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What Is Great Shift? of English

People started pronouncing farther forward in The Great the mouth Existing front vowels were diphthongized.

Presented by: Presented at: Happened from about 1400 - 1600 Lynn Lamping, M.Ed. 2019 AOGPE Conference Fellow/AOGPE White Plains, New Structured Literacy, Dyslexia Specialist/IDA

410 – 1150 AD 1150 - 1450 Early ME 1450 – 1750 (Hanbury-King, D. , 2000) ME 1750 – Present !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<=

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Proto-Indo-European Indo-European Split into many language groups: ! Proto-Indo-European (PIE) refers to a linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Indo- ! Celtic European . ! Germanic ! PIE goes back to 4500 BC in the late Neolithic Age ! Italic Indo-European assumes a group of dialects from the Western & Eastern European, Indian, and Iranian ! Greek languages ! Indo-Iranian ! Slavic (Lerer, S., 2008)

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Germanic Family The Beginnings of English

Northern Branch: Scandinavian epic poem. English emerged from and dialects around the 6th and 7th centuries. Western Branch: English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYsD4DPg4ls German The earliest recorded documents in the British Isles are in the 7th and 8th centuries. The early English Dutch was known as Old English.

Eastern Branch: Gothic (died out)

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Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Old English Old English 5th Century - 11th/12th Century 5th Century - 11th/12th Century 5th Century - 11th/12th Century

Old English was spoken & written by settlers known as the Ango-Saxons were: > Next to arrive were the Angles > Collectively known as Danes Saxons From Norway, Sweden, Jutes

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Transition from Old English Claimants to King Edward throne 1066 The to

) Tostig Godwinson (defeated by Godwinson in the Battle of Fulford on Sept 1066) King Edward the Confessor Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (defeated by ! Last Anglo-Saxon King Godwinson in the Battle of Fulford on Sept 1066)

! Childless Harald Godwinson (crowned king after Edwards death, ! Dies in January 1066 Duke of King Harald Tostig King Harald but was defeated by William in the Battle of Hastings) Normandy Godwinson Godwinson Hardraga William, Duke of Normandy became the new King

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Middle English Words Brought in by William, Duke 11th Century - of Normandy Language Status

Prince ! Old English transitions to Middle English after Norman Castle Conquest Prophet Dame English: street language (commoners & Master uneducated, poems, imaginative expression, ! Saint French - prestige language Warden Baptist Court French (prestige language) court & commerce ! French was the spoken language 300+ years Ward Miracle Rent (prestige language) , school & ! War More than ten thousand words came into the English Paradise poor university learning language from Norman French. sacrament rich Prison Veal Crown Purple mutton (Lerer, S., 2008) (Lerer, S., 2008) !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<= ( Lerer, S., 20 0 8) !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<= prove !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<=

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Geoffrey Chaucer Prologue of Canterbury Tales Chaucer English Poet 1380’s & 1390’s

Whan Aprill with his shoures soote “In Chaucer’s pronunciation, Before GVS: Became: When April with its sweet showers the long vowels still had their lyf (leef) life ’continental value’-.., The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, a was pronounced like the a in Has soaked the roots, dry from the March drought, hus (hoos) house father and not like the a in And bathed every vein (sap vessel) in the moisture name, e was pronounced either Of which vertu engendered is the flour: ded deed like the e in there or the a in Which brings on the flower: mon moon mate, but not like the ee in meet.” When Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth When the west wind’s sweet breath https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahuT-JwxIa8 (Hanbury-King, D. , 2000)

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English Makes A In the Middle of the In the Middle of the Comeback 15th Century 15th Century

French on the decline in the . A great change is underway King Henry V (reigned 1413 – 1422) established The long vowels that could be raised English as an official language. Gradually all long vowels are were raised, and those that could not pronounced with a greater elevation English: returns to as prestige language be raised became . of the tongue and closing of the (14th & 15th century). mouth. ’s records were kept mostly in English by 1423.

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Beginning’s of the English Rises & Caxton’s Influence on the French/Latin Decline Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift (GVS)marks the Printing Chancery English transition from the Middle English to . Standardizing English The Great Vowel Shift (GVS) began in the middle Pronunciation Developing of the 15th Century and continued to the end of the 16th Century and some believe beyond. - Sets up his print shop and is the 1st printer in England (Lerer, S., 2008) (Lerer, S., 2008) ( Lerer, S ., 20 0 8) !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<= !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<= !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<=

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Caxton’s Influence on the What Is the Great Vowel Otto Jespersen Great Vowel Shift Shift?

Pronunciation change in long, stressed monophthongs Danish linguist specialized in “The GVS was developing along with the Single most important change to rise of the standard forms of written English Professor of English at the University of Copenhagen developed in Chancery being used by from 1893 - 1925 Separates current English language from modern day European languages. Caxton.” (Lerer, S. 2008) 1st studied the change in vowel pronunciation Coined the term “The Great Vowel Shift”

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Which Vowels Were Monophthongs Examples of Monophthongs Affected?

“Only 6 vowels were affected. These are long, “A monophthong is a single sound made by stressed monophthongs – vowels in stressed keeping the mouth in the same position.” (Lerer, S. , positions in the word that were held long in 2008) /!/ see /"/ dough pronunciation and that had a pure sound (that is, were not made up of groups of sounds).” (Lerer, S., /#/ bet /au/ August 2008) /oo! / boo /$/ as in mop

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Difference in Diphthongs Examples of Diphthongs Names

We say: /!/ mice “A sound made up of two sounds, and when a, e, i, o, u this sound is spoken the mouth moves from /"/ cake one position to another.” (Lerer, S. , 2008) Before the Great Vowel Shift said: /oi/ oil ah, eh, ih, oh, oo /ou/ out

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Vowel Circle Vowel Circle Tongue Height & Placement Tongue Height & Placement Vowel Characteristics High High Front Back Front, smiley Back rounded ! + " # Vowels are described according to their oo about height and position in the mouth: lesson * elect oo! definition ircus Height: Position in the mouth: $ " Low Back Middle Middle Middle Mid % aw oi/oy & High Front ' ) ou/ow ( Low

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Long & Short Vowel Sounds Long & Short Vowel Sounds Great Vowel Shift Summary Qualitative: measured by quality instead of quantity Quantitative: measured by quantity. “The length of time the vowel was held signaled a different Only Six Vowels Were Affected, but essentially: “Linguist do not use the terms long and short to describe a Meaning for the word. qualitative difference in vowel sounds, the terms High vowels were made into diphthongs long and short relate to quantitative . This distinction was lost to Modern English during the GVS. Front vowel were raised & fronted There is no difference in meaning if sat(Lerer ,is S. , 2008)pronounced For Example: “sat” or “saat.”” Back vowels were raised & retracted In Old English the word ”God” could be pronounced “Gode” meaning God, or “gooade,” meaning good.” (Lerer, S. , 2008) (Lerer, S., 2008)

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The Great Vowel Shift The Two High Vowels: i, u The Two High Vowels Front Central Back Became Diphthongs Became Diphthongs pronounced ! pronounced 1 1 u /oo/ i /%/ meese high front vowel high back vowel Represented by the letters: st moyse moase Pronounced 1 Stage Final Stage ! ! i was pronounced as /!/ before the GVS, so the i /oi/ u /oa/ o pronounced /!/ Before GVS GVS GVS e pronounced /$/ modern word mice would have been pronounced mid back vowel i ee oi ! ai /&/ au /oum/o use mid front vowel mice as meese. u oo! " ou

E pronounced u was pronounced as /oo/! before the GVS, so /#/ ( pronounced /au/ the modern word house would be pronounced as low front vowel low back vowel æ pronounced /"/ hoose. pronounced i and u become diphthongs a /' / First as /oi/ and /oa/ then (Lerer, S., 2008) /&/ and /ou/ !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345 -) 5 67*-)-).89:;<=

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The Great Vowel Shift The Two High Vowels The Mid Vowels Were Raised Became Diphthongs Front Central u pr /o/oo!! / Before GVS After GVS feet do high front vowel high back vowel Represented by the letters: Meese mice dough fayt Leese lice &i &u o / e was pronounced as /!/ before the GVS, so / the modern word feet would have been abeed abide ai /'/ au /ou/ mid back vowel mid front vowel pronounced as fate boyte bite feht

E pronounced moy me /#/ ) pronounced /au/ o was pronounced as /"/ before the GVS, so foyt fight low front vowel low back vowel the modern word do would have been æ pronounced /"/ pronounced as dough. Hoose house a pronounced /( / Moose mouse The mid vowels were raised e , o move up becoming i , u (Lerer, S., 2008) oot out !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345 -) 5 67*-)-).89:;<=

The Mid Vowels Were Raised The Great Vowel Shift e pronounced/!/became /"/ The Two High Vowels: i, u o pronounced/#/became /oo! / Front Central Back Became Diphthongs pronounced ! i pronounced /%/ u /oo/ high front vowel high back vowel Before GVS After GVS Letter Pronounced 1st Stage Final Final fate feet name ! ! i /oi/ u /oa/ o pronounced /!/ Before GVS GVS Stage Stage e pronounced /$/ so mayt meet ai /&/ au /ou/ mid back vowel GVS GVS mid front vowel hare hear a /aw/ /!/ /"/ /#/ nem saw E pronounced spake speak /#/ ( pronounced /au/

dough do low front vowel nam low back vowel pronounced æ /"/ a pronounced /aw/or /'/ nahme

Low Back Vowel Rose Long, Open O Was Raised The Great Vowel Shift

The low back vowel written in Middle English as a The long, open o was pronounced as /!/ or did not happen overnight; there was a transition period: rose to fill the place left by the older Middle /au/ before the GVS, so the modern word so would be pronounced as saw. The word my would have transitioned from me to English e. moy to my

a was pronounced as /aw/ before the GVS, so The word bite would have transitioned from bete the modern word name would be pronounced to boyte to bite. as nahme The word fight would have transitioned from fete to Foyt to fight. (Lerer, S., 2008)

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Pirate English Personal Letters Showing the Changing th Anomalies to the GVS by Dr. Seth Lerer Sounds in the 15 & 16 Century

There is evidence that the GVS was still working These words did not undergo the Great Vowel Shift: it’s way out into the early 18th century. M-e-e-t spelled m--t-e or m-i-t-e to signal it is not pronounced “mayt” H-e-a- spelled h-y-r-e to signal it is not pronounced “hare” • steak Alexander Pope’s writings show rhymed H-o-u-s-e spelled h-o--s to signal it is not pronounced • great words join (joyn) and line (loyn). “hoos” • break • yea

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Old Pronunciation That Account Other Influencies on English Possible Explanations for the GVS For Some Inconsistencies

goose/gosling 15th and 16th Century: different dialects in England were in contact. ! The of the Bible sign/signal Migrations into ! Work of Shakespeare sane/sanity Loss of French as a prestige language Social pressure for a new social status through language please/pleasant Need to fill social gap crime/criminal "#$%&'() *+$,-./000 (Lerer, S., 2008) 1./023.4($$.4#56+$,-.7899:;) +$ ) <'#+$+$,=>?@AB !"#$%&"'())"'*+,-)./"0122345-)567*-)-).89:;<= profane/profanity

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William Tyndale Shakespeare Shakespeare

Parting is such sweet sorrow ! barefaced Frugal 1/3 of the King James New Testament is identical to A rose by any other name Monumental Willaim Tyndale’s work Critical White as driven snow Gust ! Obscene The scholars that produced the King James Bible A pound of flesh Castigate Hint did not acknowledge William Tyndale The eyed monster Countless Premeditated ! Hurry He published his New Testament in 1526, but hid it. A plague on both your houses Dislocate Leapfrog Submerged ! The British Museum bought the only extant copy in Into thin air Dwindle Lonely 1994 for one million pounds. Give the devil his due Summit Excellent ! Church officials killed William Tyndale in 1536. Too much of a good Majestic

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Words from European Punctuation Inkhorn/Inkwell Words Countries through Commerce France: alloy, duel, entrance, equip, explore, progress, Between 1500 – 1700 English vocabulary grew dramatically mustache, tomato, volunteer Early Punctuation: Ear Punctuation Words from Latin or Greek for “educated” effect: Italy: argosy, balcony, granite, stanza, violin, volcano Caxton Time: Eye Punctuation Allurement Autograph Spain and : anchovy, banana, cannibal, cocoa, Capsule embargo, maize, potato, tobacco, yam Dexterous Disregard Erupt Dutch: smuggler, cruise, jib, schooner, reef, walrus, meditate tattoo, knapsack

Words from non-European In Conclusion Resources: Countries through Travel Balmuth, M. (2009). The Roots of , Baltimore, MD, Paulh Brookes Publishing Company

Arabic: sash, hashish, mohair, sherbet, sofa, henna The Great Vowel Shift is what makes the Bragg, M. (2011) The Adventures of English, The Biography of a Language, New York, English language different & unique from all NY, Arcade Publishing Turkish: dolman, coffee, caftan, kiosk other modern European languages. Hanbury King, D. ( 2000). English Isn’t Crazy, Austin, TX, Pro-Ed International Publisher Chinese: ketchup One way in which we can think about the Lerer, S. (2008) The History of the English Language, 2nd Edition, Chantilly, VA, The Great Vowel Shift is a scholarly reconstruction Teaching Company. of the pronunciation of long stressed vowels Stenbrenden, . F. (2016). Long-Vowel Shifts in English, . 1050 – 1700. New York, NY, African: zebra University Press in English. Tutschka, V. (2009). Great Vowel Shift, Munich, Germany, Grin Publishing.

Wolfe, P.M. (1972). Linguistic Change and the Great Vowel Shift in English, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press

Resources:Images Resources: Images Resources: Images

Map of Europe Retrieved from Anglo-Saxons Retrieved from www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/saxons/where.html History of the English Language. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?biw=1440&bih=821&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=S3N1XM3sCenEjgSG4ZWgCw&q=ma https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+english+language+timeline&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjG p+of+Europe&oq=map+of+Europe&gs_ Caxton, Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=William+Caxton&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZ0vD4- tngAhXD44MKHW8YDQoQ_AUIDigB&biw=1440&bih=821#imgdii=npOJmYyLwaVbJM:&imgrc=cNUlM1bV_fD_wM: Phonological Awareness vowel and consonants Retrieved from Indo-European Family of Languages. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=vowel+circle+lindamood+bell https://www.google.com/search?biw=1337&bih=1258&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=JwOEXNGnBcjqjwT715jYBw&q=indo-

Godwinson, Harald Retrieved from european+family+of+language&oq=Indo- European+&gs_ Short, D. (2002) Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=Harold+Godwinson&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9vI6v9tngAhWD3YMKHatuDTwQ_AUIDi https://www.google.com/search?biw=1337&bih=1258&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=JwOEXNGnBcjqjwT715jYBw&q=indo gB&biw=800&bih=576 Indo-European languages images. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo- - european+family+of+language&oq=Indo-European+&gs_ European_languages Godwinson, Tostig Retrieved from Shakespeare Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?biw=800&bih=576&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=end1XJ_PJKzVjwSxjJjoAg&q=Tostig+God King Edward the Confessor. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=shakespeare&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8hdmJ_9ngAhXI6YMKHZVGChQQ https://www.google.com/search?biw=1440&bih=821&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=S3N1XM3sCenEjgSG4ZWgCw&q=King+Edward+the _AUIDigB &biw=1440&bih=821#imgrc=CipdXgdj82mifM: https://www.google.com/search?biw=800&bih=576&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=uXd1XNHgE-P- Hardrada, Harald Retrieved from +confessor&oq=King+Edward+the+confessor&gs jwS_17OIAQ&q=King+Haraold+Hardrada&oq=King+Haraold+Hardrada&gs William Duke of Normandy. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?q=William+duke+of+normandy&source

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