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Den Himmel Stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht - Soziologische Reflexionen Zum Jung- Paläolithikum Hennings, Lars

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Den Himmel Stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht - Soziologische Reflexionen Zum Jung- Paläolithikum Hennings, Lars www.ssoar.info Den Himmel stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht - soziologische Reflexionen zum Jung- Paläolithikum Hennings, Lars Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hennings, L. (2014). Den Himmel stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht - soziologische Reflexionen zum Jung-Paläolithikum. Berlin. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-383212 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Basic Digital Peer Publishing-Lizenz This document is made available under a Basic Digital Peer zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den DiPP-Lizenzen Publishing Licence. For more Information see: finden Sie hier: http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ http://www.dipp.nrw.de/lizenzen/dppl/service/dppl/ Den Himmel stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht – soziologische Reflexionen zum Jung-Paläolithikum Lars Hennings Berlin 2014 Den Himmel stützen! Prozeß, Kognition, Macht, Geschlecht – soziologische Reflexionen zum Jung-Paläolithikum Lars Hennings Jede Form des Kopierens – Text und Abbildungen – ist untersagt. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Berlin 2014 ISBN 978-1-291-84271-5 29.04.14 frei > www.LarsHennings.de [email protected] 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Kasten A: Zeiträume .....................................................................4 Annäherung an eine Soziologie der Steinzeit ................................................5 Grundlagen .........................................................................................8 Evolution – Prozeß ...........................................................................23 Exkurs: Biologismus .................................................................. 28 A. Ältere WildbeuterInnen .......................................................................... 30 Kommunikation ............................................................................... 39 Ontogenese .......................................................................................46 Traditionales Denken ....................................................................... 51 Kasten B: Phasen kindlicher Entwicklung ................................. 56 Wie entsteht Gott? ............................................................................58 Höhlenmalerei als Kinderzeichnung? .............................................. 59 Höhlen-Heiligtum? ...........................................................................67 a1. Rezente Urvölker ...................................................................................71 Traditionale Völker als Quellen? ..................................................... 78 Emotionen ........................................................................................ 83 Neuerungsfeindschaft .......................................................................91 Kriegslust? ....................................................................................... 94 Exkurs: Gleichstellung bei den Yanomano? ...............................98 Der traditionale Mensch .................................................................100 Lebende Fossile? ............................................................................104 B. Jüngere WildbeuterInnen ...................................................................... 111 Kasten C: Fotos Göbekli Tepe (Modell) ...................................112 Insel im Urmeer – der Göbekli Tepe ..............................................113 Tragbare Kunst und Relief ............................................................. 119 Das Jung-Paläolithikum ................................................................. 124 Ursprungsmythen ........................................................................... 131 Männliche Fruchtbarkeit ................................................................ 140 Person .............................................................................................143 Frauen – Macht? .............................................................................150 Macht und Vorratshaltung .............................................................. 163 Sozialer Wandel, Institutionalisierung ........................................... 169 Religiosität ..................................................................................... 175 C. Sozial-differenzierte Gemeinschaft ...................................................... 184 Das Ende der Eiszeit ...................................................................... 187 Bautechnik ..................................................................................... 189 Kasten D: Stammgröße ............................................................ 191 Kultgemeinschaft ........................................................................... 192 Der Göbekli Tepe als Friedenssymbol? .........................................195 Gentilgemeinschaft? .......................................................................205 Schluß: Über den Prozeß der Kognition ....................................................210 Kurzfassung ...............................................................................................213 Literatur ..................................................................................................... 215 4 Kasten D: Stammgröße Kasten A: Zeiträume Jahre vor heute (= bp/ before present=1950; alle Angaben sehr grob) 14,5 Mrd. Urknall 4,5 Mrd. Erde 6,5 Mio Trennung Affen und Menschen aus Primaten 3,5 Mio. Australopithecus (Südaffe; „Lucy“) 1,5 Mio. Homo erectus/ neanderthalensis in Europa. (Out of Afrika I) 200.000 Homo sapiens (Urmutter „Eva“ in Afrika) 110.000 Homo sapiens in der Süd-Levante 70.000 Wanderung Out of Afrika II, III 60.000 Richtung Australien 50.000 Richtung Nahost, Europa 40.000 - 10.000 Jung-Paläolithikum stark überlappemde Kulturen vor allem Westeuropas bis 40.000 Moustérien kalt (NeandertalerInnen) 45.000 Chátelperronnien mittel (Homo sapiens) 40.000 Aurignacien wärmer 32.000 Gravettien wieder kälter 22.000 Solutréen sehr kalt 17.000 Magdalénien wieder wärmer 12.000 Ende letzte Eiszeit, Übergang Pleistozän zu Holozän Zeiträume vor allem Naher Osten 14.000 (Proto-Neolithikum) Hund 13.000 Natufien (Levante/ östl. Mittelmeer) 11.500 PPNA (PrePotteryNeolithic A) 10.500 PPNB Kupfer 10.000 Neolithikum dom. Getreide 9.000 dom. Tiere 40.000 Bilderhöhle El Castillo, (Spanien) 32.000 Bild-Höhle Chauvet (Frankreich); Siedl. Kostenki (Ukraine) 28.000 Dolni Věstonice (Tschechei) 15.500 Gönnersdorf (Rhein) 14.500 Mezhirich (Ukraine) 13.500 Abu Hureyra (Nord-Mesopotamien = N-M) Hallan Çemi, Qermez Dere (Nord-Irak) 11.500 bis 9.500 Göbekli Tepe (N-M) Çayönü PPNA runde, PPNB eckige Häuser (N-M) 11.000 Jericho (Levante) 10.600 bis 10.000 Nevalı Çori (N-M) Keramik 9.500 Aşıklı Hüyük (Anatolien) 9.000 Çatal Hüyük (Anatolien) 8.000 Proto-Urbane Zentren Süd-Mespotamien 7.000 Proto-Urbane Zentren N-M (Obeid-Zeit) 6.000 Städte Sumer 5.500 Schrift Sumer, Ägypten 4.200 Bronze 3.000 Altes Testament Eisen 2.800 Homer: Ilias, Odysseus (Troja 3.200) 2.350 Aristoteles [email protected] 5 Annäherung an eine Soziologie der Steinzeit Was waren das für Menschen, die vor gut 40.000 Jahren von Afrika kommend die Pyrenäen erreichten und schon bald die ältesten heute bekannten Höhlenbilder ausfertigten? Von der Art/ Spezies des Homo sapiens waren sie, hatten vielleicht hin und wieder Kontakte mit NeandertalerInnen, und ihnen werden Kleidung, Steinwerkzeug, Speere, ebenso Zelte oder einfache Hütten aus Buschwerk zugetraut. Sie waren wohl entlang von Küsten und Flüssen immer weiter nach Norden gelangt, bis sie am Schwarzen Meer und dann die Donau hinauf in Richtung Westen siedelten. Nicht Neugier trieb sie, sondern das Anwachsen ihrer verwandtschaftlich verbundenen kleinen Gruppen machte die Ausbreitung nötig; pro Jahr durchschnittlich zwei bis drei Kilometer, so überwanden sie fast 5.000 Kilometer. Als WildbeuterInnen mußten sie darauf bedacht sein, im Zusammenhang mit ihnen nahestehenden Gruppen bestimmte große Regionen fürs Sammeln und Jagen für sich zu beanspruchen. Auch Vertreibungen wird es immer wieder gegeben haben, und Vernichtung. Etwa zur gleichen Zeit wie die Pyrenäen erreichten moderne Menschen auch Höhlen in der Schwäbischen Alb, die bereits die Winter über bewohnt waren, und in denen sich kleine Schnitzereien fanden. Körperlich waren jene Leute uns schon sehr ähnlich; auch ihr Gehirn entsprach in biologischer Hinsicht dem unseren. Doch wie sie glaubten, dachten und sprachen, wie weit sie in ihrer Kompetenz entwickelt waren, darüber wissen wir wenig. Sie unterschieden sich offenbar kognitiv deutlich von früheren Menschenarten, Homo erectus wie Homo neanderthalensis, als sie Eurasien zu besiedeln begannen. Ihre Kommunikation war vermutlich noch wesentlich von Zeigen und Gesten bestimmt, bevor die Sprache voll ausgebildet wurde. Sehr wahrscheinlich machten sie während der 30.000 Jahre des Jung-Paläolithikums, das mit dem Ende der Eiszeit und mit dem Beginn des Landbaus ins Neolithikum überging, eine erneute deutliche kognitive Entwicklung durch. Das zeigen vor allem die wachsenden Siedlungen, die neue soziale Anforderungen stellten. Und wir werden sehen, wie sehr das Geschlechterverhältnis das erste Movens der Geschichte ist. Um den Prozeß der Kognition wird es in dieser Studie vor allem gehen, darum, wie sich Denken, Glauben und die Logik des Weltbildes seit der Entstehung des modernen Menschens (Homo sapiens) verändert haben. Wie kann analysiert werden, in
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