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R E C..H T S P R E C.H U N G A. R E C..H T S P R E C.H U N G 1. Entscheidungen internationaler Gerichte 1. StAndige Schi.edsgerichte Entscheidung des StAndigen Schiedshofs Arbitral award rendered in conformity with the special agreement concluded on January 23rd, 1925 between the United States of America and the Netherlands, relating to the arbitration of differences respecting sovereignty the Island of Palmas (or Miangas). April 4th, 1928 1) - durch Zeitablauf Gebietshoheit - Erwerbstitel Erwerb Staaten - Vertragsauslegung - Rechte dritter B,efugnisse des Schiedsrichters. i. Gebietshoheit ist das Recht, auf einem Territorium unter Ausschluß jeden anderen Staates staatliche Funktionen auszuüben. 2. Bei Streit über die Gebietshoheit ist der Nachweis eines Erwerbs- titels erforderlich. 3. Übt auf dem streitigen Gebiet der eine Staat tatsächlich staatliche Funktionen aus, so genügt dem gegenüber nicht der Nachweis eines Er- werbstitels, vielmehr muß das Fortbestehen der Gebietshoheit bewiesen werden durch den Nachweis, daß Staatsakte von dem Erwerber fortlaufend Vornahme Staats- vorgenommen wurden. Ausschluß Dritter von der von handlungen allein genügt zur Erhaltung der Gebietshoheit nicht. 4. Ständige, friedliche, d. h. nicht durch andere Staaten gestörte Aus- übung der Gebietshoheit, steht einem Erwerbstitel, der -erga omnes wirkt, gleich. ,5. Kein Staat kann mehr Recht durch einen Vertrag übertragen, als er selbst hat. 1) Nach der amtlichen Veröffentlichung des Bureau International de la Cour.Permanente d'Arbitrage. http://www.zaoerv.de © 1929, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 4 V61kerrecht 6. Kein v&lkeyyechtlichey Verlyag dayl so ausgelegt weyden, dafl daduyeh über Rechte dritter Staaten verlilgt wird. 7. Durch einen Vertrag zwischen zwei Staaten über ein bestimmtes Gebiet werden die aus Ausübung der Gebietshoheit durch einen dritten Staat diesem zustehenden Rechte, selbst wenn dieser aul Notifikation schweigt, nicht berührt. 8. Entdeckung allein, ohne spätere Vornahme von Staalshandlungen, stellt nach heutigem Völkerrecht keinen endgültigen Rechtstitel auf Ge- bielshoheit dar. g. Das Völkerrecht erkennt einen auf die Zusammengehörigkeit mit einem Staatsgebietgegriindeten Titel Ifir die Gebietshoheit (title of contiguity) nicht an. io. Der auf ständiger, friedlicher, nicht heimlicher und nicht für einen anderen Staat erfolgender Ausübung der Gebietshoheit beruhende Rechts- litel (prescription) geht dem Erwerbstitel vor. ii. Wird ein Schiedsrichter eingesetzt, um einen bestimmten Streit- fall aus der Welt zu scha.#en, so darf der Schiedsrichter kein mon liquet aussprechen, sondern muß eine Sachentscheidung fällen, auch wenn keinem der beiden Streitteile der Nachweis seines Rechtstitels'geglückt ist. Er'hat dann zugunsten dessen zu entscheiden, Jür dessen Recht nach den nach- gewiesenen Tatsachen die stärkere Vermutung spricht. "An agreement relating to the arbitration of differences respecting sovereignty over the Island of Palmas (or Miangas) was signed by rd the United States of America and the Netherlands on January 223 1925. The text of the agreement runs as follows: Hare Majesteit de Koningin der The United States. of America Nederlanden en De Vereenigde S.ta- and Her Majesty the Queen of the ten van Amerika; Netherlands; Verlangend om in overeen- Desiring to terminate in accord- stemming met de beginselen van ance with the principles of Inter- het volkenrecht en toepasselijke national Law and any applicable verdragsbepalingen het geschil te treaty provisions 'the differences be dat de Hooge Con- which have arisen and now sub- tracteerende Partijen verdeeld sist between them with respect to, houdt ten aanzien van de souver- the sovereignty over the Island of einiteit over het eiland Palmas (of Palmas (or Miangas) situated ap- Miangas) gelegen ongeveer 50 Mil- proximately fifty miles south-east len ten Zuidoosten van Kaap San from Cape San Augustin, Island Augustin op het eiland Mindanao of Mindanao, at about five degrees en ongeveer OP 5' 35' Noorder- and thirty-five minutes (5' 35") breedte en 1260 36" Oosterlengte north latitude, one hundred and van Greenwich; twenty-six degrees and thirty-six minutes (126' 36') longitude east from Greenwich; Overwegende, dat dit geschil Considering that these differen- behoort tot de'zoodanige, welke in ces belong to those which, pursuant. de termen vallen om aan arbitrage to Article I of the Arbitration Con- http://www.zaoerv.de © 1929, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht A. Rechtsprechung L Entscheidungen intemationaler Gerichte 5 te worden onderw'orpen ingevolge vention concluded by the two high artikel i van het op -_ Mei 19o8 contracting parties on May 2, 19o8, tusschen de beide Hooge Contrac- and renewed by agreements, dated teerende Partijen gesloten arbi- May 9, 1914, March 8, igig, and trage-verdrag, dat verlengd werd February 13, 1924, respectively, bij de verdragen onderscheidenlijk might well be submitted to arbi- van 9 Mei 1914, 8 Maart igig tration; en 13 Februari 1924; Hebben benoemd tot Hunne Have appointed as their respec- Gevolmachtigden teneinde het tive plenipotentiaries for the pur- hiernavolgend compromis te slui- pose of concluding the following ten; special agreement; Hare Majesteit de Koningin der The President of the United Nederlanden: Jonkheer Dr. A. C. States of America: Charles D. d e G r a e f f Harer Maj esteits Evans Hughes, Secretary of Buitengewoon Gezant en Gevol- State of the United States of Ame- machtigd Minister te Washington, rica, and en De President van de Vereenigde Her Majesty the Queen of the Staten van Amerika: Charles Netherlands: Jonk-heer Dr. A. C. Evans Hughes, Secretaris van D. de Graeff, Her Majesty's Staat der Vereenigde Staten van Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Amerika; Plenipotentiary at Washington; Die na elkander hunne weder- Who, after exhibiting to each zijdsche volmachten vertoond te other their respective full powers, due hebben, welke in goeden en be- which were found to be in hoorlijken vorm bevonden zijn, and proper form, have agreed upon omtrent de navolgende artikelen the following articles: overeengekomen zij n: Artikel 1. Article I. Hare Majesteit de Koningin der The United States of America the Nederlanden en de Vereenigde Sta- and Her Majesty the Queen of to refer ten van Amerika komen hierbij Netherlands hereby agree above mentio- overeen de beslissing van het hier- the decision of the the Permanent boven genoemde geschil op te dra- ned differences to Court of Arbitration at The gen aan het Permanente Hof van Hague. Arbitrage te "s Gravenhage. De The arbitral tribunal shall consist arbitrale Rechtbank zal bestaan of one arbitrator. uit 66n scheidsrechter. De scheidsrechter zal uitslui- The sole duty of the Arbitrator tend tot taak hebben uit te maken shall be to determine whether the of het eiland Palmas (of Miangas) Island of Palmas (or Miangas) in forms of terri- in zi)n geheel behoort tot het its entirety a part the United States grondgebied van den Staat der tory belonging to http://www.zaoerv.de © 1929, Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 6 V61kerrecht Nederlan den of tot dat van de of America or of Netherlands terri- Vereenig,de Staten van Amerika. tory. De beide Regeeringen zuHen The two Governments shall de- den scheidsrechter aanwijzen uit signate the Arbitrator from the de leden van het Permanente Hof members of the Permanent Court van Arbitrage. Indien zij ten aan- of Arbitration. If they shall be zien van die keuze niet -tot over- unable to agree on such desig- eenstemming mochten kunnen ko- nation, they shall unite in re- men, zu111en zij gezamenlijk tot den questing the President of the President van den Zwitserschen Swiss Confederation to designate Bond het verzoek richten den the Arbitrator. scheidsrE:chter a:an te wi]zen. Artikel II. Article II. Binnen zes maanden na de uit- Within six months after the wisseling van de bekrachtigings- exchange of ratifications of this oorkonden van dit compromis zal special agreement, each Govern- elk der beide Regeeringen aan de ment shall present to the other andere twee gedrukte exemplaren party two printed copies of a me- van eene memorie ovefleggen, waa- morandum containing a statement rin vervat zijn eene uiteenzetting of its -contentions and the docu- van hare aanspraken en de be- ments in support thereoL It shall scheiden, die tot ondersteuning be sufficient for this purpose if the daarvan moeten dienen. Voor dit copies aforesaid are delivered by doel zal het voldoende zijn, dat the Government of the United de exemplaren ter doorzending af- States at the Netherlands Legation gegeven worden door de Neder- at Washington and by the Nether- landsche Regeering aan de Ameri- lands Government at the Anieri- kaansche Legatie te 's Gravenhage can Legation at The Hague, for. en door de Regeering der Ver- transmission. As soon thereafter eenigde Staten aan de Nederland- as possible and within thirty days, sche Leg-atie. te Washington. Zoo each party shall transmit two spoedig mogelijk daarna en uiter- printed copies of its memorandum lijk binnen dertig dagen zal iedere to the International Bureau of the partij twee gedrukte exemplaren Permanent Court of Arbitration van hare memorie aan het Inter- for delivery to the Arbitrator. nationaal Bureau van het Perma- nente Hof van Arbitrage doen toe- komen, ter uitreiking aan den scheidsrechter. Birnen zes maanden na afloop, Within six months
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