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Follow the Leader: a Critical Analysis of Leadership, Followership and Wellbeing in Policing

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Follow the Leader: a Critical Analysis of Leadership, Followership and Wellbeing in Policing Follow the Leader: A Critical Analysis of Leadership, Followership and Wellbeing in Policing Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Keith Alun Floyd MSc (with Distinction) School of Criminology University of Leicester September 2019 Word Count 81,857 1 Abstract Follow the Leader: A Critical Analysis of Leadership, Followership and Wellbeing in Policing Keith Floyd This research investigates the extent to which police leadership would benefit from consideration of the concept of ‘followership’. The research approach is influenced by Critical Leadership Studies (CLS) principles of challenging assumptions about asymmetrical power dynamics and leader-centric leadership styles. The research question asks how an appreciation of followership theory could contribute to the development of police leadership, in turn improving follower wellbeing. Four research aims informed the research approach. 1) Examination of police leadership through a CLS lens from the perspective of followers. 2) Analysis of the leader follower relationship. 3) Provision of an evidence base informing the development of leadership models to meet current policing challenges whilst satisfying the wellbeing needs of followers. 4) Analysis of the factors which effect leadership, followership and wellbeing. A mixed–method approach was designed to answer the research question and satisfy the research aims. Research method one featured quantitative analysis of a national online questionnaire, producing data on leadership style, followership typology and the relationship between leaders and followers. Research method two involved analysis of qualitative data from the questionnaire and a series of interviews conducted with practitioners and academics; expanding on the questionnaire findings whilst further exploring the individual, organisational, external and theoretical factors which influence the leader follower relationship in contemporary policing. The unique contribution of the study is the provision of the ‘Ideal Follower Leadership’ theoretical framework which reveals the most important factors informing optimal leader follower relationships. The thesis also maps, for the first time, the wide range of factors influencing the formulation of such relationships and how these factors could be enhanced, enabling better leadership, followership and wellbeing in the future. The potential impact of this study is to contribute to the design of police leadership training by developing an appreciation of followership from theory into practice. Keywords Leadership, Followership, Wellbeing, Police, Critical Leadership Studies 2 Acknowledgements It would be impossible to reach this stage of a PhD without the help and support of several people. I would like to thank them now. Firstly I would like to thank the members of the extended police family I left behind five years ago who gave up their own time to either complete a questionnaire or undertake an interview. Secondly I would like to thank my new colleagues from my second career teaching and researching at university. Academic staff from the Higher Education sector completed my interview cohort. They represent another industry where the level of commitment and hard work goes largely unseen and unrecognised but makes an incredible difference to the students they inspire. I was lucky to be one of those students when I returned to continue my education as an MSc then a PhD student at the University of Leicester Department of Criminology between 2013-2019. I am grateful to the Department, now deservedly recognised as a School of Criminology, for funding my PhD Bursary. I have learnt and developed on a personal level more than I could have ever imagined possible with the support of an amazing team of academics and support staff. It is unfair to single out individuals but I must mention my supervision team of Wendy Fitzgibbon, Matt Hopkins and Rob Mawby. Having endured countless drafts and re-drafts of my own work, I cannot thank you enough for your professionalism, patience, expertise and encouragement. Writing a thesis about Leadership, I also want to acknowledge Head of School Professor Neil Chakraborti, one of the best leaders and kindest people I have ever met. Finally I would like to thank other colleagues from outside Criminology who helped me, from the Library to the LLI, and especially Reka Plugor for her help with SPSS. Finally I dedicate this thesis to my long suffering wife Joy who bore the brunt of the countless hours I spent attached to a laptop. I hope one day my sons Matthew and Nicholas can look back on their careers with the humility and affection I now can, and feel that it was all worthwhile. 3 Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ 4 Table of Tables................................................................................................................ 7 Table of Figures .............................................................................................................. 8 Glossary of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 9 Preface ......................................................................................................................... 11 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 12 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 14 Research Design ............................................................................................................................ 15 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................................ 15 Leadership ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Management................................................................................................................................. 17 Leader ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Follower ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Followership .................................................................................................................................. 18 Wellbeing ...................................................................................................................................... 19 Research Question ........................................................................................................................ 20 Research Aims ............................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter One: Police Leadership: history, development, contemporary challenges and opportunities ................................................................................................................ 22 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 22 A Chronology of Police Leadership Styles leading up to Transformational Leadership ............... 22 The Effect of Police Organisational Culture on Police Leadership ............................................... 37 An Alternative Approach: Critical Leadership Studies and the study of Followership ................. 38 External Challenges to Police Leadership ..................................................................................... 44 The Police Wellbeing Agenda ....................................................................................................... 45 Home Office (2018) Policing Review............................................................................................ 48 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter Two: Leadership and followership in policing: the application of theory in developing a new theoretical framework to understand the leader follower relationship 54 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 54 Overview of Leadership Theory .................................................................................................... 55 Transformational Leadership Theory ........................................................................................... 55 Leader Member Exchange Theory ................................................................................................ 62 Overview of Followership Theory ................................................................................................. 65 Kelley Followership Model...........................................................................................................
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