DOCSLIB.ORG

Antitumour Immunity Gets a Boost

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antitumour Immunity Gets a Boost RESEARCH NEWS & VIEWS mammals of the Mesozoic era (which spans the earliest known haramiyid fossil in fragmentation contributed to mammalian the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, Mammalia pulls mammalian origins back diversification during the Mesozoic. This is not from 252 million to 66 million years ago), it is in time to the Triassic period and before the the same as the diversification of the mamma- second in size only to the earlier, carnivorous break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea. This lian groups we see today; Mesozoic mammals Repenomamus giganticus from China2. But scenario favours a model of mammalian diver- unrelated to modern marsupials and placentals Vintana was a herbivore. Among its specializa- sification during the Jurassic and Cretaceous in swam like beavers, soared like flying squirrels tions are high-crowned molariform teeth with which the lineage leading to living marsupial and ate like foxes in the henhouse10. Living multiple islets of enamel, good for grinding and placental mammals was present for tens mammals are descended from only a small plant matter, and an expanded cheekbone to of millions of years before diversifying. The part of a strange and wonderful early radiation accommodate the attachment of large chewing alternative model, in which the first mammals of Mammalia, to which Vintana is a particu- muscles; the authors estimate that its bite force would have appeared in the Middle Jurassic, larly informative addition. ■ was twice that of a rodent of similar size. The about 175 million years ago, means that living animal also had relatively large eyes. This fact, lineages would have diversified more immedi­ Anne Weil is in the Department of Anatomy in combination with adaptations of the part of ately8. Last month, three new species of hara- and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University the inner ear concerned with balance, suggests miyid were described, from near-complete Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, Oklahoma that Vintana may have been agile and fast. specimens, with an analysis again favouring 74107, USA. Yet the skull also exhibits a few features the existence of Allotheria and its placement e-mail: [email protected] characteristic of earlier relatives that seem within Mammalia9. Now, using a third set of 1. Krause, D. W. et al. Nature 515, 512–517 (2014). to be the result of evolutionary reversals: the characters, a somewhat different sampling of 2. Hu, Y., Meng, J., Wang, Y. & Li, C. Nature 433, nose, palate and back of the skull contain bones taxa and all the new information vouchsafed 149–152 (2005). 3. Marsh, O. C. Am. J. Sci. 20, 235–239 (1880). generally thought to have been lost in the by Vintana, Krause and colleagues’ model also 4. Butler, P. M. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 45, 317–342 (2000). mammalian lineage before the common supports the Allotheria grouping, the place- 5. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R. L. & Luo, Z.-X. ancestor of living mammals. And its long, ment of Vintana within Allotheria, and an Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure (Columbia Univ. Press, 2004). down-turned snout would have given it a dis- ancient origin for Mammalia. 6. Zhou, C.-F., Wu, S., Martin, T. & Luo, Z.-X. Nature tinctive appearance. It may be that Vintana Analyses of fossil taxa with no living 500, 163–167 (2013). looks remarkable to us owing to its evolution descendants, of which Allotheria is an exam- 7. Zheng, X., Bi, S., Wang, X. & Meng, J. Nature 500, 199–202 (2013). during Madagascar’s long isolation, as Krause ple, produce varying results that are subject to 8. Cifelli, R. L. & Davis, B. M. Nature 500, 160–161 (2013). and colleagues propose, and indeed tooth the choice of animals included, the characteris- 9. Bi, S., Wang, Y., Guan, J. & Meng, J. Nature http:// wear suggests that it chewed differently from tics considered and the type of analysis used. If dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13718 (2014). 10. Luo, Z.-X. Nature 450, 1011–1019 (2007). other gond­wanatheres. But because we have the inclusion of Allotheria in Mammalia holds no comparable cranial material of other gond­ up, it may indeed prove to be that Pangaea’s This article was published online on 5 November 2014. wanatheres, it may also be that the entire group is similarly unusual. However outlandish Vintana may look, CANCER incorporating its skull into phylogenetic analyses at last provides an idea of where gond- wanatheres fit within Mammalia. It emerges that they share many characteristics with two Antitumour immunity groups of Mesozoic mammals now well known from the northern continents — multituber- culates and haramiyids — which together gets a boost comprise a group called Allotheria. Vintana is just the latest in an explosion of new discover- Five papers extend the list of cancers that respond to therapies that restore ies, and controversies, relating to this group. antitumour immunity by blocking the PD-1 pathway, and characterize those Originally conceived of to unite taxa within patients who respond best. See Letters p.558, p.563, p.568, p.572 & p.577 the mammalian lineage on the basis of teeth with rows of cusps3, Allotheria was eventually redefined to include the relatively common JEDD D. WOLCHOK & TIMOTHY A. CHAN termed ‘checkpoint blockade’ — referring multituberculate mammals and the then- to the use of antibodies that block immune- mysterious haramiyids, which were known he concept that the immune system inhibitory pathways switched on by cancer principally from isolated teeth4. has a role in controlling cancer is not cells. Five papers published in this issue5–9 Because the haramiyids were poorly a recent one. More than a century ago, reveal a growing list of cancers that respond known, the question of whether the grouping Tthe surgeon William Coley hypothesized to checkpoint blockade and describe charac- Allotheria reflects an evolutionary relation- that postoperative bacterial infections could teristics of those patients who respond to such ship has long been debated, so much so that mobilize a patient’s own resistance to tumour therapies. the foremost reference work on Mesozoic recurrence, and he developed a mixture of The immune checkpoints targeted by these mammals5 has one chapter entitled ‘Allotheri- heat-killed bacteria for intratumoral injec- therapies serve under normal conditions as ans’ and another denying that haramiyids were tion that occasionally produced durable molecular brakes, preventing hyperactivity of true mammals. Last year, two papers describ- regressions1. More recently, the elucidation of the T cells of the immune system and, in some ing the first haramiyid skulls and skeletons and molecular mechanisms underlying immune cases, preventing autoimmunity10. CTLA-4 including them in new phylogenetic analyses regulation has been instrumental in devising and PD-1 are two key cell-surface receptors arrived at competing hypotheses: one6 that strategies to overcome cancer cells’ ability to that, when bound by their ligands, trigger such haramiyids fell outside Mammalia, and the suppress the immune surveillance that would inhibitory pathways and dampen T-cell activ- other7 that they are closely related to Multi­ otherwise protect the host from tumour pro- ity. In the case of the PD-1 pathway, expression tuberculata and fell within Mammalia. gression2–4. One approach to activating these of ligands such as PD-L1 on tumour cells can This is not a trivial argument — including antitumour immune responses has been directly lead to the death of T cells expressing 496 | NATURE | VOL 515 | 27 NOVEMBER 2014 © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved NEWS & VIEWS RESEARCH evident that the new antigens generated by a b Anti-PD-1 antibody such mutations are targeted by antitumour T cells, identifying which of these neo-antigens PD-L1 are functionally important has been a chal- Macrophage lenge. Yadav et al. sequenced the exomes (the protein-coding regions of the genome) of two mouse tumour-cell lines and compared these T cell with the reference mouse exome to predict Anti-PD-L1 antibody candidate neo-antigens in the tumour cells. In T-cell receptor parallel, they identified which of the neo-anti- PD-1 Neoantigen gens could potentially elicit immune responses PD-L1 by isolating those that bind to major histocom- MHC patibility complex (MHC) proteins, which pre- sent antigens to T cells, and then analysing the bound peptides by mass spectrometry. Tumour cell Surprisingly, this process identified only a few candidate neo-antigens, but these were highly immunogenic in vivo (that is, they pro- Inhibited antitumour immunity Enhanced antitumour immunity voked a strong immune response) and were found to be encoded by genes that are unlikely Figure 1 | Checkpoint blockade activates antitumour immunity. a, Tumour cells express both to directly contribute to cancer development, cancer-driving mutations and ‘passenger’ mutations that cause the expression of neoantigens — ‘new’ confirming that changes in immunogenicity molecular structures that, when presented by MHC proteins on the cell surface, are recognized by T cells can result from passenger mutations (Fig. 1). of the immune system as being foreign, leading to an immune response against the tumour. However, The approach presented in this report is a key interactions between the receptor PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, which are expressed on tumour cells, T cells advance for the discovery of immunogenic and other immune cells such as macrophages, activate signalling pathways that inhibit T-cell activity and thus inhibit the antitumour immune response. b, Antibodies that block the PD-1 pathway by binding to antigens and is applicable to many experi- PD-1 or PD-L1 can reactivate T-cell activity and proliferation, leading to enhanced antitumour immunity. mental systems. However, it remains to be seen whether the low numbers of neo-antigens dis- covered reflects an inherently limited sensitiv- PD-1. Furthermore, engagement of CTLA-4 Ever since the earliest reports of the effects ity of the approach or whether the number of or PD-1, which are expressed both on T cells of PD-1 blockade14,15,17,18, PD-L1 expression by MHC-presented neo-antigens is indeed low.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dome-Headed, Small-Brained Island Mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania
    Dome-headed, small-brained island mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Romania Zoltán Csiki-Savaa,1, Mátyás Vremirb, Jin Mengc, Stephen L. Brusatted, and Mark A. Norellc aLaboratory of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania; bDepartment of Natural Sciences, Transylvanian Museum Society, 400009 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; cDivision of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and dSchool of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FE Edinburgh, United Kingdom Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved March 26, 2018 (received for review January 20, 2018) The island effect is a well-known evolutionary phenomenon, in describe the anatomy of kogaionids in detail, include them in a which island-dwelling species isolated in a resource-limited envi- comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, estimate their body sizes, ronment often modify their size, anatomy, and behaviors compared and present a reconstruction of their brain and sense organs. with mainland relatives. This has been well documented in modern This species exhibits several features that we interpret as re- and Cenozoic mammals, but it remains unclear whether older, more lated to its insular habitat, most notably a brain that is sub- primitive Mesozoic mammals responded in similar ways to island stantially reduced in size compared with close relatives and habitats. We describe a reasonably complete and well-preserved skeleton of a kogaionid, an enigmatic radiation of Cretaceous island- mainland contemporaries, demonstrating that some Mesozoic dwelling multituberculate mammals previously represented by frag- mammals were susceptible to the island effect like in more mentary fossils.
    [Show full text]
  • Craniodental Anatomy of a New Late Cretaceous Multituberculate Mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2014 Craniodental anatomy of a new late cretaceous multituberculate mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia. Amir Subhash Sheth University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Anatomy Commons, and the Medical Neurobiology Commons Recommended Citation Sheth, Amir Subhash, "Craniodental anatomy of a new late cretaceous multituberculate mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1317. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1317 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The nivU ersity of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CRANIODENTAL ANATOMY OF A NEW LATE CRETACEOUS MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMAL FROM UDAN SAYR, MONGOLIA By Amir Subhash Sheth B.A., Centre College, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Medicine of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky August 2014 CRANIODENTAL ANATOMY OF A NEW LATE CRETACEOUS MULTITUBERCULATE MAMMAL FROM UDAN SAYR, MONGOLIA By Amir Subhash Sheth B.A., Centre College, 2010 A Thesis Approved on July 18th, 2014 By the Following Thesis Committee: ________________________________ (Guillermo W.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia
    Mammals from the Mesozoic of Mongolia Introduction and Simpson (1926) dcscrihed these as placental (eutherian) insectivores. 'l'he deltathcroids originally Mongolia produces one of the world's most extraordi- included with the insectivores, more recently have narily preserved assemblages of hlesozoic ma~nmals. t)een assigned to the Metatheria (Kielan-Jaworowska Unlike fossils at most Mesozoic sites, Inany of these and Nesov, 1990). For ahout 40 years these were the remains are skulls, and in some cases these are asso- only Mesozoic ~nanimalsknown from Mongolia. ciated with postcranial skeletons. Ry contrast, 'I'he next discoveries in Mongolia were made by the Mesozoic mammals at well-known sites in North Polish-Mongolian Palaeontological Expeditions America and other continents have produced less (1963-1971) initially led by Naydin Dovchin, then by complete material, usually incomplete jaws with den- Rinchen Barsbold on the Mongolian side, and Zofia titions, or isolated teeth. In addition to the rich Kielan-Jaworowska on the Polish side, Kazi~nierz samples of skulls and skeletons representing Late Koualski led the expedition in 1964. Late Cretaceous Cretaceous mam~nals,certain localities in Mongolia ma~nmalswere collected in three Gohi Desert regions: are also known for less well preserved, but important, Bayan Zag (Djadokhta Formation), Nenlegt and remains of Early Cretaceous mammals. The mammals Khulsan in the Nemegt Valley (Baruungoyot from hoth Early and Late Cretaceous intervals have Formation), and llcrmiin 'ISav, south-\vest of the increased our understanding of diversification and Neniegt Valley, in the Red beds of Hermiin 'rsav, morphologic variation in archaic mammals. which have heen regarded as a stratigraphic ecluivalent Potentially this new information has hearing on the of the Baruungoyot Formation (Gradzinslti r't crl., phylogenetic relationships among major branches of 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Endocranial and Inner Ear
    Supplementary data – Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Endocranial and inner ear morphology of Vintana sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar SIMONE HOFFMANN,1 PATRICK M. O’CONNOR,2, 3 E. CHRISTOPHER KIRK,4, 5 JOHN R. WIBLE,6 and DAVID W. KRAUSE1 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8081, U.S.A., [email protected], [email protected]; 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, U.S.A., [email protected]; 3Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Irvine Hall, Athens, Ohio 45701, U.S.A.; 4Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A., [email protected]; 5Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, U.S.A.; 6Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, U.S.A., [email protected] TABLE S1. Endocranial volume and body masses in 517 extinct (†) and extant cynodonts. Encephalization quotient (EQ) calculated from endocranial volume (EV) including olfactory bulbs, and body mass (BM) using Eisenberg’s (1981) equation = EV/(0.055[BM]0.74). Endocranial volume is given in cm3 (= ml = 1000 mm3 = g). Body mass for Vintana is given as lower, mean, and upper estimates for the uncorrected and corrected endocranial volume. Wilson and Reader (2005) was used as the taxonomic authority. References: 1 = this study; 2 = Kirk et al. (this volume); 3 = Rodrigues et al. (2013); 4 = Macrini (2006); 5 = Rowe et al. (2011); 6 = Jerison (1973); 7 = Krause and Kielan-Jaworowska (1993); 8 = Haug (1987); 9 = Ashwell (2008); 10 = Eisenberg and Wilson (1981); 11 = Kielan-Jaworowska (1984); 12 = Eisenberg (1981); 13 = Stephan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Microvertebrates of the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Portugal)
    Alexandre Renaud Daniel Guillaume Licenciatura em Biologia celular Mestrado em Sistemática, Evolução, e Paleobiodiversidade Microvertebrates of the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Portugal) Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Paleontologia Orientador: Miguel Moreno-Azanza, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Co-orientador: Octávio Mateus, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Júri: Presidente: Prof. Doutor Paulo Alexandre Rodrigues Roque Legoinha (FCT-UNL) Arguente: Doutor Hughes-Alexandres Blain (IPHES) Vogal: Doutor Miguel Moreno-Azanza (FCT-UNL) Júri: Dezembro 2018 MICROVERTEBRATES OF THE LOURINHÃ FORMATION (LATE JURASSIC, PORTUGAL) © Alexandre Renaud Daniel Guillaume, FCT/UNL e UNL A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my late grandfather “Papi Joël”, who wanted to tie me to a tree when I first start my journey to paleontology six years ago, in Paris. And yet, he never failed to support me at any cost, even if he did not always understand what I was doing and why I was doing it. He is always in my mind. Merci papi ! This master thesis has been one-year long project during which one there were highs and lows.
    [Show full text]
  • Supernovas Desconcertantes Las Secuelas Del Agente
    ASTROFÍSICA SALUD PÚBLICA Supernovas Las secuelas desconcertantes del agente naranja 9 770210 136004 >,90 E U R O S Accede a la HEMEROTECA DIGITAL TODAS LAS REVISTAS DESDE 1985 COGNICIÓN ANIMAL tVOUfOÚH ¿Vinculan los animales El ave voladora más Cómo revitalizar sexo y reproducción? grande de la historia el suelo de África INVESTIGACION Y CIENCIA ACION AÓX.2C16 ¡m^ac^OcrrcL» Nacido ' El sistem a ¿sóláfc vivió en suTnílfj un gran episoáit de destrucción /ID/Kb GENERAL interplanetaria /FNCIÓN IMPACTO 6^0 EUROS Suscríbete y accede a todos los artículos PAPEL ARCHIVO DIGITAL Elige la modalidad mixta Encuentra toda Accede desde cualquier y recibirás también la información sobre ordenador o tableta las revistas impresas el desarrollo de la ciencia al PDF de más de 8000 correspondientes al y la tecnología durante artículos elaborados período de suscripción los últimos 30 años por expertos INVESTIGACIÓN www.investigadonycienda.es Y CIENCIA ARTÍCULOS SALUD 80 Las secuelas del agente naranja Vietnam insiste en que aún hay niños afectados por el EVOLUCIÓN tristemente célebre defoliante empleado hace décadas 18 El éxito evolutivo de los mamíferos por Estados Unidos. Las pruebas al respecto son contro­ Hallazgos fósiles recientes revelan que, mucho antes vertidas. Por Charles Schmidt de que un asteroide acabase con la hegemonía de los dinosaurios, los mamíferos ya estaban sentando las bases de su futuro dominio en el planeta. Por Stephen Brmatte y Zñe-Xi Lito INFORME ESPECIAL LA EDAD DE ORO DE LA INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL ASTROFÍSICA 46 Aprendizaje profundo 26 Supernovas extrañas Tras años de decepciones, la inteligencia artifi­ Cada año, miles de estrellas explotan en una desconcer­ cial está empezando a cumplir lo que prometía tante variedad de formas.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert
    Journal of Mammalian Evolution, Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2,C 2005)June 2005 ( DOI: 10.1007/s10914-005-4867-3 A number of typographical errors were introduced during copyediting. All that were found were corrected in this version. Mammalian Faunal Succession in the Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum Desert J. David Archibald1,3 and Alexander O. Averian2 ov Both metatherians and eutherians are known from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian, 125 mya; million years ago) of China, while eutherian-dominated mammalian faunas appeared in Asia at least by the earliest Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian, 95 mya). The approximately 99–93 my old (Cenomanian) Sheikhdzheili l.f. from western Uzbekistan is a small sample of only eutherians, including three zhelestids and a possible zalambdalestoid. The much better-known 90 my old (Turonian) Bissekty l.f. at Dzharakuduk iin central Uzbekistan includes 15 named and un- named species, based on ongoing analyses. Of these, 12 are eutherians represented by at least the three groups—asioryctitheres, zalambdalestids, and zhelestids—plus an eutherian of uncertain position—Paranyctoides. Zalambdalestids and zhelestids have been argued to be related to the origin of the placental gliriforms (Euarchontoglires) and ferungulates (Laurasiatheria), respec- tively. Although there are four previously recognized metatherians, we believe three are referable to the deltatheroid Sulestes karakshi and the fourth, Sailestes quadrans, may belong to Paranyc- toides. There is one multituberculate and one symmetrodont in the Bissekty l.f. While comparably aged (Turonian) localities in North America have somewhat similar non-therians, they have more metatherians and no eutherians. The next younger localities (early Campanian, ∼80 mya) in North America have both a zhelestid and Paranyctoides, suggesting dispersal of eutherians from Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • FIELDIANA Geology
    FIELDIANA Geology Publistied by Field Museum of Natural History New Series, No. 8 THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MARSUPIALIA LARRY G.MARSHALL •.981 UBRARY FIELD m^cim July 20, 1981 Publication 1320 THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MARSUPIALIA FIELDIANA Geology Published by Field Museum of Natural History New Series, No. 8 THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MARSUPIALIA LARRY G.MARSHALL Assistant Curator of Fossil Mammals DqMirtment of Geology Field Museum of Natural History Accepted for publication August 6, 1979 July 20, 1981 Publication 1320 Library of Congress Catalog No.: 81-65225 ISSN 0096-2651 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Part A 1 i^4troduc^on 1 Review of History and Development of Marsupial Systematics 1 Part B 19 Detailed Classification of Families and Genera of Marsupialia 19 I. New World and European Marsupialia 19 Fam. Didelphidae 19 Subfam. Dideiphinae 19 Subfam. Caluromyinae 21 *Subfam. Glasbiinae 21 *Subfam. Caroloameghiniinae 21 •Fam. Sparassocynidae 21 •Fam. Pediomyidae 21 Fam. Microbiotheriidae 21 •Fam. Stagodonddae 22 •Fam. Borhyaenidae 22 •Subfam. Hathlyacyninae 22 •Subfam. Borhyaeninae 23 •Subfam. Prothylacyninae 23 •Subfam. Proborhyaeninae 23 •Fam. Thylacosmilidae 23 •Fam. Argyrolagidae 24 Fam. Caenolesddae 24 Subfam. Caenolestinae 24 Tribe Caenolestini 24 •Tribe Pichipilini 24 •Subfam. Palaeothentinae 24 •Subfam. Abderitinae 25 •Tribe Parabderitini 25 •Tribe Abderitini 25 •Fam. Polydolopidae 25 •Fam. Groeberiidae 25 Marsupialia incertae sedis 25 Marsupialia(?) 25 II. Australasian Marsupialia 26 Fam. Dasyuridae 26 Subfam. Dasyurinae 26 Tribe Dasyurini 26 Tribe Sarcophilini 26 Fam. Myrmecobiidae 27 •Fam. Thylacinidae 27 Fam. Peramelidae 27 Fam. Thylacomyidae 27 Fam. Notoryctidae 27 Fam. Phalangeridae 27 Subfam. Phalangerinae 27 Subfam. Trichosurinae 28 •Fam.
    [Show full text]
  • David W. Krause
    1 Curriculum Vitae – David W. Krause Department of Earth Sciences Telephone: (303) 370-6379 Denver Museum of Nature & Science Fax: (303) 331-6492 2001 Colorado Blvd E-mail: [email protected] Denver, CO 80205 U.S.A. Web: http://WWW.dmns.org/science/museum- scientists/david-krause/ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Appointments: Lecturer, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, 1981. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony BrooK University, 1982–1988. Research Associate in Paleontology, Museum of the RocKies, Montana State University, 1985– present. Associate Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Geosciences, and Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony BrooK University, 1988–1993. Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Geosciences, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony BrooK University, 1993–2003. Research Associate in Geology, The Field Museum, Chicago, 1994–present. Research Associate, Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, NeW YorK, 2009–present. Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Department of Geosciences, and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences (2003–2016); Program in Public Health (2009–2016); Department of Oral Biology and Pathology (2012–2016), Stony Brook University. Emeritus Distingtuished Service Professor, Department of Anatomical
    [Show full text]
  • Bayesian Tip-Dated Phylogenetics: Topological Effects, Stratigraphic Fit
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/533885; this version posted January 29, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Bayesian Tip-dated Phylogenetics: Topological Effects, 2 Stratigraphic Fit and the Early Evolution of Mammals 3 Benedict King1,2,* and Robin Beck3 4 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. 2 College of Science and Engineering, 5 Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia. 3School of Environmental & Life 6 Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK 7 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] 8 9 ABSTRACT 10 The incorporation of stratigraphic data into phylogenetic analysis has a long history of debate, but is 11 not currently standard practice for palaeontologists. Bayesian tip-dating (or morphological clock) 12 phylogenetic methods have returned these arguments to the spotlight, but how tip-dating affects 13 the recovery of evolutionary relationships has yet to be fully explored. Here we show, through 14 analysis of several datasets with multiple phylogenetic methods, that topologies produced by tip- 15 dating are outliers when compared to topologies produced by parsimony and undated Bayesian 16 methods, which retrieve broadly similar trees. Unsurprisingly, trees recovered by tip-dating have 17 better fit to stratigraphy than trees recovered by other methods, due to trees with better 18 stratigraphic fit being assigned a higher prior probability. Differences in stratigraphic fit and tree 19 topology between tip-dating and other methods appear to be concentrated in parts of the tree with 20 weaker character signal and a stronger influence of the prior, as shown by successive deletion of the 21 most incomplete taxa from a sauropod dataset.
    [Show full text]
  • F:\DATA-2012\Journal
    Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India ISSN 0522-9630 Volume 57(2), December 2012: 95-104 LATE CRETACEOUS GONDWANATHERIAN MAMMALS OF INDIA: DISTRIBUTION, INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS OMKAR VERMA1*, GUNTUPALLI V. R. PRASAD2, ASHU KHOSLA3 and VARUN PARMAR4 1GEOLOGY DISCIPLINE GROUP, SCHOOL OF SCIENCES, INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI – 110 068, INDIA 2DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, DELHI – 110 007, INDIA 3CENTRE OF ADVANCED SUDY IN GEOLOGY, PANJAB UNIVERSITY, SECTOR – 14, CHANDIGARH – 160 004, INDIA 4DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU, JAMMU – 180 006, INDIA *E-mail: [email protected] Fax No. +91-011-29532167 ABSTRACT Gondwanatheria is a poorly-known extinct order of the class Mammalia. It represents an enigmatic and distinctive non-tribosphenic radiation of mammals in the Southern Hemisphere with fossils documented from the Late Cretaceous and early Middle Eocene of Argentina, Late Cretaceous of Madagascar and India, ?Cretaceous of Tanzania and ?Middle Eocene of Antarctica. The Indian gondwanatherian mammals are known by two taxa (Bharattherium bonapartei Prasad et al., 2007a and Dakshina jederi Wilson et al., 2007) from the Upper Cretaceous sediments intercalated with the Deccan volcanic flows (= intertrappean beds) of peninsular India. A close examination of the type specimens of both these Indian sudamericids shows that they are morphologically similar, and given that the publication of Bharattherium pre-dates Dakshina, the latter is regarded here as a junior synonym of the former. In addition, recent fieldwork in central India has resulted in the discovery of a new sudamericid tooth in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) intertrappean beds of Kisalpuri, District Dindori (Madhya Pradesh).
    [Show full text]
  • MADAGASCAR PROJECT PUBLICATIONS (1993–Present) (Arranged Alphabetically by Author Within Years)
    MADAGASCAR PROJECT PUBLICATIONS (1993–present) (Arranged alphabetically by author within years) EDITED VOLUMES 2007 1. Sampson, S. D., and D. W. Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8, 184 pp. 2010 2. Krause, D. W., and N. J. Kley (eds.). Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 10. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6, Supplement), 236 pp. 2014 3. Krause, D. W. (ed.). Vintana sertichi (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 14. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (6, Supplement), 222 pp. In press 4. Krause, D. W. and S. Hoffmann (eds.). Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Supplement. RESEARCH ARTICLES 1993 1994 1. Krause, D. W., J. H. Hartman, N. A. Wells, G. A. Buckley, C. A. Lockwood, C. E. Wall, R. E. Wunderlich, J. A. Rabarison, and L. L. Randriamiaramanana. 1994. Late Cretaceous mammals [from Madagascar]. Nature 368:298. 1995 2. Krause, D. W. 1995. Late Cretaceous vertebrates from Madagascar: implications for biotic change in deep time. Pages 5–6, 69–70 in B. D. Patterson, S. M. Goodman, and J. L. Sedlock (eds.), Environmental Change in Madagascar. The Field Museum, Chicago. 1996 3. Forster, C. A., L. M. Chiappe, D. W. Krause, and S. D. Sampson. 1996. The first Cretaceous bird from Madagascar. Nature 382:532–534. 4. Krause, D. W., and J. H. Hartman. 1996. Late Cretaceous fossils from Madagascar and their implications for biogeographic relationships with the Indian subcontinent.
    [Show full text]