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Construction of Hong-Dae Cultural District : Cultural Place, Cultural Policy and Cultural Politics

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Construction of Hong-Dae Cultural District : Cultural Place, Cultural Policy and Cultural Politics Universität Bielefeld Fakultät für Soziologie Construction of Hong-dae Cultural District : Cultural Place, Cultural Policy and Cultural Politics Dissertation Zur Erlangung eines Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Fakultät für Soziologie der Universität Bielefeld Mihye Cho 1. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Joanna Pfaff-Czarnecka 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jörg Bergmann Bielefeld Juli 2007 ii Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Questions 4 1.2 Theoretical and Analytical Concepts of Research 9 1.3 Research Strategies 13 1.3.1 Research Phase 13 1.3.2 Data Collection Methods 14 1.3.3 Data Analysis 19 1.4 Structure of Research 22 Chapter 2 ‘Hong-dae Culture’ and Ambiguous Meanings of ‘the Cultural’ 23 2.1 Hong-dae Scene as Hong-dae Culture 25 2.2 Top 5 Sites as Representation of Hong-dae Culture 36 2.2.1 Site 1: Dance Clubs 37 2.2.2 Site 2: Live Clubs 47 2.2.3 Site 3: Street Hawkers 52 2.2.4 Site 4: Streets of Style 57 2.2.5 Site 5: Cafés and Restaurants 61 2.2.6 Creation of Hong-dae Culture through Discourse and Performance 65 2.3 Dualistic Approach of Authorities towards Hong-dae Culture 67 2.4 Concluding Remarks 75 Chapter 3 ‘Cultural District’ as a Transitional Cultural Policy in Paradigm Shift 76 3.1 Dispute over Cultural District in Hong-dae area 77 3.2 A Paradigm Shift in Korean Cultural Policy: from Preserving Culture to 79 Creating ‘the Cultural’ 3.3 Cultural District as a Transitional Cultural Policy 88 3.3.1 Terms and Objectives of Cultural District 88 3.3.2 Problematic Issues of Cultural District 93 3.4 Concluding Remarks 96 Chapter 4 The Formation of Arena of Cultural Politics: the Emergence of Social 98 Groups under the Hong-dae Cultural District Project 4.1 Arena of Cultural Politics: Formation of Micro Political Field under 100 Cultural Policy Project 4.2 Conflict over Defining Dance Clubs as Cultural Places and Mobilisation 107 of Local Actors 4.3 Hong-dae Culture and Arts Cooperation (HCAC): Claiming to be the 111 Representative of ‘Hong-dae People’ 4.4 Club Culture Association (CCA): Claiming to institutionalise ‘Club 123 Culture’ 4.5 Hong-dae Environmental Development Institution (HEDI) as a Research 130 iii Agency and Supporter of Art 4.6 Cultural Action (CA) as a Producer of Discourses on Local Culture 133 4.7 Concluding Remarks 137 Chapter 5 Conflicts in the Arena of Cultural Politics: Competing Meanings & 140 Visions under the Hong-dae Cultural District 5.1 Incorporation of Hong-dae Cultural District into a World City Vision 142 5.1.1 World City and Cultural Policy 142 5.1.2 World-Class Cultural City and Hong-dae Cultural District 146 Project 5.2 Defining Hong-dae Culture under the Arena of Cultural Politics 157 5.3 Competing Visions of Future Hong-dae Cultural District Under the Arena 166 of Cultural Politics 5.4 Concluding Remarks 176 Chapter 6 Negotiation in the Arena of Cultural Politics I 178 : Feasibility Study as Negotiating ‘the Cultural’ 6.1 Negotiating the meaning of ‘Hong-dae Culture’ 180 6.2 Administrative Plan as Substantiating ‘the Cultural’ 190 6.3 Feasibility Study as the Negotiated Vision of Hong-dae Cultural District 200 among Local Actors 6.4 Concluding Remarks 202 Chapter 7 Negotiation in the Arena of Cultural Politics II 203 : Policy Postponement & Emergence of a New Local Cultural Elite Group 7.1 Postponement of the Policy Project as Negotiation 205 7.2 Establishment of Hong-dae Culture Academy (HCA) as the Re- 214 configuration of Local Cultural Elites 7.3 Concluding Remarks 223 Chapter 8 Conclusion: Construction of a Cultural Place 224 Appendix 230 A1 A Questionnaire for a Survey during Field Research & Its Result 230 A2 The Clause concerning Cultural District in Culture and Arts Promotion 235 Law Bibliography 237 iv List of Illustrations Photos Photo 1 Street Seokyo 365 in Hong-dae area 27 Photo 2 Shops in Street Seokyo 365 28 Photo 3 Graffiti in Residential Areas 29 Photo 4 Construction Sites 29 Photo 5 Emerging Tall Buildings 30 Photo 6 Places in Hong-dae area 31 Photo 7 A Self-Portrait of Hong-dae People 35 Photo 8 Dance Clubs 38 Photo 9 Clubbers in Hong-dae Area 42 Photo 10 Club Posters in Hong-dae Area 43 Photo 11 A Ticket for Club Day 45 Photo 12 A Street packed with Cars on Club Day and Dawn after Club 45 Day Photo 13 A signboard for GI’s in Dance club 46 Photo 14 Live Clubs 48 Photo 15 Bands in Live Clubs 50 Photo 16 Street Hawkers in Hong-dae Area 52 Photo 17 Street Hawkers in the Night 52 Photo 18 Street Hawkers around Playground 53 Photo 19 Products sold by Street Hawkers 54 Photo 20 Free Market Office 55 Photo 21 A Bar between Street and Playground 56 Photo 22 Artworks sold in Free Market 57 Photo 23 Hong-dae Street Fashion 58 Photo 24 A clothes Shop in Hong-dae Area 58 Photo 25 Clothes sold named as Hong-dae Style 59 Photo 26 A name-card Holder made from Plastic Pack 61 Photo 27 Multi-cultural Cafés 63 Photo 28 ‘Hong-dae Vicinity Culture & Tourist Map’ 67 Photo 29 Indexes in ‘Hong-dae Vicinity Culture & Tourist Map’ 69 Photo 30 Hong-dae Music Task Force 73 Photo 31 Theater Zero 77 Photo 32 Opening Ceremony of HCAC 114 Photo 33 Performing Funeral of Theater Zero by HCAC members 115 v Photo 34 Forum ‘Public Policies for Independent Culture’ 135 Tables Table 1 Comparison between Nightclubs and Dance clubs shown in 40 Seoul Development Institute report Table 2 National Development & ‘3Cs’ from ‘C-Korea 2010 Vision’ 84 Table 3 Types of Cultural Facilities in Culture and Arts Promotion Law 91 Table 4 Formation of Actors in Hong-dae Cultural District Project in 137 2004 Table 5 Outline of Hong-dae Cultural District in Feasibility Study 184 Table 6 Basic Principles of Administrative Plan for Hong-dae Cultural District 192 Table 7 Characteristics of Cultural Facilities in Hong-dae Area 195 Table 8 Recommended Facilities for Hong-dae Cultural District 196 Poster Poster 1 “We do not **** on the Hong-dae streets” provided by CCA 46 Maps Map 1 Hong-dae Area 25 Map 2 Major Dance Clubs registered for Club Day in 2004 44 Map 3 Division of Seoul into Cultural Dimensions 150 Map 4 Network of Industrial Clusters in Seoul 151 Map 5 Cultural Triangle 154 Map 6 Two Types of the Boundaries of Hong-dae Cultural District in Feasibility Study 190 Map 7 Spatial Planning of Hong-dae Cultural District in 191 Administrative Plan Map 8 Cultural Facilities appointed in Feasibility Study 195 vi Chapter 1 Introduction This research attempts to analyse how culture is negotiated and constructed in living space by looking at a transformative moment in Seoul under the auspices of a world city. The theory of world city has been developed in order to explain the concentration of materiality and infrastructure in cities as a consequence of economic globalisation (Beaverstock et al 1999; Knox 1995; Sassen 2000)1. In Asia, however, the notion of a world city has become a vision for political and economic projects to transform urban economies towards knowledge-oriented economies and to construct a strong sense of cultural identity that can be also utilised as a tool to attract foreign talent, tourists and investment (Cunningham 2004; Kim 2004; Marcotullio 2003; Short & Kim 1999; Yeoh 2005). Accordingly, world city projects in Asia oftentimes intersect with cultural policies which promote the tourism and culture industries and accentuate the image of cities as being cosmopolitan and unique. These are facilitated by promoting cultural infrastructures, events and festivals. As a result, cities in Asia have adopted ‘culture’ as a vital factor for gaining world city status and cultural policy has been assigned not only to accomplish the ‘old’ role of hardening national culture but also to undertake the ‘new’ task of fostering a creative urban environment. Research on urban cultures emphasises the influence of global economic change on cultural planning by highlighting that economic restructuring creates promotional cultural places in cities (Bell & Jayne 2004; Harvey 1989; Lash & Urry 1994; Urry 1995; Zukin 1989). Yet, such works overlook the interconnectedness between the micro empirical realities and broader social structures. On the other hand, cultural policy is regarded as a tool through which ruling groups portray their ideas and values in city space (Kong & Law 2002). This observation is insightful for analysing urban landscape as a text, in which dominant values are legitimised through visual images. Cultural meanings and values are, however, not only translated into urban landscape by ruling or governmental apparatuses but also by the interests of 1 World cities generally mean “centres of transnational corporate headquarters, of their business services, of international finance, of transnational institutions, and of telecommunications and information processing” and “basing points and control centres” for financial and cultural flows (Knox 1995: 6). The notion of a world city will be further examined in chapter 5. 1 corporate entities and citizens. Furthermore, the legitimisation of ideas and values into urban landscape takes place through complex processes such as struggling over producing knowledge and representing such knowledge in urban landscape. Therefore, I argue that issues of agency, power relations, meaning-making processes and the formation of contested urban landscape should be thoroughly discussed in the current rise of cultural policy. For that, I look at a cultural policy project as a nexus which connects micro-dynamics with broad social structures and as an arena of cultural politics, in which new social meanings and norms are negotiated.
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