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Home , Honey, Marchalina hellenica, Pine honey

DETAILED REPORT OF SELECTED NON-WOOD

31 August 2020, Edited Draft

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CONTENTS FOREWORD ...... 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 6 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 9 1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 10 1.1. Beekeping and Honey Production in ...... 10 1.2. ...... 11 1.3. The giant pine scale-Marchaline hellenica ...... 11 1.4. Muğla Province for Pine Honey Production ...... 16 1.5. Official Statistics in Turkey ...... 17 2. CHAPTER II ECONOMİCAL VALUE AND USAGES ...... 19 2.1. Economical Value ...... 19 2.2. in Culture ...... 20 2.3. Areas of Usage ...... 21 2.4. Contribution to Rural Development focusing on Youth and Women ...... 22 3. CHAPTER III: SPECIFIC SECTORAL POLICIES ...... 24 3.1. Communique on NWFPs ...... 24 3.2. Honey Production Forest Action Plans ...... 25 3.3. Standards ...... 25 3.4. Production Procedures ...... 26 4. CHAPTER IV: ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE ...... 26 5. CHAPTER V: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 27 6. CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS ...... 29 REFERENCES ...... 30

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TABLES

Table 1. Number of agriculture holdings in apiculture, Honey and production (TurkStat2020a) . 18

FIGURES

Figure 1 Top ten honey producers between 2015-2018 in the world (FAOSTAT) ...... 10 Figure 2. Turkey honey production in last five year ...... 18 Figure 3. Top 5 cities in Turkey in honey production ...... 18 Figure 4. Top 10 Countries Exported 2019 (kg) ...... 19 Figure 5. Stakeholders of pine honey ...... 27

PICTURES

Picture 1. Effect of on red pine () branch and trunk ...... 12 Picture 2.Forests where Marchaline hellenica are found in Muğla province ...... 17 Picture 3. women ...... 23

TEXT BOXES

Text Box 1. Personal Communictaion with Prof. Mustafa Avcı on Marchalina hellenica ...... 13 Text Box 2. Personal Communictaion with Özgür Balcı on Marchalina hellenica ...... 13 Text Box 3. EPPO Desicion on Marchalina hellenica ...... 14 Text Box 4. Beekeeping in Ordu ...... 19

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FOREWORD A Letter of Agreement (LoA) was signed between and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Chamber of Forest Engineers of Turkey (CFE) for "Provision of Technical Guidelines on sustainable management of NWFPs and the Status Reports on specific selected products” on 20 December 2019.

According to this LoA, the Service Provider undertook the following activities:

1. Identify, select and showcase Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) that have economic impact on rural and national economies and environmental importance in the sense of biodiversity. 2. Review the existing national policies and action plans related to specific NWFPs in Turkey and provide recommendations to strengthen governance. 3. Analyze and map out the selected NWFPs taking into account the potential impact on rural workforce, in particular women and youth. 4. Conduct consultation meetings on the findings of the review with relevant stakeholders (local, national and private) to enhance their inputs. 5. Prepare guidelines on sustainable management, production and marketing of NWFPs in line with international standards and market requirements. 6. Prepare Status Update Reports on the selected NWFPs along with recommendation in the value chain. 7. Consolidate the findings with other ongoing projects in REU or Mediterranean Region.

In this context, a preparatory meeting was held on 15 January 2020 with the presence of relevant people from the General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey (GDF) and CFE. A working group was established to carry out the necessary studies. This working group selected , laurel, pine honey, and as the NWFPs to work in detail due to their importance of "economic value, contribution to biodiversity and the potential impact on rural workforce, in particular women and youth" as stated in the LoA.

After several meetings and examining case studies, this report entitled “DETAILED REPORT OF SELECTED NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCT; PINE HONEY” prepared. It gives general information about chestnut as one of the most important NWFPs in Turkey. It contains six main chapters namely i) introduction, ii) economical value and usage, iii) specific sectoral policies, iv) administrative structure, v) challenges and recommendations, iv) conclusions and additional sections as annexes and references.

As of 31st of August, 2020, the Chamber of Forest Engineers officially submitted the “Edited Draft Report” to FAO for review.

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METHODOLOGY This report gives general information about the pine honey in Turkey as a NWFPs. While preparing this report, the following issues and case studies have been taken into consideration:

1. Opinions and contributions of CFE, GDF and FAO Experts, 2. Turkey's current legislation and practices, 3. FAO's web page on non-wood forest products1 4. Other publications on the subject, especially the publication "Non ‐ Wood Forest Products in International Statistical Systems"2 5. Web pages of completed or ongoing projects, and publications and reports produced within this framework: a. INCREDIBLE3 b. StarTree4

The GDF as a corporate body under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is responsible for sustainable forest management activities including NWFPs. GDF has center and regional departments. At the center level it operates with 21 Departments, which one of them is the DNWFPS.

The preparation of this report has been done in close cooperation with DNWFPS. All the data collected are approved by this department. The official correspondences with other institutes like Turkish Standards Institution, Ministry of Trade and other have been executed through this department starting from December 2019.

There are different terminologies and definitions used for NWFPs. Considering this current situation, a scheme has been created for this report by as shown in relevant section in this scheme NWFPs are divided into four groups according to their origin/sources, product type, usage and sales.

1 http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/en/ 2 http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6731e.pdf, 3 -https://www.incredibleforest.net/ 4 https://star-tree.eu/ 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DETAILED REPORT OF SELECTED NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCT; PINE HONEY was prepared by the team of CFE consultants working in close collaboration with respective institutions and local stakeholders. The team is grateful for the contributions and support provided by the FAO under the LoA. The team also acknowledges the cooperation of the General Directorate of Forestry, particularly Department of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services (DNWFPS) staff that provided information and contributed with feedback to the draft report.

Galip Çağtay Tufanoğlu, Deputy Head of DNWFPS

Hasan Türkyılmaz, President, Chamber of Forest Engineers

Hüseyin Fakir, Prof., Deputy Rector, Isparta University of Applied Sciences

Ildiko Buglyo, FAO

İsmail Belen, Senior Agriculture and Forestry Expert, MAF

Kitti Horvath, FAO

Mustafa Avcı, Prof. Isparta University of Applied Sciences

Norbert Winkler, FAO

Omer Naci Kaya, Chief Inspector, GDF

Özgür Balcı, Head of DNWFPS,

Özlem Dostbil, PhD, DNWFPS

Pınar Topçu, Agricultural Engineer

Shiroma Sathyapala, FAO

Sven Walter, FAO

Tarık Durmuş, MS, Forest Engineer, DNWFPS

Zafer Filiz, Director of Crop Production, DNWFPS

Ziya Şahin, President of Turkish Association

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CFE/OMO Chamber of Forest Engineers of Turkey

Communiqué of NWFPs Communiqué on Inventory and Planning of NWFPs and Production and Sales Principles

DBM Department Business and Marketing of GDF

DNWFPS Department of Non-Wood Forest Products and Services of GDF

ENDP Eleventh National Development Plan (2019-2023) of Turkey

EuroStat European Statistical Office

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FRA 2020 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020

GDF General Directorate of Forestry of Turkey ha hectare(s)

INCREDIBLE Project Innovation Networks of , and Edibles in the Mediterranean Basin Project

KOSGEB Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey

LoA Letter of Agreement

MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkey

MT Ministry of Trade of Turkey

NWFP Non-Wood Forest Product

OWL Other Wooeded Land

StarTree A pan-European project to support the sustainable exploitation of forest resources for rural development.

TAB Turkish Association of Beekeepers

TKDK Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution

TL Turkish Lira

TSE Turkish Standards Institution

TUIK Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)

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UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programe

USD Dollar

USD/TL Rate According to the average dollar rate in 2019 by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey which was 5,68 TL.)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In addition to environmental and ecosystem contributions such as conservation of biological diversity, combating climate change, sustainable water and land management, ecosystem services, forests are also home to economically important products which are also important for food security.

The forest and tree products are classified as wood products, non-wood products and forest services. FAO defines non-wood forest products (NWFPs) as “goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin other than wood”. Globally, the reported value of NWFPs was about USD 7.71 billion in 2015, with plant products accounting for 80 percent of this value. The single- largest product group, by value, was edible plants (37 percent of the total value), followed by ornamental plants (22 percent), wild meat value, followed by raw materials for handicrafts, utensils and construction (25 percent) and other plant products (21 percent) (FAO, 2020a).

Due to its geographical position and climate conditions Turkey has a very rich non-wood forest products supply. For some years, like many other countries, Turkey started to give great importance to NWFPs by making the necessary legislative and administrative arrangements. Article 45 of the Constitution includes the provision of “increasing the vegetative and production, evaluating the vegetal and animal products and taking the necessary measures for the real values to be obtained by the producer. (The Turkish Constitutional Court of the Republic of Turkey, 2020). In many articles of the Forest Law No. 6831, there are issues regarding the evaluation of forest products and non-wood forest products.

As one the reflections of the importance given to the subject by Turkey, the Department of Non-Wood Products and Services (DNWFPS) was established as the central unit of the General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) in 2011. The DNWFPS is responsible to determine, carry out or make works related to the inventory, value assessment, diagnosis, promotion, planning, mapping, project design, production and marketing of NWFPs and forest ecosystem services (GDF2020a).

This report has been prepared in close cooperation with DNWFPS. This detailed report of Pine honey has been prepared in close cooperation with DNWFPS. The aim of the report is to compile, examine and evaluate the associated activities undertaken by the DNWFPS including inventory, collection, sale, economic value and contribution to the national economy.

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1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Beekeping and Honey Production in Turkey

Having the climatic benefit of enjoying all four seasons, Turkey possesses many races and ecotypes, which easily accommodate themselves to the diverse ecologic conditions there, and highly rich floral resources which provide and throughout the year.

The fact that each region of the country has specific environmental conditions of its own and that the flowering periods in these regions are different than one other are the reasons to engage in migratory beekeeping by beekeepers who aim for higher production amounts.

The country’s temperate regions, primarily the Mediterranean and the Aegean, are preferred by beekeepers for such reasons as wintering their colonies, obtaining a rich nectar and pollen source, and benefiting from the relatively early start of spring.

In addition, there is a considerable source of on the pine trees in the southwest of the country. This source makes up approximately a third of country’s honey production.

Turkey is the native home to the Anatolian (Apis mellifera anatolica), Caucasian (Apis mellifera caucasica), Syrian (Apis mellifera syriaca), and Iranian (Apis mellifera meda) races and sub-races since millions of years. These races and sub-races are available as Caucasian in the country’s northeastern part and Black Sea shores, Iranian in the southeast, Syrian in both the south and the southeast, and Anatolian and sub forms in the remaining parts of the country, including Thrace and Central Anatolia.

Because of the extremely diverse conditions of the country, the Anatolian bee exhibits substantial morphological and physiological differences. The Mugla ecotype is the most widespread ecotype, being the one that has best adapted itself to different conditions. Its fast development due to high yield of offspring and its high rate of honey production on pine trees distinguish it form other races. Its tendency to swarm and its aggressiveness, however, have been found to be higher than in other groups. In the crossbreeding of Caucasian males with Mugla queens, the brood yield has been found to be higher by 97% than with the Caucasian. Another important ecotype is found in Marmara Region, especially in Thrace. This ecotype is likely to have taken shape under the influence of the Anatolian bee and the Eastern European bee. (CARFU, 2015)

Honey is a natural food, and its quality and composition are important for healthy human consumption. Honey can be broadly categorized as floral or honeydew honey. Floral honey is derived from honeybees collecting nectar from plants, whereas honeydew honey is derived from honeybees collecting sweet substances mainly from the excretions of plant-sucking () on the living parts of plants or secretions of the living parts of plants. , , , and are some examples of floral honey varieties, while pine and fir are examples of honeydew honey varieties.

According to FAO statistics, Turkey is the second country in the world produces the most honey in general.

Figure 1 Top ten honey producers between 2015-2018 in the world (FAOSTAT)

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Beekeeping is one of the important agricultural bussines in Turkey. There are approximatly 80 000 agriculture holdings in apiculture/beekeeping. (TurkStat2020a). The average honey production in Turkey according to figures from the past five years is 109 115 tons annually

1.2. Pine Honey Pine honey is a unique honey produced by bees, not from pollen, but by producing from an lived in the body of some pine tree species to the Mediterranean climate. Most of the world's pine honey (about 90%) is produced in the South-West region, particularly in Muğla province of Turkey because of the suitable climatic conditions and relative humidity for Marchalina hellenica (Coccoidea: Homoptera) and its natural host, Pinus brutia. (FAO, 2020)

The most important feature of pine honey is that it can be stored for years without spoiling or freezing. Therefore, it is also easy to do marketing. Its color is darker than most of the flower honeys. Although its nutritional value is slightly lower, it is very good especially for throat disorders. Pine honey, with its resistance to and its preventive feature, is a product with a wide range of uses and significant export. It should be kept in mind that crystallization is a natural feature of honey, and crystallized honey does not mean fraudulent or false honey. Crystallization is related to the water content of honey and the ratio between and .

The annual production amount as the average of several years is 15.000-30.000 tons. It comes mainly from Muğla province, then the others as Aydın, İzmir, Antalya, Balıkesir. (2014; 20-25.000 tons, 2015; 10-15.000 tons, in extrem years 30-35.000 tons)

1 kg pine honey is about 3 $ at the field, and approximately 10 $ at the market at retail for the consumers. If we take the annaul production as 20.000 tons and the price as listed above, the annaul net contribution is 60 million $ at the field and 200 milions $ at retail prices (BELEN).

1.3. The giant pine scale-Marchaline hellenica Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae) is a common species in Turkish pine forests mainly in Aegean region, Turkey. Its honeydew has great economic importance because it is collected by honeybees and made into “pine honey" in Turkey. (ÜLGENTÜRK)

This insect is found mainly in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean and Italy’s Ischia islands. It is hosted by different types of pine in Greece, especially Pinus brutia, P. halepensis and P. pinea, rarely in P. sylvestris and P. nigra. It can be found in the cracks and under the scales of the bark of these trees, hidden under the white -like wax it secretes. The body of M. hellenica looks like lemon yellow

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and round. The females of M. hellenica lay their eggs inside the white, cotton-like structure they secrete.

Picture 1. Effect of Marchalina hellenica beetle on red pine (Pinus brutia) branch and trunk

Discussion on Marchalina hellenica

Recently there has been very serious debate about this insect, whether it is harmful or not for red pine body and its capacity of prudicing woody matarieals. Currently Marchalina hellenica is on the list of the insects which are harmfull for forest because of it psssoble capacity to reduce wood annual increment.

It is true that in 2006 Marchalina hellenica was included in the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection alert list. But in 2008 it was exluded. In Turkey, the insect still considered to be a harmfull for trees but expected to delete from the list especially for natural distribution areas. (CARFU, 2015)

There are two different opinions on speriding the Marchalina hellenica affected areas. One is to support; the other is not. In order to better understand the thoughts, three phone conversation have been held at the date of 27th of August, 2020.

Prof. Dr. Mustafa Avcı, Isparta University of Applied Sciences expresses his thoughts as follows. (AVCI, 2020)

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Text Box 1. Personal Communictaion with Prof. Mustafa Avcı on Marchalina hellenica

The giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883) (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), is a sucking insect producing honeydew. It is endemic to the Aegean basin and it has been introduced into several regions in Greece and Turkey to increase pine honey production.

M. hellenica is an economically important species for two contrasting reasons. First, it is the most significant of several honeydew-producing insects in Greece and Turkey, and pine honey production relies mainly on M. hellenica honeydew in both countries. For this reason, it has been intentionally introduced in many sites in these countries and its population size has been increased locally. Second, it is a pine as it feeds on sap of the pine trees and can cause increment loss, desiccation, branch dieback, increasing crown transparency and tree decline. Heavy infestation by M. hellenica may leave the host trees vulnerable to attack by secondary pests such as bark . It is also considered as a pest by forester. Therefore, population management of M. hellenica can be an important issue particularly out of its native range.

The local beekeepers have been introducing M. hellenica to several regions in Turkey but some of these efforts failed due probably to inappropriate ecological conditions for M. hellenica. However, it is not correct to take the insect out of its natural range and take it to remote forests. Predators and parasitoids play a significant role in suppressing population size of forest pest insects. Exotic species usually benefit from the enemy-free advantage of the new ecosystems during the early stages of the invasion.

Therefore, transplantation of M. hellenica out of its native range in favor of apiculture can lead to serious pest problems which may ultimately threaten not only the biodiversity but also the sustainability of pine honey production. Considering the serious impact of the climate change predicted for the eastern Mediterranean control of M. hellenica can be expected one of the major issues in the near future in the pine forests of the region and in other invasion spots. However, the habitat of the insect can be increased in places close to the forests where it naturally spreads. New areas, in order not to reduce the amount of natural distribution area, can be provided to replace forests that have been burned or felled.

Mr. Özgür Balcı, the Head of Department for NWFPS of GDF expresses his thoufgt as follows. (BALCI, 2020)

Text Box 2. Personal Communictaion with Özgür Balcı on Marchalina hellenica

As the Department for NWFPS, we are responsible to increase the amount of NWFPs including the pine honey in a sustainable way. However, it is not within our power to determine and evaluate any living organism as "harmful or beneficial". The first authority in this regard is the General Directorate of Food and Control of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. There is also the General Directorate of Livestock.

The authorized unit within the General Directorate of Forestry is the "Department of Combating Forest Pest". The Department thinks this insect may be pest outside of its natural range.

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Below, it could be possible to reach and read the approach provided by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO)5. (EPPO)

Text Box 3. EPPO Desicion on Marchalina hellenica

Added in 2006 – Deleted in 2008 Reasons for deletion: The pest Marchalina hellenica is a Mediterranean species voluntarily introduced in some areas to enhance honey production. It has posed problems in this context. In 2008, it was therefore considered that sufficient alert has been given and the pest was deleted from the Alert List. Marchalina hellenica (Homoptera: )

Why Between 1996 and 2000, Greek beekeepers were encouraged to artificially introduce a scale Marchalina hellenica in pine forests to increase their production of honey (it is estimated that 60% of honey produced in Greece is made from pine). The honeydew produced by the scale is used as a significant source of food by honey bees. At the same time, severe decline and significant tree mortality were observed in infested pine forests.

A strong debate is currently taking place in Greece about the exact role of M. hellenica. Very different opinions are expressed, as for some the insect only causes cosmetic damage and for others it is the primary cause of pine mortality. It is also argued that M. hellenica could be a factor among many others involved in the decline of pine forests (e.g. ozone and soil pollution, drought, urban development and reduction of growth space for trees). But despite the lack of scientific information on the exact impact of M. hellenica on pine forests, the EPPO Secretariat added M. hellenica to the Alert List to draw countries’ attention to the possible risks of moving this pest to new areas where it may escape control.

Where EPPO region: Italy (only in the island of Ischia, ), Greece (spreading on the mainland and several islands including Crete, Rhodos), Turkey (at least in the Aegean region, data is lacking for other regions). In Italy it was officially reported on the island of Ischia (Campania) in 1984 but it is suspected that it was introduced in the 1960s. M. hellenica is thought to originate from the eastern Mediterranean region.

On which plants Pinus species: especially P. brutia, P. halepensis and to a smaller extent, P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea. After artificial infestations studied at Mount Helmos in Greece, M. hellenica was also able to develop and establish on Abies cephalonica.

Damage M. hellenica is a sap-feeding insect. It produces large amounts of honeydew on which sooty moulds develop. It prefers the lower part of the tree and mainly nests on the main trunk, but infestations can be also observed on branches and even exposed . Large populations cause branch dieback, gradual desiccation eventually followed by tree death. So far, pine mortality

5 EPPO is an intergovernmental organization responsible for European cooperation in plant health. Founded in 1951 by 15 European countries, EPPO now has 50 members, covering almost all countries of the European and Mediterranean region. Its objectives are to protect plants, to develop international strategies against the introduction and spread of dangerous pests and to promote safe and effective control methods. As a Regional Plant Protection Organization, EPPO also participates in global discussions on plant health organized by FAO and the IPPC Secretariat. Finally, EPPO has produced a large number of standards and publications on plant pests, phytosanitary regulations, and plant protection products. http://www.eppo.int/

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is mainly observed in Southern Greece and Crete. In Italy, on the island of Ischia, M. hellenica was found damaging Pinus trees on the coast and in urban environments (streets and parks). In Turkey, a study was done to assess the impact of M. hellenica on P. brutia growing in the forests near Muğla (Aegean region). It showed that infestations could present a significant negative impact on trees (e.g. with up to 3.4% loss of volume increment in tree stands). But no tree mortality was mentioned in this study.

M. hellenica can be found in bark crevices, covered by white waxy secretions. The insect has 1 generation per year (although in some cases 2 generations have been observed). It is considered that M. hellenica mainly reproduces through parthenogenesis, as males are rarely found. Females are apterous and lay approximately 200-300 yellow, oval-shaped eggs covered by waxy secretions (in April, in Greece). 1st instar larvae (antennae with 6 segments) hatch approximately 20 days after egg-laying.

They are light yellow, ellipsoid in shape and they start feeding and secreting a waxy cotton-like substance (from May to October). 2nd instar larvae (antennae with 9 segments) with an ellipsoidal shape are found from October to March. Each larval instar lasts approximately 6 months and the insect overwinters as 2nd instar larvae. Bright yellow adult females (antennae with 11 segments) covered by waxy secretions are then observed (body is approximately 7-11 mm long and 3-5 mm large). Male have rarely been found in Greece. The immature male stages have spindle-shaped, yellowish bodies (5.3 mm long, 3.6 mm large) and adults are winged (wingspan of approximately 11 mm).

Dissemination M. hellenica has a low mobility, females are apterous and winged males are rarely observed. Results of genetic studies done on different Greek populations of the insect were also consistent with a very low mobility of this species. Artificial and intentional infestations done by man have obviously been very efficient in disseminating M. hellenica into new areas in Greece, where its populations reached high levels.

Pathway Pinus plants for planting, cut branches.

Possible risks Although scientific data is lacking about the impact of M. hellenica on Pinus forests, there is indication that large populations of the pest are damaging trees. In urban environments, insects producing large amounts of honeydew are always considered as a nuisance. are widely present in the EPPO region, in forests but also in parks and gardens. Treatments against M. hellenica are being studied but most of them are difficult to apply in natural environment. The possible action of natural enemies, such as Neoleucopis kartliana (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) or Chartocerus sp. (: Signiphoridae) is being studied. In Italy, phytosanitary measures have been put in place to contain the pest within the island of Ischia (e.g. movements of host plants from the island of Ischia are prohibited, new outbreaks must be reported, pruning material should be destroyed). Although the risk presented by M. hellenica to Pinus trees is still being debated, it is advisable to avoid the introduction of M. hellenica into new areas.

Source(s) Personal communication with Mr Melas, Philodassiki, , 2006-02.

Personal communication with Dr P. Milonas, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifisia, Greece, 2006-06.

Anonymous (2005) Linee guida per interventi urgenti nelle pinete dell’isola d’Ischia, finalizzati al contenimento delle infestazioni in atto di coleotteri corticicoli (Tomicus destruens ed Orthotomicus erosus) e di omotteri fitomizi (Marchalina hellenica). Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale Campania. http://www.sito.regione.campania.it/AGRICOLTURA/difesa/linee-guida-pinete.htm

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Bacandritsos N, Saitanis C, Papanastasiou I (2004) Morphology and life cycle of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) on pine (Parnis Mt.) and fir (Helmos Mt.) forests of Greece. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (nouvelle série), 40(2), 169-176.

Bacandritsos N (2004) Establishment and honeydew honey production of Marchalina hellenica (Coccoidea Margarodidae) on fir tree (Abies cephalonica). Bulletin of Insectology 57(2), 127-130.

Erlinghagen F (2001) Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn. (: Coccina: Margarodidae), important producer of honeydew in Greece. Apiacta 36, 131-137.

Kosta H, Chondros A (2006) What ails the pines of Greece? The American College of Greece Magazine, no. 1, 34-35. http://www.acg.edu/acg/Acgmagazine1.pdf

Margaritopoulos, JT, Bacandritsos N, Pekas AN, Stamatis C, Mamuris Z, Tsitsipis JA (2003) Genetic variation of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) sampled from different hosts and localities in Greece. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, 447-453.

Petrakis P, Roussis V, Vayias C (2006) Scientists are testing what could prove the definitive way to save pine trees from a slow and certain death. Ekathimerini. (on-line version of a Greek newspaper – 2006-16-03) http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/content.asp?aid=67533

Yeşil A, Gürkan B, Saraçoğlu Ö, Zengin H (2005) Effect of the pest Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Homopera, Margarodidae) on the growth parameters of Pinus brutia Ten. in Muğla region (Turkey). Polish Journal of Ecology 53(3), 451-458.

EPPO RS 2006/130

Panel review date 2007-03 Entry date 2006-06

1.4. Muğla Province for Pine Honey Production

Marchalina hellenica is the main compoent of pine hone production. When the distribution areas of this species in Turkey are analyzed, it can be seen that they live in Southern Marmara, Western Mediterranean and Aegean regions. 80% of total area is located in Mugla province of Turkey.

This insect exists mostly in the centre of Muğla Kıran, Sarnıç, Marmaris Osmaniye-Turgut-Bayır, Datça Sındı-Mesudiye, Ula-Akyaka-Milas Mazı-Fesleğen, Bodrum-Gölköy and Aydın-Güzelçamlı. It is found in the areas from Fethiye coastline to the coastline of Kuşadası; while it is intense in some regions, it is found very few in some regions.

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Picture 2.Forests where Marchaline hellenica are found in Muğla province

Muğla province ranks first in Turkey in the production of pine honey and considered the center of world pine honey production. The total area of Muğla province is 1 227 859 ha and 829 309 ha of this is forest area. In other words, it is revealed that Muğla is a rich region in terms of forest assets compared to 67.5% forest assets. Marchaline hellenica are found in 8% of the total forest area in Muğla province which account for 66 344 ha. (GDF, Forest areas of provinces, 2020). The Muğla region is under the influence of the Mediterranean climate. The total length of the seafront exceeding 1484 km Mugla, Turkey is the province with the longest coastline.

The number of foreign tourists coming by air and sea for the purpose of visiting Muğla is an average of 3,000,000 people in 2019 annually.

1.5. Official Statistics in Turkey Almost a quarter of the honey produced in Turkey is pine honey. Pine honey is produced entirely in forest areas dominated by red pine. Beekeepers generally operate in forest and forest edge areas. As it is carried out in the forests or shrubs in the forest area, beekeeping can be considered as a forestry activity. According to TUIK, the highest amonth of honey produced in last five years was occured in 2017 with around 114 tons while it was minimum in 2015 as seen Figure 2

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Figure 2. Turkey honey production in last five year

Honey Production in last five years-ton

114 471

109 330 108 128 107 920 105 727

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

As provided in Figure 3; Ordu located in Black Sea region is first province ranked in honey production with 16 000-17 000 tons amount and followed by Muğla province based in Eagean region. The other cities in top 5 provinces are Aydın, Sivas and İzmir

Figure 3. Top 5 cities in Turkey in honey production

Top 5 cities that produced in honey in Turkey ton/year 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Adana Ordu Muğla Aydın Sivas İzmir

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Table 1. Number of agriculture holdings in apiculture, Honey and wax production (TurkStat2020a)

Year Number of agriculture Hives number Honey Wax ton holdings in apiculture ton number

2015 83 475 7 748 287 108 128 4 756 2016 84 047 7 900 364 105 727 4 440 2017 83 210 7 991 072 114 471 4 488 2018 81 830 8 108 424 107 920 3 987 2019 80 675 8 128 360 109 330 3 971

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Honey is an important export material for Turkey. In total 3.845.988 kg honey exported to approx. 50 contries. Turkey has achieved 14,787,486 USD in export earnings. Accordingly, the export price of 1 kg of honey in 2019 was 3.84 USD. (TurkStat2020b).

These are the official statistics related to Turkey's honey and beekeeping sector. But Mr. Ziya Şahin, who is the President of “Turkey Beekeepers Association”, implies that the real figures are a bit different. He said that, in a phone conversation made in 27th of August, 2020, there have been many difficultuies obtaining the real data and standardisasing the sector.

Figure 4. Top 10 Countries Exported 2019 (kg)

Top 10 Countries Exported 2019 (kg)

1.584.126

345.677 265.145 223.690 154.263 140.091 135.040 122.099 115.720 103.383

Germany USA Saudi Austria Kuwait France Bulgaria Northern Arabia Cyprus

2. CHAPTER II ECONOMİCAL VALUE AND USAGES

2.1. Economical Value It is really difficult to calculate the total contribution of the beekeeping industry to the country's economy. There is a serious individual and family-based activity in the sector that is not recorded. A significant part of the honey and other beekeeping products produced are consumed by family, friends and relatives without entering the registered markets. However, beekeeping in Ordu province has been studied, at least to give a general idea (CARFU).

Text Box 4. Beekeeping in Ordu

As of 2019, according to the information received from Akın Çifçi, President of Ordu Beekeepers/ Farmers Association, http://www.oray-bir.com/

There are 2800 active beekeepers / enterprises members of the union in the province of Ordu. Considering that each beekeeper works with at least two people, it can be said that a total of 8400 people actively makes a living with beekeeping.

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As of 2019, 16,000 tons of honey has been produced in Ordu. Considering that this is an important figure in Turkey's total honey production is around 109,330 tons. The country accounts for about 15% of the production.

The wholesale price of honey at the producer is calculated on average 20 TL / kg for 2019. In this case, the income obtained directly by beekeepers is approximately 320 million TL.

If we divide this into 2800 active beekeepers / businesses, the annual income per beekeeper is around 114 thousand TL.

Considering that honey is sold in the free market or at the end consumer at least 50 TL / kg, the economic contribution can be calculated around 800 million TL.

In addition to honey, 12,500 kg of "pollen" and 220 kg of "" were produced in 2019. The income that beekeepers earn from pollen is 625,000 TL, and the royal jelly income is 13,200 TL.

When we add these, it can be said that the contribution of beekeeping to Ordu in 2019 was approximately 1 billion TL.

Taking into consideration that Ordu beekeepers produced 15% of the honey production of Turkey and value is around 176 million USD can be said that the overall contribution of the sector could be calculated 1.173 billion USD. However, this is not a scientific or official calculation and can be used for a general idea.

Active Beekepers/Members of the Ordu 2800 people Beekeepers/ Farmers Association With their workers /Member+2 people 8400 people Annual Honey Production 16 000 ton Total contribution to city economy 1 billion TL In USD 176 million USD According to the average dollar rate in 2019 by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey which was 5,68 TL.)

Etimated total contribution of beekeeping 1 173 billion USD sector to national economy

2.2. Beekeeping in Culture Beekeeping is a traditional agricultural activity performed nearly every region in Turkey. The earliest findings concerning beekeeping in Anatolia are encountered in the Hittite scripts discovered in Bogazkoy around 1300 B.C. Furthermore, the bee motif referring to Goddess Artemis has been used on the coins printed in the Ancient city of Ephesus. Beekeeping in Anatolia has been maintained, keeping its importance ever since the periods before Christ.

Honey and beekeeping have important role in Turkish culture both religiously and literately. One of the Surats of Holly Ou’ran named as “An-Nahl” meaning “The Bees” in English. In the 68. Ayat it is said; “Your Lord revealed to the bees: “Build dwellings in the mountains and the trees, and also in the structures which men erect. Then eat from every kind of fruit and travel the paths of your Lord, which

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have been made easy for you to follow.” From inside them comes a of varying colours, containing healing for mankind. There is certainly a Sign in that for people who reflect” (16: 68)

There are plenty of proverb, idioms in Turkish language as shown below:

• Has honey for patient and pudicity for friend. • Who has husband like a bee, has a place like heaven. • Bee makes rich people without knowing. • Bee knows the flower to make honey. • There is no bee in the honeyless hive and no woman in the flueless home. • If bee is strong, honey come from Baghdad. • Garden without bee looks like a palace without queen. • There is no such thing like honey of and riches of lazy. • Bee likes as genius likes advice. • Bee and woman are unfathomable. • Bee gives healing to patient and pleasure to healthy one. • Look a bee turns honey, look a mountain turns to yard. • Only the invites other bees when it finds a flower. (CARFU, 2015)

Today, beekeeping is carried out in all of Turkey’s provinces.

2.3. Areas of Usage While the glucose and fructose content of pine honey is low, are especially high in hybrid cytosis. (Földhazi, 1994). It is less sweet due to its low glucose and fructose ratio and does not leave a burning sensation in the throat. Pine honey is a source of energy and power. 100 g of pine honey is approximately 315 calories (kcal); one tablespoon of honey (20 g) has about 63 calories (kcal).

Pine honey is distinguished from flower honeys by its dark color and high values of pH, ash content and electrical conductivity. (Reig, 1998)

It is known that pine honey has many antioxidant compounds. Antioxidant substances in honey reduce the damage of colonic inflammation to the colon. According to some studies, it is accepted by the medical world that honey can be effective in increasing probiotic bacteria in the system, thereby helping to strengthen the immune system, reduce indigestion, lower cholesterol and prevent colon .

It is beneficial to consume pine honey for the healthy development of children in cases of iron deficiency and similar situations caused by malnutrition. It is also useful in the fixation of bones, in the treatment of anemia and anorexia. (Krell, 1996)Since pine honey has a high value in terms of substances, it has been stated that it has a very nutritious feature. (Bladenopoulou, 1984)

It has been determined that aluminum (Al), boron (B), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and (Zn) have higher concentrations in pine (secretion) honey than nectar honey (Lachmanatall, 2007). It is used against mouth, throat and infections with its antibacterial feature. (Krell, 1996)

It nourishes the hair and contributes to the strengthening of the hair follicles. It is very good for fatigue and fatigue. It is used for lowering high blood pressure. It supports healthy digestive system and flora even sensitive stomachs can digest easily. It does not indigestion. The has a therapeutic

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structure. It is effective against helicobacteria. It is a full stomach friend with its protective and preventive effect.

It treats . Being acidic and not containing moisture, being rich in makes it a very effective against bacteria. Collagen fiber, which closes the with its healing content, allows the tissues to form quickly. It has anti-inflammatory effect, which reduces swelling and redness around the wound.

It is good for cold, cough and sore throat. It removes heart rhythm disorder. It is good for anemia and strengthens the immune system. It is very effective in vascular occlusion. It prevents allergic reactions and prevents . It corrects diarrhea. It has a natural pain-relieving effect that prevents pain and pain relief. It is used to lose weight if it is drunk by mixing pine honey with warm water. It is good for dry eye syndrome, itching and cloudiness in the eyes. It contributes quite positively to children's intelligence development. It looks like natural toothpaste. It offers a natural remedy for anemia and removes anemia. Herbal remedy for pied . It is good for constipation. It is good for rheumatism.

2.4. Contribution to Rural Development focusing on Youth and Women Beekeeping is a traditional agricultural activity performed nearly every region in Turkey. Because of its way of performing it is not easy to have exact and verified numbers but some examples as follows can be given.

Most of the people dealing with beekeeping are the members of “Turkish Association of Beekeepers (TAB) President of TAB, Mr. Ziya Şahin said in a phone conversation made at 28 August 2020, TAB has branches in 80 of the 81 provinces of Turkey and the total number of their members reached to 69 000 as of 2020.

In order to estimate the total number of the people dealing with beekeeping in whole Turkey, the case of Ordu could be a good example. There are 2800 active beekeepers / enterprises members of the union in the province of Ordu. Considering that each beekeeper works with at least two people, it can be said that a total of 8400 people actively makes a living with beekeeping just in Ordu.

Taking into consideration TAB has 69 000 members as a whole in Turkey, and if we add two more people for every member, it can be said that 207 000 people are dealing with beekeeping in Turkey in total.

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Picture 3. Beekeeper women

For pine honey, beekeeping sector provides employment for 35-40 thousand people in Muğla province, including beekeepers, producers, hive producers, honey collectors, packaging material producers, marketers and shippers thanks to pine honey and its fields.

In order to contribute to the sustainability of the beekeeping profession and to increase the production of bee products with higher economic value than honey, such as royal jelly, pollen and as well as improve the livelihood of women and youth, Bal Parmak,one of the leading private company of Turkey dealing with spesifically pine honey established Beekeeping Academy in 2018. Bal Parmak clearly stated that women and youth are at the centre of the Beekeeping Academiy and they are essential to contribute to the development of agricultural production and beekeeping in the country. (BALPARMAK, 2018)

It also provides theoretical and practical training for those who cannot leave their villages and have information about beekeeping thanks to the mobile training tool. With this project, which will end at the end of 2020, it will create employment opportunities for women and youth in the remote mountainous regions of Muğla region in the first place. The training program will provide innovative, online tools for distance learning, especially for young people and women, and face-to-face interaction with mobile support teams in the field.

On the 6th International Mugla Beekeeping and Pine Honey Congress in Turkey organized in Muğla Province, attended by youth and women and create a platform for discussion the technical and economic problems of the world of beekeeping. the pine honey was also introduced at the national and international levels and activities and aims of beekeeping academy was shared with especially youth and women. (MAYBIR, 2020)

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A of projects related to beekeeping has also been included in the Grant Program supported by the European Union and and Turkey, particularly women are key targets with the program called “Promoting Women's Employment Grant Program”.

Beekeeping, and Organic Honey Production and Employment Project for Young Women” The projects that he has partnered in Bingöl Provincial Directorate of Agriculture have been completed.

Another activity called “Honey Seller Women, Happy Future” in Malatya Province was conducted for providing organic beekeeping for unemployed women who lost their jobs in agriculture and contribute to the economy of the region and the country.

In Hatay Province approximately 80 women were trained to contribute to their employability in related sectors by providing agriculture consultancy, beekeeping and farm accounting.

Another project called “Karsian Entrepreneur Women Honey Seller Project” provided set of training on organic honey production and entrepreneurship to 44 women in Kars Province.

3. CHAPTER III: SPECIFIC SECTORAL POLICIES There is no law in Turkey exlusively for beekeeping. However, the basic law on beekeeping is "Veterinary Services, Plant Health, Food and Feed Law" published in the Official Gazette dated 13.06.2010 and numbered 27610. (OG, 2010) Based on this Law, "Beekeeping Regulation" was prepared again and published in the Official Gazette No. 28128 on 30 November 2011. (OG, Beekeeping Regulation, 2011)

Beekeeping activities to be carried out in the state forests within the framework of this Regulation are carried out in accordance with the "Forest Management Plans" prepared by the General Directorate of Forestry and other relevant legislation.

Altough most of the beekeeping activities are carried out in and around the state-owned forests and other wooded lands spesifically pine honey, the regulatory function of forestry sector for beekeekipng is relatively new. The first and comprehensive regulatory regulation has been released in 2020 as “Minister Order” (CARFU, Where Did Honey Production Forests Come From?, 2014).

On 15.02.2017, "Honey Forests Communiqué" numbered 307 was published. (GDF, 2017)

Pine hone is included in Communiqué of Turkish Food Codex numbered 2020/7 published at Turkish Official Gazette at the dated of 22.04.2020 and numbered 31107 (OG, Turkish Food Code-Honey Communication, 2020).

With regard to definition of pine honey '' The secretion produced by honey bees, which is collected and processed by the honey bees using the rich sweet sap of Marchalina hellenica that lives on some pine trees (Pinus brutia, P. nigra, P. pinea). '' phrase is used. In this communiqué, some physicochemical properties of pine honey are given for pine honey and they are separated from the secretion honeys.

3.1. Communique on NWFPs There is not any specific section in the Communiqué Numbered 302 on “Inventory and Planning of Non-Wood Forest Products and Production and Sales Principles”, was put into practice in 2016.

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3.2. Honey Production Forest Action Plans Due the its importance and as the continuation of ongoing activities, the GDF has prepared the “First Honey Forest Action Plan 2013-2018” (GDF, First Honey Production Action Plan 2013-2018, 2013). This plan indicates that “Beekeeping and forestry are two strategically important issues for each other. Bee and forest cannot be considered separately. Turkey has a very different climate and soil diversity. It is also at the intersection of three different plant areas such as the Mediterranean, Europe-Siberia, - Turan. For this reason, Turkey has a unique variety of plants in the world. 75% of the world's plant species and varieties of honey 's is located in Turkey. Honey bees, which perform a very important function in the protection and development of biological diversity, which is directly under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Forestry, perform 85% of the pollination in nature. One- third of the existing plants in the world are self-sterile varieties and are pollinated and fertilized by insects. Honey bees are insects that perform pollination service in nature in a regular and disciplined manner. In order for a country to maintain its plant richness and to increase the quality and yield in agricultural production, it must have sufficient honey bees. Beekeeping is therefore of great importance and value. It is obvious that beekeeping should be supported in terms of preserving biological diversity, transferring it to future generations, sustainable food security and preventing erosion. Approximately 25% of the honey production in Turkey are obtained directly from the forest form of honey. Considering forest trees such as chestnut, linden, acacia, , wild pear and herbaceous plants and in forest areas, it is seen that 85% of the total honey production is obtained from forests and forest areas.”

Following the completion of the First Honey Forest Action Plan, the "Second Honey Forest Action Plan" covering the years 2018-2023 has been prepared and put into effect. Under the umbralla of this second action plan, 720 honey forest by 2023, which is a centennial anniversary of the Turkish Republic, will be established. (GDF, Second Honey Forest Action Plan 2018-2023, 2018)

By end of 2019, there are 484 Honey Forests equals to 60 646 hectares in total were established in Turkey for beekeepeing across the 28 Regional Forestry Directorates. (GDF, Forestry Statistics of 2019, 2020)

3.3. Standards Regarding standards related to beekeeping and honey production, it is possible to mentioned about standardisation institute related as follows.

• Turkish Standards Institution • International Organization for Standardization-ISO • Turkish Patent and Trademark Office-TurkPatent • Turkish Food Codex- In Turkey, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, is in charge of food safety and they provide their mission as "to ensure access to safe food and high-quality agricultural products needed by Turkey and world markets" among other responsibilities. The institution itself has research and reference laboratories across the country helping the control and inspection of food safety as well as reviewing and updating the current regulations and laws about food safety constantly • EU Standards

In order to clarfy the situation and to better understood, a phone conservation was held by Mr. Ziya Şahin at the date of 29 August 2020. He mentioned that, there is no standard approved by Turkish Standard Institution (TSE) and as well as by International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) as of

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this time. He also stressed that, last year in 2019, they joined a meeting with a representative from TSE held France by ISO to explain pine honey situation and required to prepare a standard.

For patent there two geographical signs for pine honey issued by Turkish Patent and Trademark Office in line with “Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property” and national legislations.

1. Muğla Pine Honey- Registered at 15.08.2018 on behalf of Muğla Province Bee Farmers Association (TurkPatent, Muğla Pine Honey, 2018) 2. Marmaris Pine Honey- Registered at 06.11.2019 (TurkPatent, Marmaris Pine Honey, 2019)

For food codex, there are standards determined in the Communiqué of Turkish Food Codex regarding pine honey standards. Pine hone is included in Communiqué of Turkish Food Codex numbered 2020/7 published at Turkish Official Gazette at the dated of 22.04.2020 and numbered 31107 (OG, Turkish Food Code-Honey Communication, 2020).

Besides these activites, under the coordination of General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM), with direct execution of Bursa Food and Fodder Control Center Research Institute, Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Ordu Beekeeping Research Institute and Konya Food Control Laboratory Directorate; in cooperation with Beekeepers Association and Blacksea Technical University, Eagean, Hacettepe and Mugla Sıtkı Koçman Unüversities, a project titled on “ Physical, Chemical and Mineral Profile of the produced pine honey in Turkey”. The aim of the project was to reveal the physicochemical properties of Turkish pine honey with to investigate the adulteration effectiveness of carbon isotope analysis.

3.4. Production Procedures The production period of Pine Honey is carried out in September-November. During this period, 2-3 collecting can be done from the bees transferred to the pine honey production areas depending on the year and ecological conditions. Produced pine honeys are taken to 27 kg cans and sold to the wholesaler or the companies that supply to the market. It is made available by retailes in the market after it is filled by different weight packages (usually packaging) within the framework of the relevant legislation.

4. CHAPTER IV: ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE The main ministry for pine honey is MoAF. There are several DGs under this ministry dealing pine honey issues including the management of forests. Due to some protected areas as “Specially Protected Environmental Areas”, the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation also being part of the area eligible for Marchaline hellenica and pine honey.

Several DGs are taking part of production and selling stage of pine honey as shown below:

1. General Directorate of Forests-GDF 2. General Directorate of Protection of Natural Assets- Specially Protected Environmental Areas (SPEA) 3. General Directorate of Animal Production 4. Genera Directorate of Plant Production 5. General Directorate of Food and Control 6. General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM)- Apiculture Research Institute 7. Universities 8. NGOs

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Figure 5. Stakeholders of pine honey

Recources • Forests • SPEA • Tourism Areas • National Parks

Researhs Pine Producucers • Universties • Beekeepers • TAGEM Honey • Union

Control/Trade • GD of Animal Production • GD of Plant Production • GD of Food and Control

Turkish Association of Beekeepers

Establishing in 2003, the Turkish Association of Beekeepers represents about 69 000 (sixty-nine thousand) members. TAB has adopted the principle of working together with the relevant ministries and universities, especially the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and carrying out joint projects. Thanks to this cooperation, TAB plays an important role in determining beekeeping policies at the country level.

As well as its activities in Turkey, TAB is a member of "International Federation of Beekeepers' Associations-Apimondia since 2005. The 45th World Beekeeping Congress was hosted by TAB in 2017 in Istanbul and approximately 10,000 people attended. TAB is also a member of the International Platform of the Associations of Nature and Forestry- PLANFOR reaches 18 member NGOs from five countries (CARFU2019).

5. CHAPTER V: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Although pine honey is an agricultural product, it is also produced from forest areas as part of non- wood forest product. In the last years, efficient communication has been established and positive studies have been carried out among the stakeholders in order to protect pine honey production areas (successive fields). However, the same protective measures have not been provided to Marchalina hellenica, its transplantation is not permitted, and legally complex, and scientific studies are insufficient.

Although Turkish beekeepers know the time of honey secretion in the life cycle of the Marchalina hellenica, they are not successful in turning it into production. Despite all their experience in production timing issues, planning and implementation errors are the main cause of failure. Capacity building activities are needed to enhance better productivity in pine honey production.

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It should be given the deserved importance to the giant pine scale-Marchaline hellenica, which is the main actor of the production of pine honey and pine honey, which provides a great added value to the economy of our country and forms the basis of our honey export. The issue should be considered on a country basis, not regional.

There is an excessive and uncontrolled bee entrance in forestry area, especially during the production of pine honey. In some regions, hives are put on top of each other and this situation also causes failure in productivity meanin that unable to get maximum product (honey) from the unit . Additionally, intense colony accommodation (frequent bee accommodation) in the areas, trigger the transmission of all kinds of bee .

Some beekeepers prefer to tricky way to have more honey in a shorter time by feeding to the colonies during the production process. This disrupts the physicochemical properties of pine honey and damages the identity of the pine honey. The absence of any legal sanction and legislation encourages other producers to apply similar methods. This situation adversely affects the export and recognition of pine honey.

With regard to forest management, some inaccuracies in applications in the maintenance sectors bring along the negativities in terms of pine honey production. In other words, the healthy host trees are removed with purpose of wood production rather than pine production. The objective of the maintenance works should well defined and serve to enhancing productivity. In addition, wrong practices continue in the timing of the maintenance segments. Maintenance cuttings are entered during the full exposure of th Marchalina hellenica when the production of pine honey. This situation causes great reaction by beekeepers, damages the production of pine honey and causes huge losses in the Marchalina hellenica.

Studies under the name of planning, in other words, the creation of point places, have increased the rent in bee accommodation points in the villages. Persons who has point locations have begun to demand and receive more money from the manufacturer. They even began to rent accommodation points with auction to beekeepers. This situation causes competition among beekeepers, and there are problems between local beekeepers with low income and stroller beekeepers.

In Muğla region, although there are suitable and accommodated areas in some forest areas, there are difficulties in transportation to these areas. Due to insufficient roads and water resources, are compressed at certain points. For this reason, bees in such regions fly to the same point, but in areas where transportation and accommodation are not available, the bee cannot be accommodated. In other words, in one region of the village, the productivity is low due to the excess capacity, while in another region, production cannot be made due to the transportation problems.

Tourism and beekeeping are two competing sectors in many areas, especially in Muğla province. The activities of these two sectors correspond to the same time. Therefore, in some regions, there are also situations where bees harm local and foreign tourists. The fact that the bees go to touristic facilities to find water disturbs the citizens. The basis of this problem is that the pine honey production areas are narrow and the areas where our beekeepers can accommodate in forest areas are not sufficient or there are no roads and water resources in some areas where production can be made

The number of domestic and foreign tourists are increasing in summer and this trigger intense summer season crop production. Farmers use pesticides, fungicides and chemical fertilizers used in plant production. Agricultural activities, especially in areas close to forested areas, can damage birds and beneficial insects, and pollution of soil and water environments and offcourse beekeeping sector is at frontline and effected adversely.

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In the Muğla Region, the climate values have increased considerably, especially in the summer months, as climate change has been felt significantly in recent years. While the winters are mild in the region, the summer months are quite hot and dry. It is located in maquis (shrub) fields and red pine fields in our regional forests. In the summer drought, as people enter the forest areas ready for ignition (vacationers, rovers, hunters, etc.), the risk of fire in these areas has increased as well as fire events.

Lighting, ventilation and cooling, purification and irrigation are very important for the development of internal and external tourism in the Southwestern Anatolia. These and similar functions are all dependent on electrical energy, thermal power centrals and mining facilities. These establishments create a very dense cloud of dust in the area where they operate, drying the moisture needed for the insect to be exposed and damaging the insect. On the one hand, when establishing honey forests, granting licenses to stone and mines within the same area is considered as both policies of both sectors. The mentioned thermal power plants and mines and quarries cause an excessive air pollution in the region where they are located. In this context, it is a fact that these plants and quarries are the factors that cause the most damage to our red pine forests and Marchalina hellenica insects in our region.

6. CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS Within the framework of the relevant regulation, circular and action plan, pine honey production areas should be given the status of natural honey forests, these areas should be protected and planned. Most importantly, Marchalina hellenica insect should be removed from the scope of forest pests in forest literature based on scientifically evidence information.

Actions to eliminate these threats should be implemented immediately. It is of utmost importance that every person, institution and organization take care of our pine honey, which is the only product that represents Türkey in the world honey market.

It is expected that the GDF in cooperation with relevant stakeholders carry out studies and projects that will increase the honey production and food safety of the country, and to carry out actions that will bring the country beekeeping to the highest levels.

Turkey strive to maintain and develop optimally in accordance with forestry techniques. Legislative studies on the Operation and Management of Honey Forests related to these issues have been carried out.

Based on the importance of our pine honey in both quality and production potential, our Muğla pine honey has received geographical sign registration, and international geographical sign registration studies and projects are being carried out at FAO, and commissions have started to work in the context of establishing international standards in the international arena.

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