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Filipina (Studi Kasus Pulau Miangas, Sulawesi Utara)

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Filipina (Studi Kasus Pulau Miangas, Sulawesi Utara) JURNAL TRANSBORDERS | Vol. 2 No. 2 (Juni 2019) | P-ISSN: 2598-7399 & E-ISSN: 2598-9200 108 Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Yang Ditinjau Melalui Implementasi Border Crossing Agreement Antara Indonesia- Filipina (Studi Kasus Pulau Miangas, Sulawesi Utara) Sitti Navisah Muhidin1 Abstract Attention to the brightest and outermost islands of Indonesia must be increased even more considering the cases of sipadan and ligits that Malaysia successfully claimed in 2002, similar things do not want to be done for other small islands such as islands in North Sulawesi Indonesia and directly adjacent to the Philippines. By using descriptive, qualitative study methods, the confidential information of cross-border agreements (borders of the Transboundary Agreement) between Indonesia and the Philippines, especially on the island of Miangas, is an example of a dispute that can be clarified through the legal certainty of international Albitration. Keywords: Miangas; Dispute; Border Agreement. Abstrak Perhatian terhadap pulau-pulau terkecil dan terluar Indonesia harus lebih di tingkatkan lagi mengingat kasus sipadan dan ligitan yang berhasil di klaim Malaysia pada tahun 2002 hal yang serupa tidak ingin terjadi untuk pulau kecil lainnya seperti pulau miangas yang terletak di Sulawesi Utara Indonesia dan berbatasan langsung dengan Filipina. Melalui metode deskriptiv kualitatif kajian ini bermaksud menggambarkan implementasi dari perjanjian lintas batas perbatasan (Border Crossing Agreement) antara Indonesia dan Filipina khususnya terhadap pulau miangas, sehingga kasusnya yang masih menjadi sengketa perbatasan dapat di perjelas melalui kepastian hukum Albitrasi Internasional. Kata Kunci: Miangas; Sengketa; Perjanjian Perbatasan. 1 Indonesia International Study Academic Utilization Community (IISAUC). Email: [email protected]. JURNAL TRANSBORDERS | Vol. 2 No. 2 (Juni 2019) | P-ISSN: 2598-7399 & E-ISSN: 2598-9200 109 A. Pendahuluan aspek waktu tempuh pun, hanya butuh 30 Indonesia merupakan sebuah menitan menggunakan speedboat dari negara kepulauan (archipelago state) Filipina menuju Miangas. sehingga pulau terbesar di dunia, yang mana Indonesia miangas juga di namakan Las Palmas memiliki wilayah laut yang berbatasan (Palmas Island) oleh negara Filipina dan dengan 10 negara yaitu India, Malaysia, pulau las palmas ada di dalam peta Filipina Singapura, Thailand, Vietnam, Filipina, (CSIS, 2006). Australia, Timor Leste, Palau, dan Papua Melihat sejarah Pulau kecil ini Nugini. Kawasan perbatasan laut tersebut sudah dikenal sejak pertengahan abad ke- mencakup 111 pulau kecil terluar yang 16. Dapat ditelusuri baik dalam catatan- tersebar di 22 provinsi (LIPI, 2017). Yang catatan pelayaran maupun peta serta mana batas wilayah di laut harus mengacu dokumen-dokumen kolonial. Pulau ini pada UNCLOS (United Nations tercantum dalam peta Asia Tenggara yang Convension on the Law of the Sea) 82/ digambar oleh Gerard Mercator pada tahun HUKLA (Hukum laut) 82 yang kemudian 1569. Tercantum dalam peta itu sebuah diratifikasi dengan UU No. 17 Tahun 1985. pulau kecil yang dinamai y(slas) de Cocos Indonesia memiliki sekitar 17.506 buah berada di ujung tenggara Mindanao dan pulau dan 2/3 wilayahnya berupa lautan. utara timur laut pulau-pulau Talao alijs Salah satunya adalah pulau Miangas, pulau Tarrao infule. Sebutan y(slas) de Cocos miangas merupakan kepulauan yang dengan letak dan koordinat yang sama mempunyai letak geografis di kecamatan juga ditemukan dalam peta Asia dari Nanusa,kabupaten Talaud, provinsi Abraham Ortelius, 1570. Selanjutnya, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. dengan Luas: peta yang dipublikasikan oleh Antonio de 3,15km2 atau 210 Ha dan berada pada Hera y Tordesillas (1601), Descripcion de koordinat : 05° 34' 02" U - 126° 34' 54" T/ las Indias del Poniente, tergambar sebuah 05° 33' 57" U - 126° 35' 29" T (Kemenbud, pulau di bagian tenggara pulau Mindanao 2017). dan bagian utara el Maluco (Halmahera), Miangas adalah pulau terluar bernama ysla de Palmas (Isla de las Indonesia yang terletak dekat perbatasan Palmas). Sebutan serupa yang dapat antara Indonesia dengan Filipina. Untuk ditemukan dalam dokumen Belanda adalah menjangkau Pulau Miangas, jarak yang di Palmas eiland yang digunakan secara tempuh dari kota Bitung adalah 493 KM bersamaan dengan sebutan Pulau Miangas. dan menempuh perjalanan laut (± 2,5 jam) Namun, jauh sebelum Indonesia dan melanjutkan perjalanan ke Pulau dan Filiphina merdeka, pulau Miangas Tahuna (± 1 Jam). Dari Pulau tahuna, memang sudah mengalami sengketa. Pulau perjalanan dilakukan dengan ini pernah di persengketalkan antara dua menggunakan kapal perintis yang singgah negara besar yakni Amerika Serikat (yang setiap 2 minggu. Perjalanan dengan kapal kala itu masih menjajah Filipina) dengan perintis ke Pulau Miangas membutuhkan Kerajaan Belanda (yang juga menjajah waktu sekitar 14 jam. Sedangkan jarak kepulauan Nusantara atau Hindia Belanda). antara pulau Miangas dengan pulau Tak kunjung mendapat kata Mindanau Filipina hanya 77 km. Dari mufakat, sengketa tentang status kepemilikan Pulau Miangas ini berakhir di Sitti Navisah Muhidin Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Yang Ditinjau Melalui Implementasi Border Crossing Agreement Antara Indonesia-Filipina (Studi Kasus Pulau Miangas, Sulawesi Utara) JURNAL TRANSBORDERS | Vol. 2 No. 2 (Juni 2019) | P-ISSN: 2598-7399 & E-ISSN: 2598-9200 110 Mahkamah Arbitrase Internasional. Pada Namun, dalam tanggal 4 april 1928, Hakim Dr. Max mengimplementasikan Perjanjian Lintas Hubert, arbitrator tunggal Mahkamah Batas Perbatasan belum secara maksimal Arbitrase Internasional, menyatakan karena memiliki batas Oleh karena itu, bahwa Miangas adalah bagian dari wilayah perdagangan ilegal sering terjadi di Hindia Belanda. Oleh karena itu, Pulau perbatasan Pulau Miangas. Karena mereka Miangas berarti menjadi milik kerajaan dilakukan secara ilegal, mereka melanggar Belanda. ketentuan dalam Perbatasan Perbatasan. Pasca kemerdekaan masing-masing Beberapa jenis produk yang kedua negara (Republik Indonesia dan diperdagangkan secara ilegal, antara lain: Filipina), keputusan Arbitrase Coca-Cola, thinner, cat, tikar, sampo aloe- Internasional tentang pulau Miangas tetap vera, sabun Lifebuoy, sabun Palmolive, dipegang teguh, baik oleh Indonesia sandal Lily, dan berbagai macam maupun Filipina. Pengakuan ini diperjelas kebutuhan lainnya. lebih lanjut di dalam perjanjian Lintas Pada tahun 2005, produk ciggarette Batas (Border Crossing Agreement) antara Philipina memasuki Miangas dalam Indonesia dan Filipina yang ditandatangani jumlah besar dan kemudian ke Sangihe- pada tahun 1956. Talaud dengan merek "Mas" dan "Durian". Di dalam perjanjian ini, kedua Tidak hanya kebutuhan rumah tangga, negara mengakui bahwa Pulau Miangas senjata juga sering menjadi komoditas merupakan pos lintas batas di pihak selundupan seperti perdagangan ilegal di Indonesia. Keputusan Arbitrasi Pulau Miangas pada September 2009. Internasional ini diperkuat oleh hasil (KEMHAN, 2018) penelitian dari 2 orang pakar hukum internasional, yaitu Willem Johan Bernard B. Pembahasan Versfelt dan Daniel-Eramus Khan. Pentingnya Pulau Miangas bagi (Kemenbud, 2017). negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia, pulau- Border Crossing Agreement antara pulau di perbatasan memiliki peran yang Indonesia dan Filipina dibuat pada tahun sangat vital. Berdasarkan Konvensi 1975 dengan nama "Perjanjian Lintas Hukum Laut Internasional (United Nations Wilayah Perbatasan", yang memiliki Convention on the Law of the Sea) 1982 tujuan meminimalkan sengketa di daerah pasal 47 ayat 1, negara kepulauan berhak perbatasan Miangas. Pada perjanjian itu, menarik garis pangkal kepulauan (archipelagic baseline) sebagai dasar rakyat Filipina boleh dan diizinkan masuk pengukuran wilayah perairannya dari titik- ke wilayah Indonesia, terutama ke delapan titik terluar pulau-pulau terluarnya. pulau di teritori Sulawesi Utara, yaitu, Dengan kata lain, pulau-pulau kecil ini Miangas, Marore, Kawio, Matutuang, turut menentukan batas-batas kedaulatan Lipang, Tinan- areng Kawaluso, dan NKRI. Jika Pulau Miangas lepas, Bukide sementara itu, orang Indonesia Indonesia akan kehilangan wilayah laut dapat memasuki beberapa pulau di Pulau yang luas berikut sumber daya yang terkandung di dalamnya. di wilayah Filipina yaitu pulau Saranggani Selain itu, Pulau Miangas juga dan pulau Balut. menjadi catatan penting dalam sejarah perjuangan bangsa Indonesia. Pada zaman Sitti Navisah Muhidin Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbatasan Yang Ditinjau Melalui Implementasi Border Crossing Agreement Antara Indonesia-Filipina (Studi Kasus Pulau Miangas, Sulawesi Utara) JURNAL TRANSBORDERS | Vol. 2 No. 2 (Juni 2019) | P-ISSN: 2598-7399 & E-ISSN: 2598-9200 111 dulu, pulau ini menjadi pertahanan orang- sejarah memaksa orang Miangas untuk orang Talaud terhadap serangan kerajaan berinteraksi dengan orang-orang Filipina Sulu yang berbasis di Filipina. Di pulau ini secara alami. Jalur komersil yang terbuka pulalah berdiri Monumen Patung Santiago, di antara wilayah-wilayah terpencil di pejuang dari Talaud yang gigih melawan perbatasan memberi peluang bagi penjajahan Belanda. pemberdayaan ekonomi bagi penduduk Dengan dua peran penting di atas, setempat, seperti toko-toko dan pusat sudah seharusnya pemerintah, dan bangsa perbelanjaan, meskipun dalam skala yang Indonesia secara umum, melaksanakan lebih kecil. kebijakan untuk mendukung Pulau Dalam perkembangannya pasar Miangas agar bisa menjalankan peran internasional perdagangan, kegiatan vitalnya tersebut dengan baik. perdagangan bebas orang perbatasan hanya berlangsung pada tahun 1975, Gambar 1.1 adalah
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