt , th t p rt l tt r d slip s into the little slot o f b ar Z . s ma eem o s to ea is eas t o o o Thi y s c nfu ing r d , but it y f ll w ’ when the p i eces are in one S hand . Th e res ult of this rather e i t e six ms of Fi 1 clever arrangem nt s th at h ar g. 4 4 are all

e a the s a e e and c ess . e x ctly m l ngth , width , thi kn Th y are also arranged so that in each arm may be claspe d one

0 and 1 1 . The e e e ea of s . 0 1 ee a pi c ch Fig 4 9, 4 , 4 thr c ntr l a m m a of o se be set u a ffere order and ere r s y, c ur , p in di nt , h we have merely Chosen the way that is the most simple t o e l r e describ and i lust at . 1 90

joi nts in Wooa wo rk

central bar (see Fig . This is e asily found out when at work on the p uzzle . In the case of the other three arms e e of co rse a a a se the o s o of the th r is , u , g p c u d by l ng l ts

- central b ars . Adjust the p arts on the first n am ed three ar s and e e a the o arm all m , th n d l with f urth , p utting in

ee os . For the li e one e e use the thr cr s p arts ttl h r , C l ” e k y,

Ins e rti n he K —B the ke so g t e y. y placing y that it overla s t e en ro ection e ee 1 e p h d p j of th arm (s Fig . 4 7) a spac e at the e e and mea is f o e for e is l ft c ntr , ns thus a f rd d g tting the ee in thr cross p arts on the remaining two arms .

Tu rni n t he Ke s a al e s the e . g y. Thi pr ctic ly nd puzzl While the key is in its overlapping p os ition the p arts ma b e se a a e turned rou nd on i ts narrow y p r t d , but if it is neck so a e a the s a e o o the o e , th t it is in x ctly m p siti n as th r fiv e m al os ar looks the o e so s l cr s p ts , it wh l thing tightly that n othing but sheer force could loosen the twenty- one i e p ec s . So far as the o e of o e e o er e rd r p utting t g th r is c nc n d , e e are a e a s a s a o a s ese e th r m ny qu lly ti f ct ry w y , th b ing determined by the e ase or difficulty that one exp e riences o - i om o e in h lding the half fin shed p uzzle . It all c es t th s a e the end and the ke m s be a e on one m in , y u t pl c d T e b ar e o e the as ee s can be omp e e . h b ”f r l t thr arm c l t d ke o eo e m s be on one of the a s e e a y, m r v r , u t b r wh r

a is e the ce e and not on one e e Fi . 0 g p l ft at ntr , wh r g 4 9

s a ai e rm . 1 6 lie flush g nst th central a as in Fig 4 .

D TH Z UN OING E PU ZLE.

To t ake the p uzzle t o pieces all th at is required is t o turn t he key h alf round and p ush the other two cross a s on e ross s b r that arm t owards the outer p oint . Th c b ar e ow m a e be e o e the o e s e a b l y th n r m v d , and wh l tructur f lls to e e pi c s . 1 92 P nz z le joints

D A CURIOUS OVETAIL JOINT.

8 e e w o o . 1 e t o f oo 2 . are Fig 4 r pr s nts bl cks w d , 5 ins squ ,

o e ed o e e . o e are the a e d v tail t g th r All f ur sid s s m , and at

I 93 joints in Woodwork

Ske ch of o e a l ece t D v t i Pi .

Fro n lev a ion. ack le va i on t E t B E t .

lan lookin u war s P , g p d .

The Fin h u le oint —is ed P zz J . Fi . 2 0 o e ail u le oint g 4 . D v t P zz J . 1 94

joints in Woodwork

S R EA TE N JOINT PUZZLE .

Below are illustrated two methods of making a Simple little p uzzle which was introduced into thi s country some

- ea a o . a e e e of ai a e e o y rs g T k a p i c str ght gr in d timb r, ab ut 2 8 ins . long (birch answers splendidly) and plane it up to e a i n . a e . ow m e o o x ctly l squ r N cut and ak it int six bl cks,

o . i as sh wn at Fig 422 . The sizes of the various slots n

- 2 1 . astern u le 4 E P zz .

the o s are e e e 1 in . in . in . . bl ck r sp ctiv ly , g , i , and } in a e the e e so t o o the om e e e Arr ng pi c s as f rm c pl t d p uzzl , as

. 2 1 shown at Fig 4 . 2 o s a o e e o of s o the o Fig. 4 3 sh w n th r m th d l tting bl cks

c e the s e e . o e o e e a whi h will giv am r sult N t , h w v r, th t

e e 6 i n o . 2 2 and . 2 is e s a e no o pi c b th Fig 4 Fig 4 3 l ft qu r , sl ts e e e o to the a the ke - e e b ing r quir d , wing f ct that this is y pi c of all and is fitted into position last . This is an interesting puzzle and easy to make at the first attemp t it took the writer exactly sixty- five minutes to place the pieces in their correct p osition. I 96 P nsale joints

Fi 2 Fi 2 . g. 42 . g. 4 3

l f in e u z le A terna tive Me thods o Mak g th P z .

A MORTISING PUZZLE .

The o ar o i e e e a e the two rdin y m rtis ng x rcis is , ft r first or ee a e s e e ll o e e es i thr tt mpt , g n ra y v t d as unint r t ng , but ,

o the e e o . 2 2 2 6 alth ugh simpl p uzzl sh wn in Figs 4 4, 4 5, and 4 is al e e e o s et o practic ly an x rcis in m rti ing, y , f rming as it '

oe e it becomes a e e of wo . d s a puzzl , a fascin ting pi c rk I 97 joints in Woodwork

The p e o o e of ee e e of oo ea uzzl is c mp s d thr pi c s w d, ch i . i ns o I ns . 4 , e and . h c . e ac e l ng i wid , i in t i k In h pi ce o e 1 § . . o be cut as o at 1 a m rtis ins by l in sh uld sh wn ,

— Fi . 2 . The h ree a g 4 4 T P rts.

Fi . 2 . one e e e 2 oo e g 4 4 In pi c mark d , a gr v is cut on one . . e In a o e , 3 , e e e o sid in wid and n th r pi c 3 a similar sl t , but in . e o i wid , is cut , and this is c ntinued on the other

Fi 2 - H he r g. 4 5 . ow to Cut t Pa ts.

e e e sid of the groove to a depth of g in . Th three piec s

- - - o b ou I i I in . in . e of sh uld e set t on a 3 n . by Q by g l ngth

oo o . 2 e e a a . w d , as sh wn at Fig 4 5, and wh n r ady s wn p art i I The p uzzle is put together as shown at F g. 426. n the a e o No . 1 e e s o first pl c , h ld pi c upright as h wn at A , e a N 2 e o e o th n t ke o . piec with sl t upp rm st and push it ou e i o 1 e e un the ea e e thr gh th Open ng in N . pi c til n r st sid 1 98

joints in Woodwork at the same time note th at the small x marks are opposite ea o e a e e e and o as o e ch th r T k pi c E , h lding it sh wn , slid it up the piece B (s ee arrow) until E engages with D and

- Six - ece o n u le 42 7. pi J i t P zz .

o e e is the 0 marks are Opp osite e ach ther . Pi c C ehi D and e e e ll e os o now fitted b nd , th n p i c F wi slid in p iti n T e ke - e e i s now ut m and p us h down wards . h y pi c A p t on and th e e o le ed . posi i , puzzl is c mp t

200 I N DE%

A IR TI o n s 1 1 6 w s 8 1 GHT j i t , Bit, t i t, l n m en i n b n e n li n la -d o e a l n 1 2 A ig t i g i g, 94 B d p v t i i g, 7 m er can wh ewoo 1 2 1 lock for w s 8 A i it d . B t i t bit, 5 n le r le o n a t 8 lock u e for e ell n in A g . b id j i t , 3 B , g id , b v i g n le u o n o e a l roo n 1 6 A g b tt j i t, 5 d v t i g vi g, 4 n le o e a l ke i n 1 2 1 0 lock saw n for mi trein 1 A g d v t i y g. 9, 3 B , i g, g, 79 n le o e a l n 1 1 1 2 lock n lue 1 1 60 A g d v t i i g, 3 , 3 B i g , g , 59, n le h al e o n 2 oar n ma ch A g v d j i t, 5 B di g, t , 39 n le i ron u t on n w h 1 6 B oar ls a en n raw n 1 6 A g , b t i g it , 4 , b tt i g d i g, 7, c o l u r le o n 2 1 6é M g , b iq e, b id j i t, 9, Oi oar s cla m n raw n 66 a B d , pi g d i g, Ari len of o e a ls 1 1 8 oar s owelle rea for g d v t i , B d , d d, dy n le r h for mit rein 1 lue n 8 2 A g , ig t, g, 77 g i g, rch ra e moul h n e clear n oar s floor n A it v d, i g i g, B d , i g, 39 oar s o n n wea her B d , j i i g t , 1 53 s ra al rass 1 1 2 1 1 oards o n e wi h s eel fas A t g , b , , 3 j i t d t t s ra al re a e 1 1 2 t en ers 1 A t g , b t d, , 73 Awl mark n 88 1 2 1 8 olecti on m oul 6 , i g, , 3 , 3 d , 3 Awl mark n us n for o e olts for scar o n 2 , i g, i g d v f j i t, 9 a ls 1 ookcas e sh el o n s 1 66 1 6 t i , 37 f j i t , , 7 or n f or o e a ls 1 2 2 i g d v t i , C K fla h n e 100 or n was e for r le oin BA p i g , 99, B i g t b id j t, 33 a a elle h n e ox h n e - ou n B g t i g , 99 , i g b d, 93 are ace t enon haunche ox la mi na e core 1 2 B f d , d, 55 , t d , 5 ‘ enon o n B ox lid b n e n t j i t, 53 , i g i g, 97 arre oor oi n s o es o e a l ke n for 1 6 8 B d d j t , 44, 45 B x , d v t i yi g , arrow wh eel hal e o n s on I 6 B , v d j i t , 9 Box es o e a l n small 1 2 , d v t i i g , 3 , a t en n 1 6 1 68 I B t i g, 7, 33 ea e ma ch oar n 0 o es o e a ls for 1 1 8 B d d t b di g, 4 B x , d v t i , ea m ti e and raf er o n 1 6 2 o es o e a ls for s mall 1 2 B ( ) t j i t, B x , d v t i , 9, eam ti e r le o n for 2 0 1 0 B , , b id j i t , 9, 3 3 eam ti e o n 6 6 o es owell n rou h 8 B , , j i t 3 , 4 B x , d i g g , 77, 7 earer ra l o e a le 1 1 o es kn e o e a l n 1 1 B i , d v t i d, 3 B x , if , d v t i i g, 3 B ed o n o e ai l la e 1 6 race 88 j i t, d v t p t , 4, B , 79, l 6 race o l u e r le o n for 2 8 5 B , b iq b id j i t , ee chwoo owels 8 rack e slo s crew n a 1 6 B d d , 7 t, t i g , 5, ’ e el o ner s 2 1 8 1 1 66 B v , j i , , 3 , 45 e elle o e a l half la rass as ra al 1 1 2 1 1 B v d d v t i pp B t g , , 3 o n 1 ri d le o n a t an le 8 j i t, 7 j i t g , 3 e elle o e a l n 1 1 1 2 ri dle o n for ram e o en slot B v d d v t i i g, 3 , 3 j i t f ( p e els for o e ai ls s e n m ort s e a nd enon 2 8 2 8 B v d v t , tti g i t ) , , 9, 3 out 1 1 r le o n for russ 2 , 9 B id ji t t , 9 Birdsmou th o n s 1 6 2 1 6 r le n rame w h 6 j i t , , 3 B id j oi t, f it , 3 lock for t w s 8 r le o n m re 2 8 Bit, b i t, 5, B id j i t, it , Bit ros e 80 8 1 r le o n o l ue 2 8 , , , B id j i t, b iq , Index

r le o n o l ue an le 2 0 hai r and a le le s o n in B id j i t, b iq g , 9, 3 C t b g , j i t g r le o n s e t n out a nd ro ke n 1 8 B id j i t, t i g b , 5 m a rk n 0 halk 2 i g, 3 C , r le o n s m le 2 1 hann el at s hou l er of e non B id j i t, i p , 7, 3 C d t , r le o n s o e 2 8 2 cu n 2 B id j i t, t pp d , , 9 tti g, 7 ID L I THE 2 - 8 h annel cu n for o e a l n BR E JO NT, , 7 3 C , tti g d v t i i g, r dle o n e le 2 B i j i t d g , 7 r le o n s or n was e for ha nnel ar n for o e a l B id j i t , b i g t , C , p i g d v t i r oo i n 1 3 3 g v g. 45 r le o n s ch s ell n hi na ca ne 10 8 B id j i t , i i g, 34, 37 C bi t, r le o n s cu n th e s houl h nes e u le o n 1 8 B id j i t , tti g C i p zz j i t, 7 ers h s el th e 2 1 2 2 d . 3 5 C i , , , 3, 35, 7 , 73, 74, r le o n s rame w h 2 8 80 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 B id j i t , f it , , , , , 5 , 1 45 r le o n s au n for 1 h s l us n for o e a l n I B id j i t , g gi g , 3 C i , i g d v t i i g, 35. r le o n s s aw n 1 e‘ B id j i t , i g , 33 3 ureau b n e n all ron of hi s ell n r le o nts B , i g i g f f t , C i g b id j i , 34, 37 10 rcu lar ron e work o e 3 Ci f t d , d v u h n e a le 1 0 1 1 B tt i g . 93 . 95 t i d , 3 , 3 u h n e r s n 100 rcular o n n mark n se B tt i g , i i g, 99, Ci j i ti g, i g g u h n es n 10 1 10 2 m en s for 1 1 0 B tt i g , fitti g, , t , 49, 5 u o n 1 ircular rim i n hal e se men s B tt j i t, C v d g t , u o n an le 1 0 1 1 B tt j i t, g , 5 5 , 5 u t o n for coun ers 1 6 rcular work o n s for 1 B t j i t t , 9, Ci , j i t , 49 1 0 rcula r work u n o e h er 7 Ci , p tti g t g t , u t o n n coun er o s wi h 1 0 B t j i ti g t t p t 5 . o e ai l ke s 1 6 and u l s 1 0 d v t y , 4 City G i d , 7 u oni n 1 6 lam n 66 B tt g, 4 C pi g, u on n w h an le ron 1 6 lose o n b n ein 1 10 B tt i g it g i , 4 C j i t i g g, u ons 0 1 a eras urne o e o n 1 6 1 B tt ( p t ) t d , C gg d j i t, for screw ure s I olu mns o n n woo 1 fixt , 55 C , j i ti g d , 59 o m n or looki n o n C bi g g j i t, 45 BIN T chi na 10 8 oo ere o n s 1 0 1 1 CA E , C p d j i t , 7 , 7 a ne o n s on u e 1 ore box lam na e 1 2 C bi t j i t , t g d , 4 C , i t d , 5 t o w h lu e o n orner o e a l 1 p it g d j i t, 9 C d v t i , 34 a r ole le owell n 8 orn e r o n h al e 1 2 C b i g, d i g, 7 C j i t, v d , a e s t ea house and m re o rner o n n lued C ddi , d it d, C j i ti g, g , 5 o n for 1 2 8 orne r o nts o n ue 6 j i t, , C j i , t g d 45, 4 an a s a n i n rames 1 1 1 2 orn ce or l n h s e cure w h C v p i t g f , 7 , 7 C i p i t d it Ca owell n 86 s eel as eners 1 p , d i g, t f t , 75 arcase e nd and earer ra l orn ce ole n al for 1 1 C b i , C i p , fi i , 53 . 54 o e a le 1 1 orn ce ole me h o of owel d v t i d, 3 C i p , t d d arcase e nd l a - o e a l n l n 8 C , p d v t i i g i g, 3 war ro e to t o 1 1 1 2 orn ce oles h n e o n for d b p , 3 , 3 C i p , i g d j i t , ar a le h n e 100 1 6 C d t b i g , 99, 5 a r e n r tie o n 1 orn ces l n la - o e a l n C p t y j i t, 9 C i , b i d p d v t i i g as or ns 1 8 for 1 2 C t pi , 5 , 7 ellare t e art on o n s 1 20 orru a e s eel as eners 1 2 C t p iti j i t , 9, C g t d t f t , 7 en re or o h n es 8 ou n er t o s u t o n n w h C t piv t i g , 9 , 99, C t p , b t j i ti g it e ail ke s 1 6 100 dov t y , 4

Do e a l la es for bed o n s o e a ls au in for 1 1 1 v t i p t j i t , D v t i , g g g , 9, 35 1 6 1 6 o e ai ls mark n w h sa w 4 , 5 D v t , i g it Do et a l u le 1 1 bla e 1 2 v i p zz , 94 , 95 d , 3 , o e a l saw 6 1 2 1 o e a ls m e h o o f mark n D v t i , 9 , 4 , 44 D v t i , t d i g o e ail on ue and roo e w h cu n au e 1 20 D v t t g g v it tti g g g , o n 1 o e a ls saw n 1 2 1 8 j i t, 4 D v t i , i g, 3 , 3 o et a l w th hal e o n 1 o e a ls se tin out e els for D v i , i v d j i t, 4 D v t i , t g b v , o e a le a nd hal e o nts 1 6 1 1 D v t i d v d j i , , 9 1 o e a ls s uar n 1 1 7 D v t i , qi g, 9 o e a le earer rail 1 1 o eta ls usm ma rk n awl for D v t i d b , 3 D v i , g i g , o e a le cur e work 1 0 20 D v t i d v d , 3 , 3 1 1 owel au e for le s 86 8 3 D g g g , , 7 o e ai le oots ool 1 0 owel metho o f mak n D v t d f t , 3 D , d i g, 77 o e a le hal e o n one owel la e s eel 8 D v t i d v d j i t ( D p t , t , 7 s e 1 owel roun er 80 8 1 id ) 4 D d , , o e a le hal n o n for owel s crew 1 1 D v t i d vi g j i t D , 54 , 59 le n th en n m er 1 1 6 owel w h roo e g i g ti b , 5, it g v , 79 ' D Dov et ailed s carf o n 8 0 owelle oar s rea for lue j i t, 9, 9 D d b d dy g o et a led stre cher ra l 1 2 i n 82 D v i t i , 7 , g, 1 30 Dowelled j oints various appli o e a le tee hal n o n 1 ca ons o f 8 D v t i d vi g j i t, 5, ti , 3 1 6 owell n a ca r ole le 8 D i g b i g, 7 o e a l n a n le or e elle owell n a m re ra me 8 D v t i i g, g b v d, D i g it d f , 4 owell n a sha e ra l 8 D i g p d i , 5 o e ai l n l n la 1 2 owell n a a le lea 8 D v t i g, b i d p , 7 D i g t b f, 4 o e a l n ch s el work 1 owell n a washs a n e D v t i i g, i , 35 , D i g t d p di 1 6 men 88 3 t, o e a l n cu n channel for owell n ca s 86 D v t i i g, tti g , D i g p , 1 2 1 2 owell n cra le 8 4, 5 D i g d , 7 , 79 o etai l n rawers and o es owell n for moul e rame 86 D v i g d b x , D i g d d f , I owellin for urne llar 86 39 g t d pi , o e a l n ewel rawer 1 1 owell n rame 8 8 D v t i i g j d , 3 , D i g, f 4, 5 1 2 Dowau m e o w r' THE —88 3 J , , 77 o e a l n 1 1 8 owell n mark n and au n D v t i i g, D i g, i g g gi g o e a l n l n 1 2 oar s for 8 1 8 2 D v t i i g, b i d, 7 b d , ,

Do e a l n rawer ron s , ow ell n acki n cases et c. v t i i g, d f t D i g p g , , 1 1 8 4 77. 7 o e a l n la war ro e t o owe lli n ro a le on n of D v t i i g, p , d b p, D g, p b b gi , 77 owell n a le le to ram n D i g t b g f i g, o e a l n o l ue 1 1 1 86 8 D v t i i g—, b iq , 3 , 33 , 7 o e a l n remo al of was e owell n h ck i m er 8 2 D v t i i g v t , D i g t i t b , owels eechwoo 8 D , b d, 7 o e a l n em la e 1 1 6 owels cra le for lan n 8 D v t i i g t p t , 35. 3 D , d i g, 7 , 7 9 o e a l n h ro u h 1 1 1 1 owels lu e n 2 D v t i i g, t g , 7, 4 D , g i g, Do et a ls an les of 1 1 8 owels oo a nd bad 80 v i , g , D , g d , Do e a ls or n for 1 2 2 owels ron v t i , b i g D , i , 77 o e a ils cu t n se eral at owels len t h of 8 2 D v t , t i g v D , g , once 1 2 1 2 6 owels ma k n 8 , 5 , D , i g, 7 o e ai ls rame 12 1 2 6 1 2 owels me h o of roovm D v t , f , 5, , 7 D , t d g g, 79 2 04 Index

owels s ac n 8 1 Fenc n o n for D , p i g, i g, j i t , 59 rau h re en er 1 1 F le rea nou h 6 6 6 g t p v t , 5 i , d d g t, , 7 D ‘ ra u h s cr eens b n e n 10 F n er 0int h n e 10 6 D g t , i g i g, 4 i g i g , raw ore nn n 6 6 F n al or corn ce le 1 1 D b pi i g , 3 , 4 i i i , 53, 54 rawer o om o n 1 6 1 68 F sh e o n 3 1 2 D b tt j i t, 7 , i d j i t ( 9 , 9 rawer cellare e ar on Flake wh e 2 D ( tt ) p titi it , o n s 1 2 0 Fla a ck h n e 100 j i t , 9, p, b , i g , 99, rawer ron la - o e a l n Floo r n o n s D f t, p d v t i i g, i g j i t , 39 1 1 Fl ra l re ol n for a le 4 y i ( v vi g) t b , rawer luein lou h -sli to 10 D , g g p g p , 4 8 Foo rou hs o e aili n 1 7 . d t g , d v t g, 3 1 rawer ewel o e a l n 1 1 Foo s ool o e a le 1 0 D , j , d v t i i g, 3 , t t , d v t i d , 3 1 2 Fox w e e enon 6 2 6 3 dg d t , , 3 rawer o n us roo 1 1 u l n u sem -c rcular D j i t, d t p f, 4 b i di g p i i rawer makin sea o e a l h ea of oor 1 1 1 2 D g ( d v t i d d , 5 , 5 Fram e c rcular o n n 1 , i , j i ti g, 49 runner roo e in Fra me o e ai ls 1 2 1 2 6 1 2 , g v , 43 d v t , 5, , 7 rawer s es m ark n for 1 2 2 Frame owell n 8 8 D id , i g , , d i g, 4 , 5 rawers and o es o e a l n Fram e owell n a m re 8 D b x , d v t i i g, , d i g it d, 4 1 Frame owelli n for moul e 39 , d g d d, rawers ress n a le ches of 8 86 D , d i g t b t , 5 , 1 0 Fram e ar en o n 1 6 1 4 , g d , j i t, 5 , 57 rawers e a m le o f a le wi h Frame h au nche eno n o n for D , x p t b t , d t j i t n 8 our 1 ar e 1 f , 44 g d , 5 rawers saw n o e a l ns of Fra me o n e w h s eel fas D , i g d v t i pi , j i t d it t I t en ers 1 43 , 73 raw n oar s a enin 1 6 Fram e ke e c u re 1 6 1 D i g b d , b tt g, 7, , y d pi t , 5 , 57 1 68 Frame lam na e a le 1 2 , i t d t b , 5 raw n oar s clam n 66 Fra me l n n u a lass D i g b d , pi g, , i i g p g , 7 rea nou h fi le 66 6 Frame O or hal e o n s D d g t , , 7 ( xf d) v d j i t , ress n las s on ue - o n 2 0 2 1 D i g g , t g d j i t , for 6 Fra me elle n a 1 6 1 , 4 , 47 , p ti g , 5 , 57 ress n a le ch es o f rawers Fra me w n ow moul e sas h D i g t b t d , ( i d ) d d 1 0 bar eno n o n for 6 6 4 t j i t , 3 , 4 ress n a le ar carcase of Fra n e w h r le o n 2 8 D i g t b , p t , it b id j i t, , 44 3é ro lea of a le fl ra l for 1 0 Fra me w h hal e o n 1 1 D p f t b . y i , 4 it v d j i t , ro a le k chen 1 Fra mes for oil a n n s 1 1 D p t b , it , 7 p i ti g , 7 , us - roo rawer o n 1 1 1 2 D t p f d j i t, 4 FraZni n e e lle w h mi re g, b v d it t d EASTERN o n u le 1 6 moul n 1 8 2 1 8 j i t p zz , 9 di g, , 3 End o f m er h al e o n at Fram n d o e a l o n s i n 1 2 ti b , v d j i t , i g, v t i j i t , 7 2 6 Frami n ns e o n for g, i id j i t , 55 Fra mi n o n cross 1 6 1 6 8 g j i t, , 7, F ron of wr n ureau Fram n o n m or se and ALL f t iti g b , i g j i t, ti hi n ein 10 enon g g, 3 t , 55 Fas eners corru a e s eel 1 2 Fram n s a le o n for 1 6 1 t , g t d t , 7 i g, dd j i t , Fea h er on u es 1 0 Fram n a le enon o n 6 t t g , 4 , 49, 5 i g, t b (t j i t) , 4, Fee crus h 1 8 6 t, , 5 5 N rame haunche enon al m re a 1 8 GARDE f , d t H f it , , 7 o n for 8 al e and o e a le o n s j i t , 5 H v d d v t i d j i t , ar e n rame o n 8 1 6 1 1 6 1 G d f j i t, 5 , 5 , 57 , 7 ate o n e non al e corner o n 1 2 G j i t, t , 57 H v d j i t, au e cu n 1 1 al e o n a n le 2 G g , tti g, 33 , 34 H v d j i t, g , 5 au e cu t n h ow t o use for al e o n at e nd o f m er 2 6 G g , t i g , H v d j i t ti b , d o e a l n 1 20 1 al e o n ch s ell n 2 v t i i g, , 34 H v d j i t, i i g, 3 au e owel for le s 86 8 al e o n for cross ram n G g , d , g , , 7 H v d j i t f i g, au e mark n the 2 1 2 1 G g , i g, , , 3 , 3 , 68 al e o n how t o mark out H v d j i t, G au e mor se 1 th e 2 2 g , ti , 7 , au e us n t he mark n 2 L I T E 1 1—2 6 G g , i g i g, 3 HA VED JO NT, H , au n and mark n for owels al e o n w h ou le o e G gi g i g d , H v d j i t it d b d v a l 1 t i , 4 au n for a r le o n 1 al e o n w h one s e G gi g b id j i t , 3 H v d j i t it id au n for o e a ls 1 1 1 o e a le 1 G gi g d v t i , 9, 35 d v t i d, 4 au n for hi n ein m or a l e o n s for O or rame G gi g g g, i p H v d j i t xf d f t ance of 2 0 2 1 , 93 , 95 , a u n for m res 1 8 1 1 82 al e o n s ma nual ra n n G gi g it , , H v d j i t ( t i i g a u n for enons e erc se 1 8 1 G gi g t , 54 x i ) , 9 rd e rs co e o n for 1 6 1 al e o n s on arrow wheel Gi , gg d j i t , H v d j i t b , lue lock n 1 1 60 1 6 1 G b i g, 59, , 7 lu e o n a l ca on of t h e 6 al e o n s s aw n 2 G d j i t, pp i ti , H v d j i t , i g, 4 lue o n s la ca ne al e o nts ools u se for G d ji t, di p y bi t H v d j i , t d t o Wi h mak n 2 1 p t , 9 i g , lue o n s u or n 2 al e mou l e o n 1 1 8 G d j i t, pp ti g, H v d d d j i t, 7, o rN r THE 1—1 0 al e t ee o n 1 2 GLUED J , , H v d j i t , lue o n s arran emen of al e t ee o n o e a le G d j i t , g t H v d j i t, d v t i d , t m e r f or 1 1 6 i b , 4 5 , lu e o n s cram n 2 al e u r h and cross ra l G d j i t , pi g, , 3 H v d ( p ig t) i lu e o n s es n t h e o n 1 G d j i t , t ti g , 3 j i t, 9 lue o n s h e r me h o of al n cross o n s 1 G d j i t , t i t d H vi g, , j i t , 5 work al n o e a l 1 , 4 H vi g, d v t i , 3 lue n owels 8 2 al n o n cross 1 8 G i g d , H vi g j i t , , lu e n for lu e o n s 1 al n o n cross w th house G i g g d j i t , H vi g j i t, , i d roo e hous n 1 66 s houl ers 1 G v , i g, d , 9 roo e i n raw e r ru nner al n o n o e ai le for G v d , 43 H vi g j i t, (d v t d) D D o rN r len t h en n m er 1 1 6 GROOVE AND TONGUE J g i g ti b , 5, see N D al n m re 1 ( TO GUE AND GROOVED H vi g, it d , 3 I al n o l u e 1 2 1 JO NT) . H vi g, b iq , , 3 roo e ow els al n o l u e o et a l 1 1 G v d d , 79 H vi g, b iq d v i , 4 , 5 roo es cu t n w th lane al n o l ue w h shoul er G v , ti g i p , 49 H vi g, b iq , it d , I IL 1 —1 8 1 2 1 GROOV NG, DOVETA , 45 4 3 u e lock for e ell n i n Halvm s o e o e a l 1 G id b b v i g g, t pp d, d v t i , 4, o e a l r oo n 1 6 1 d v t i g vi g, 4 5 a mmer th e 2 6 H , , F la sca r o n 8 90 a mm er hea t enon 6 HAL p f j i t, 9, H d , 5 al -la e e elle o e a l H and screw 1 8 H f pp d b v d d v t i , 4 an n close o n 1 10 H gi g, j i t, 2 06

o n o en slo mor se and E saw 80 J i t, p t ti KER , , t e non 2 8 2 8 e e c ure rame 1 6 1 , , 9, 3 K y d pi t f , 5 , 57 o n ra t er 6 6 1 6 2 e h ole s crew n 1 6 1 66 J i t, f , 3 , 4 , K y i g, 5 , o n ra er a nd tie ea m 1 6 2 e n o e a l 1 2 1 0 J i t, ft b , K yi g, d v t i , 9, 3 o n 1 0 11 t o esk 1 6 1 1 6 2 e n o e a l for es 1 68 J i t, p d , , K yi g, d v t i , box , , n s a le 1 6 1 I 6 Oi t, dd , 9 o n enon for a e e i n eneer 1 6 1 Ji t, t , g t , 57 K y g, v , 5 , 57 o n eno n moul e and e s o e a l u o n n J i t (t ) , d d K y (d v t i ) , b tt j i ti g m re 60 co un er o s w h 1 6 it d , t t p it , 4 n w n enon 60 n os oi n 6 6 Oi t, t i t , Ki g p t j t, 3 , 4 o n n roken urne work ch en ro ta le 1 i ti g b t d , Kit d p b , 7 1 1 8 n e o es d ov etailm 1 1 57 . 5 K if b x , g, 3 o n n u t coun er o s l ife th e mark n J i ti g (b t ) t t p ’ i g, 35, w h o e a l ke s 1 6 t i it d v t i y , 4 9 o n n wi h corru a e s eel nuckle o n h n e 10 J i ti g t g t d t K j i t i g , 7 as eners 1 2 f t , 7 o n n w h shoo n - oar and run s 1 J i ti g it ti g b d LADDER g , 53 la ne 8 a er s es 1 1 p , 7 , L dd id , 53, 54 o n s a eni n 1 6 1 6 8 ami na e core ox 1 2 J i t , b tt g, 7, L t d b , 5 o n s bird s m ou t h 1 6 2 1 6 a m na e a le ra me 1 2 J i t , , , 3 L i t d t b f , 5 o nts ookcas e sh el 1 66 1 6 am nat e work 8 J i , b f, , 7 L i d , 7, I S ID L 2 — 8 a mi na on 1 1 JO NT , BR E, 7 3 L ti , 5 W K for 1 La - o e a l ns rou h n in CURVED OR , , 49 p d v t i pi , g i g , 1 52 1 2 2 E I IN 1 La o e a l n 1 1 8 DOV TA L GROOV G, 45 p d v t i i g, 1 8 La - o e a l n l n 1 2 4 p d v t i i g, b i d , 7 DovErA rLED 1 1 —1 La o e a l n ch n was e , 7 44 p d v t i i g , ippi g t W D —88 O f 1 DO ELLE , 77 , 39, E 1 - 10 La o e a l n rawer ron s GLU D , p d v t i i g d f t 1 1 —2 6 1 1 HALVED , 4 I —1 10 La o e a l n war ro e to H NGED , 93 p d v t i i g d b p , ISC N S 1 - 1 6 M ELLA EOU , 53 7 M o r SE N N a h s w n i n for lue oin n A D TENO , 53 L t , i d g, g j ti g, 7n Z Z 1 8 —2 00 e a wh e n enon o n s PU LE, 7 L d , it , fixi g t j i t SC F 8 —2 w h 6 AR , 9 9 it , 7 S I 1 1 1—1 1 6 ea ro of a le fl rail for HUTT NG, L f (d p) t b , y , N E 10 TONGUED A D GROOV D , 4 —1 Le af t able w h owels 8 39 5 , , it d , 4 omts u oni n 1 6 Le a le and ram n owel , b tt g, 4 g (t b ) f i g, d n s coo ere 1 0 1 1 l n JOi t , p d , 7 , 7 i g, o n s o e a l ke e 1 6 Le a le r le o n e to J i t , d v t i y d, 4 g (t b ) , b id j i t d o nt s h al e manual t ra n n ra l 2 J i , v d ( i i g i , 7 e erc se 1 8 1 L e a le n n er or x i ) , , 9 g (t b ) fixi g i t i , 57 o n s not che 1 60 1 6 1 1 6 2 e s owel au e for 86 8 J i t , d, , , L g , d g g , , 7 o nts s cr n 1 6 e s o n n roken a le a nd J i , ibi g , 3 L g , j i ti g b t b o st s co e o n fo r 1 6 1 cha r 1 8 J i , gg d j i t , i , 5 o sts not ch e o n s for 1 60 e n th en n t m er o e a le J i , d j i t , , L g i g i b , d v t i d 1 6 1 1 6 2 hal n o n for 1 1 6 , vi g j i t , 5, 208 Index

Lid hi n ein box 9 re sk rti n 1 , g g , 7 Mit d i g, 77 h - h o n s 1 I tre enon o n a anes e Lig t tig t j i t , 5 Mi d t j i t, J p , Lo cki ng or combing j oint 45 1 7 1 o ers 1 Mit in a moul e oor rame L p , 59 g d d d f , 1 gg

Y 6 1 2 2 Mitrei n n n r h -an le for MAHOGAN , , g, fi di g ig t g , alle 2 6 2 1 2 1 I M t, , 7 , 73 , 77 anual ra n n o n s e erc se M itrein saw n lock for 1 M t i i g j i t ( x i ) , g, i g b 79 M it i n em la e for 1 8 g, t p t , 5, a le 9 I gg M p . 3 ark n and au n for owels M itrein wha eno es 1 M i g g gi g d , g, t it d t , 77 res cur e 1 8 1 8 Mit , v d , 3 , 4 a rk n awl 88 1 2 1 8 M it es cur e s e n out for M i g , , 3 , 3 , v d, tti g , ark n awl us n for o e I g M i g , i g d v 4 a ls 1 M res n n an les for s ra h t i , 37 it , fi di g g t ig t, ark n for h n es M i g i g , 95 ark n au e 2 1 6 8 res au n for 1 8 1 1 82 M i g g g , 3 , 3 , Mit , g gi g , , a rki n kn e th e 2 1 0 6 Mi r es s tra h 1 M g if , , , 3 , 35, 9 t ig t , 79 Mat chboadin 0 o ul i n e elle ramin w h g, 3 9, 4 M d g , b v d f g it a ch oar n ea e 0 m res 1 82 1 8 M t b di g, b d d , 4 it , , 3 a ch oar n ou le o e oul n s saw n for mi trein M t b di g, d b d v M di g , i g g, ai le and on u e 0 1 t d t g d , 4 79 a ch oar n ou le - on u e ort se and enon o n f or M t b di g. d b t g d, M i t j i t 0 ns e ra m n 4 i id f i g, 55 ’ M a ch oar n v e e d 0 ort se a nd e no n o n o e n t b di g , , 4 M i t j i t, p e c ne cu oar o n s 6 2 slo 2 8 2 8 M di i pb d j i t , t, , 9, 3 ee n s les 1 1 2 IS N N I M ti g ti , MORT E AND TE O JO NT, ISC S INTS 1 THE —6 M ELLANEOU JO , 53 , 53 7 1 8 or se a nd e non o n s l h 5 M ti t j i t , ig t re a h al 1 8 a ane se ase s a n s w h 2 Mit , f, 7 J p v t d it , 5 re r le o n 2 or se and t enon o n s se t Mit b id j i t, M ti j i t , I I THE 1 —1 86 n O ut and mak n 6 8 M TRE JO NT, , 77 ti g i g, ’ M re o n on ue and roo e ort se and enon wh eelwr h s it j i t, t g d g v d M i t , ig t 6 s el - wed n 6 2 4 f gi g, re t ra screw 1 o rt se au e 1 Mit p , , 75 M i g g , 7 re and house o e a l 1 2 8 M or se o n slo 6 Mit d d d v t i ti j i t, t, 5 re and moul e o n ort se remo i n was e of w h Mit d d d j i t M i , v g t it enone 60 ch sel (t d) , i , 74 red o e a l oi nt 1 2 8 ort s e w h s e remo e Mit d v t i j , M i it id v d , 75 re ace eno n o n 6 or s n u le 1 1 8 Mit d f t j i t , 3 M ti i g p zz , 97, 9 re rame owell n a 8 or s n s les 2 Mit d f , d i g , 4 M ti i g ti , 7 Mi red rame o n s we n M o r s n ool t f j i t , dgi g, ti i g t , 57 ort s n us n ch sel and mal M i i g, i g i re hal n 1 le t for Mit d vi g, 3 73 , 74 re o n w h s eel as eners oul ole c on 6 Mit d j i t it t f t , M d , b ti , 3 I M oul ou le s k rt n u l n 5 d , d b i i g, b i di g itZed m oul n on e elle u 6 M di g b v d p . 4 ra m n 1 82 1 8 oul h n eclear n archi ra e f i g, , 3 M d , i g i g t v , M red shoo in - oar 1 80 10 1 10 it t g b d, 9,

.W. j , oul e and m red o n Pi anc fall u l i n u case of M d d it j i t , , b i d g p , e none 60 g (t d) , 7. M oul e rame owell n for Pi c ure rame ke e 1 6 1 d d f , d i g , t f , y d , 5 , 57 8 86 c ure ra me elle n a 1 6 5 , Pi t f , p ti g , 5 , oul e o n hal e 1 1 8 I M d d j i t, v d, 7, S7 M ould d sash bar enon o n llar owell n ca t o 8 6 t j i t, Pi , d i g p , 6 g llars o n n s e oar 1 3 . 4 Pi , j i ti g id b d, 59 oul n lue on sh el 6 ne 1 2 M di g g d f, 3 , Pi , , M oul n s cr e 1 6 nn n 60 6 1 di g, ib d , 3 Pi i g, , nn n ra w ore 6 6 Pi i g, d b , 3 , 4 NAI dou le - oin e owell n ns cas or 1 8 L, b p t d d i g, Pi , t , 5 ns o e a l 1 20 77 Pi , d v t i , N on -re ers le screen h n e 98 i ns mark n o e a l 1 1 v ib i g , , P , i g d v t i , 33, 35 100 ns me ho of saw n o e Pi , t d i g d v No che o n s 1 6 0 1 6 1 1 6 2 a l 1 2 1 t d j i t , , , t i , Nu s ron for scar o n s 92 ns saw n o e a l 1 t , i , f j i t , Pi , i g d v t i , 43 ns s eel w re 86 Pi , t , i , O AK o h n e 8 100 . 39 Piv t i g , 9 , 99, O l ue an le r le o n 2 9 lane for , maki n ton ues and b iq g b id j i t , , P g g 0 roo es 1 2 3 g v , 4 , 4 O l ue r le o n 2 8 lane a ck th e b iq b id j i t , P , j , , 4 O l ue o e a l hal n 1 lane ma k n on ues wi th 9 b iq d v t i vi g, 4 P , i g t g , 4 ’ 1 1 1 O l ue o e a l n , 3 lane old woman s oo h 1 b iq d v t i i g 3 , 3 P , t t , 47 O l ue h al n 1 2 1 lane lou h 8 9 1 1 2 b iq vi g, , 3 P , p g , 4 7, 4 , 4 , O li ue hal n w h shoul er lane Sta nle 1 1 6 b q vi g, it d , P , y , 1 2 1 lane r n , 3 P , t yi g, 4 O en o n bi n e n 1 0 9 lane u se o f oo hi n for lue p j i t g i g , P , t t g, g d O en slo mor se 6 o n s 2 p t ti , 5 j i t , O en slo mor se and enon la n es f or shu t n o n s 1 I 6 p t ti t P t i g j i t , 8 8 e i 1 o n 2 2 9, lanes t on u n , 0 , j i t, , 3 P , g g 5 5 O u s e b n e n 10 2 10 3 la n n cra le for 2 t id i g i g, , P i g, d , 4 O or rame hal e o n s 20 lan n for lue o n n xf d f v d j i t , , P i g g j i ti g, 4 2 1 lan n f or m re work 1 8 1 P i g it d , lan n roo es 9 P i g g v , 4 N n ee -sha e er 1 EL o nti o p , lank s d e o f la , PA , ji g g d P i dd 54 la e owel s e el 8 5 . 7 P t , d , t , 7 ar n 2 2 la es o e a l for b ed oi nts P i g, 4 , 5 P t , d v t i , j , ar n for h n es 90 P i g i g , , 97 ar on o n s cellare e 1 9 2 0 l n h or corn ce secured wi h P titi j i t , tt , , P i t i t Pa era co ers for screw ures s eel as eners 1 t v fixt , t f t , 75 I lou h lane the 8 9 1 1 2 SS P g p , , 4 7 , 4 , 4 , a ern -mak n o n s I lou h sl lue n to rawer P tt i g j i t , 7 P g ip , g i g d , e men washs an owell ng 8 P di t, t d, d i 7 . a 8 8 lou hi n , P g g , 47 Pe s see owels) . lu s wall 1 6 g ( D P g , , 5 ellet n 1 6 1 o cket s crew n 1 60 P i g, 5 , 57 P i g, e nc l t he 2 1 ole corn ce me ho o f owel P i , , P , i , t d d ho o ra h c l h - ht hu 8 P t g p i ig t tig s. 3 I o n s 1 I ole n al for corni ce 1 , 54 j i t , 5 P , fi i , 53 2 10

Scribi n oints 1 6 Slo mor se o n 6 g j , 3 t ti j i t , 5 Secreta Ire alls cla m n 66 Slo en mort se and enon f , pi g, t (Op ) i t Se men s ci rcular ri m i n h al e o n 2 8 2 8 g t , v d, j i t, , 9, 3 1 0 1 1 Slo screw n 1 6 1 66 5 5 t i g 5 , Se men s mark n f or c rcular S an rel o n n a sh a ed 8 g t , i g i p d , j i ti g p , 7 , o n n 1 1 0 S an rel on ue oint for j i ti g. 49. 5 p d , t g d j Set s uare the sh a e q , , 4 p d , 43 Sha e ron e wo rk bi n e n S ro cke wh eel p f t d . g i g, p t , 57 S ruce 94 p . 77 Sha e ra l owell n a 8 S uare th e set p d i , d i g , 5 q , , 4 She os and ra l o n fo r 6 1 S u are th e tr 2 1 0 8 88 d , p t i j i t , q , y, , 3 , 3 , Sh e f n s ookcase 1 66 1 6 S uare us n the 2 2 2 l jOi t , b , , 7 q , i g , , 3 Sh elf sli - lue w h har woo S an s a anese as e w h p g d it d d , t d , J p v , it 6 mort s e and en on o n s 2 3 . i t j i t , 5 ' Sho tin oar onke s ear S anle lane 1 16 g b d, d y , t y p , 1 g1 S e el owel la e 8 t d p t , 7 Sh oo i n oar m re 1 80 S eel as ene rs corru a ed 1 2 t g b d , it , t f t , g t , 7 Shoul er l ue ha l n o n S eel wi re ns 86 d , Ob iq vi g j i t t pi , w h cks w s for lue - o n n it , ti , t i t, g j i ti g, 4 Shoul er of e non cu n chan S l e and cro ss ra l ra me 6 d t , tti g ti i , f d , 5 nel at 1 2 S le mee i n 1 1 2 , 7 , 7 ti , t g , Shoul er t on ue and roo e S le sla mm n 1 1 1 d , g d g v d, ti , i g, enon W h 6 S les a nd ra ls se n out 68 t it , 4 ti i , tti g , Shoul ere e non o n s 8 S les m or s n 2 d d t j i t , 5 ti , ti i g , 7 Shoul ers cross h al n o n S o - oun oo r d , vi g j i t t p b d d 93, 94 w h house or no ch e S o e r le o i n 2 8 2 it d t d , t pp d b id j t , , 9 Shoul ers cu n r le o n S o e o e a l hal in 1 1 d , tti g b id j i t, t pp d d v t i v g, 4 , 5 S o e h n e o n s 35 t pp d i g d j i t , 97 Sho ul ers o e a le hal e S o e hous n 1 66 1 6 d , d v t i d v d t pp d i g, , 7 o n w h S ra h -e e usi n for lue j i t it t ig t dg , g , g d Showcas e o n s 1 1 6 o n s j i t , j i t , 3 S I I S 1 1 1—1 1 6 trai ht m res 1 HUTT NG JO NT , g it , 79 Shutti n Oi nts lanes for 1 1 6 S ra h n e 8 g , p , t p i g , 9 , 99 Sid eboarJ co a e 1 S re cher ra l o eta le 12 tt g , 74 t t i , d v i d . 7, Si e o ar Dllars o n n 1 1 0 d b d pIi , j i ti g, 59 3 S e oar t o ar of w h Stri t o l ue r le o n for id b d p , p t , it , b iq b id j i t . t on ued i n 2 g g jO t, 43 Sk rt n oar scri e 1 6 S ru roo o n 6 6 i i g b d , b d , 3 t t ( f) j i t 3, 4 Sk rt n m re 1 t ub enon i i g, it d , 77 t . 53. 54 . 55 Skir in moul ou le uil S u s ookcase 1 66 1 68 t g d, d b , b d t d , b , ,

in u 6 S um enon see S u enon . g p , 4 t p t , ( t b T ) h ht oint camore 2 Sky g j , Sy , Sk l h enon haunche o n y ig t t ( d) j i t, 8 T B LE and Cha r le s o n n 5 A i g , j i ti g Slamm n s le 1 1 1 roken 1 8 i g ti , b , 5 Sla e d omt 1 a le car h n e 100 p j , T b ( d) i g , 99,

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a le ress n ches raw enon o n m red ace 6 T b (d i g) t Of d T j i t, it f , 3 ers 1 0 enon o n moul e sash ar , 4 T j i t, d d b , a le dressi n ar carcas e o f 6 6 T b ( g) , p t , 3 . 4 enon o n w n 60 6 44 T ji t, t i , 4 ’ a le ro k chen ' 1 enon o n wheelwr h s sel T b (d p ) , it , 7 T j i t, ig t f a le rame la m na e 1 2 w e n 6 2 T b f , i t d , 5 dgi g, a le rami n enon o n 6 eno n o n s e ernal and T b f g (t j i t) , 4, T j i t , xt 6 n ernal 6 6 8 5 i t , 7, a le oin 2 0 I S see IS N T b j t, TENON JO NT ( MORT E A D

a le lea w h owels 8 I S . T b f it d , 4 TENON JO —NT ) a le le and rame owell n enon o n s se ti n out and T b g f , d i g, T j i t t g 86 8 mak n 68 , 7 i g , a le le n n er or enon o n s shou l ere 8 T b g, fixi g i t i , 57 T j i t , d d , 5 a le o ccas onal w th our enon o n s w ed es for 6 T b ( i ) , i f T j i t , g , 5 rawers 1 enon saw th e 2 1 d , 44 T , , Ta le re ol n fl ra l fo r 10 enon s u b , v vi g y i , 4 T , t b. 53 . 54. 55 a le to u to a 1 6 enon u sk 6 1 T b p , b t n , 4 T , t , a le to wr n w h to n ue enon we e and o e a le T b p , iti g, it g d T , dg d d v t i d , and roo e o n s 6 2 g v d j i t , 44 am our ron o n 1 6 1 1 6 2 enon w h on ue and roo e T b f t j i t, , T it t g d g v d a e h n es for rau h screens sh oul er 6 6 T p i g d g t , d , 4 , 5 10 10 6 enoned a nd scr ed o n 5 , T ib j i t, 59, Tea - ca es house and m re 60 ddi , d it d o n for 1 2 8 enone ou le s car o nt 0 j i t , T d (d b ) f j i , 9 , ea k 1 1 T , 9 Tee hal n o n o e aile 1 enone scar o n 0 1 vi g j i t, d v t d , 5, T d f j i t , 9 , 9 1 6 Tenoning a wide and a narrow Tee o n hal e 1 2 ra l 6 j i t, v d , i , 7 T ee sl e 1 enon n nn n 60 6 1 id , 59 T i g (pi i g) , em la e o e a l n 1 1 6 enons nsert e 6 6 T p t , d v t i i g , 35 , 3 T , i d , em la e for owell n 8 e nons saw n 0 1 T p t d i g, 3 T , i g, 7 , 7 em la e for mi tr ein 1 8 1 86 enons h ckness of 1 T p t g, 5 , T , t i , 7 e non and w e e us k 6 1 enons w n w h h au nch 6 T dg , t , T , t i it . 4, are a ce ha u nch e 6 b f d , d , 55 5 enon cu n channel at shoul Ti e eam and ra er o n 1 6 2 T , tti g b ft j i t, d er 2 Ti e ea m r dl e o n for 2 0 Of, 7 b , b i j i t , 9, 3 e non raw ore - nne 6 6 Ti e e am o n s 2 0 6 6 T , d b pi d, 3 , 4 b j i t , 9, 3 , 3 , 4, enon aul 1 6 2 T , f ty, 59 enon fox w e e 6 2 6 Ti e o n car en r 1 T , dg d , , 3 j i t, p t y, 9 enon hammer h ea 6 m er arran ement for T , d, 5 Ti b , g Of enon hau nch ed 6 8 lue o nts T , , 54 , 55 , 5 , 5 g d j i , 4 enon haunch e for sk l h or m e r o e a le hal n o nt T , d , y ig t Ti b , d v t i d vi g j i ar en rame 8 for le n th en n I 1 6 g d f , 5 g i g , 5 , enon o n are ace m er hal e o n at end of T j i t, b f d, 53 , 55 Ti b , v d j i t , enon o n a anes e 2 6 T j i t, J p , 59 enon o n a anes e mi re m er h ear s e of i n lue T j i t, J p t d, Ti b , t id g d 1 1 o n s 8 IO 7 j i t , , Te n o n mi re and moul e m er u ar ered j i t, t d d d , Ti b , q t , 5 gg o es cru sh 1 8 T , , 5 TON E AN D IN T Vee - o n e ma ch oar in 0 GU D GROOVED JO , j i t d t b d g, 4 9 V e neer k e e ram e I 6 1 3 y d f , 5 , 57 on ue and roo e o n V enee r ke n 1 6 1 T g d g v d j i t, yi g, 5 , 57 a l ca ons of t he 2 V ce th e 2 80 1 2 1 2 pp i ti , 4 , i , , 3 , 35, , 4, 5 on u e a nd roo e o n T g d g v d j i t, la nes for 1 p , , 4 , 42 on u e and roo e m re lu s 1 6 T g d g v d it WALL p g , 5 o n 6 alnu sa n 1 2 1 j i t, 4 W t , ti , on u e and roo e shoul er ar ro e to la - o et a l n T g d g v d d , W d b p , p d v i i g, enon w h 6 6 1 1 I 2 t it 4 , 5 3 , 3 on u e ca netw ork o n s 1 ash ers for sca r o n s 2 T g d bi j i t , 4 W f j i t , 9 on u e coo ere o nt s 1 1 ash sta n earer ra l o e T g d p d j i , 7 W d b i , d v o n u e corner o nt s 6 a le 1 1 T g d j i , 45 , 4 t i d , 3 o n ue o n for ressi n la ss Wash sta nd e men owell n T g d j i t d g g , p di t, d i g 6 a 8s 4 . 4 7 , on u e Ol nt for sha e s an as e or n for r dl e o n s T g d j p d p W t , b i g, b i j i t , rel d , 43 33 on ue o n for s e oar to as e ar n 2 2 T g d j i t id b d p , W t , p i g, 4 , 5 ea h er oar s o n n 1 43 W t b d , j i i g, 53 To n u ein lanes 0 e n h n es for ra u h g g p , 5 W bbi g i g d g t on u es cross 1 2 0 s creens 10 10 6 T g , , 4 , 4 , 43 , 5 , 5 , o n u es ea h er 1 0 e e and o e a l enon 6 2 T g , f t , 4 , 49, 5 W dg d d v t i t , on ues loo se 1 2 e e enon o n wheel T g , , 4 , 4 W dg d t j i t, ’ on ues mak n w th lane wr h s 6 2 T g , i g i p , 49 ig t , ool mor s n ed e u s k enon 6 1 T , ti i g , 57 W g d t t , ’ oo h lane O ld woman s 1 e es ol n fo r coun er T t p ( ) , 47 W dg , f di g, t ra screw m re 1 u o n s 1 6 1 0 T p , it , 75 b tt j i t , 9, 7 rench h ou s n 1 66 e es for s car o n s 1 T , i g, W dg f j i t , 9 re s le o n worksh o 1 2 0 e es for enon o nts 6 T t j i t, p , 9, W dg t j i , 5 rou h s oo o e a l n 1 1 Wed n can a s ra m es 1 1 1 2 T g , f d , d v t i i g, 3 gi g v f , 7 , 7 russ r le o n for 2 0 h eel s ro cke T , b id j i t , 9, 3 W , p t, 57 T r s uare th e 2 1 0 8 88 heelb arrow o n s 1 6 1 y q , , , 3 , 3 , , j i t , , 7 ’ r n la ne th e h eelwr h s sel - we n mor T yi g p , , 4 W ig t f dgi g urne a eras for hi n screws se a nd eno n o n 6 2 T d p t di g , ti t j i t, I h te lea u n n enon o n s 555 W i d, iti g t j i t urne llar owell n for 86 w h 6 T d pi , d i g , it , 7 urne work o n n 1 1 8 h ewoo mer can 1 2 1 T d , j i ti g 57, 5 W it d , A i , T usk t eno n 6 1 n n la h s for lue o n in , Wi di g t g j i t g, 4 u sk enon an d w ed e 6 1 n ow ra me m oul e s a sh T t g , Wi d f , d d w n t enon o n 60 6 ar enon o n for 6 6 T i j i t , , 4 b t j i t , 3 , 4 w n t enons w h h au nch 6 6 n ow s ll o n 1 1 T i it , 4, 5 Wi d i j i t, 5 w s 8 1 re s eel ns 86 T i t bit, Wi , t , pi , w s lock for 8 oo work o n n ru s c 1 T i t bit, b , 5 W d , j i i g ti , 54 w s st cks for lue o n n ork o hin ei n T i t i g j i ti g, 4 W b x, g g, 97 o rksho res le o n 1 2 0 W p t t j i t, 9, U P I T hal e a nd cross ra l r n ureau b n e n all R GH v d i W iti g b , i g i g f o n 1 ron o f 10 j i t, 9 f t , 3 Writing ta ble t op with tongued VA NIS u n t n o n w h 6 and roo e o n s R H, i i g j i t it , 7 g v d j i t , 44