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FISHES and FORESTS: the IMPORTANCE of SEASONALLY FLOODED RIVERINE HABITAT for 島'le KONG RIVER FISH FEEDING

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FISHES and FORESTS: the IMPORTANCE of SEASONALLY FLOODED RIVERINE HABITAT for 島'le KONG RIVER FISH FEEDING NAT. NAT. HIST. BULL. SIAM Soc. 55(1): 121-148 ，2∞ 7 FISHES AND FORESTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF SEASONALLY FLOODED RIVERINE HABITAT FOR 島'lE KONG RIVER FISH FEEDING Ian Ian G. Baird 1 ABSTRACT The Mekong Ri ver supports a rich diversity of fish species and seωonally inundated ripar- i組 forest habitats ，including those in the Siphandone Wetlands in Khong District ，Champasak Pr ovince ，southem Laos and adjacent areas in Stung Treng and Kratie Provinces in northeastem Cambodia. Cambodia. However ，there has been little systematic research done regarding the relationships between between fishes 釦 d seasonally flooded forests in the Mekong River Basin. Th is paper confirrns 血at 飽町民凶al plants ar 芭 important food sources for some important fish species ，by means of a study of fish stomach contents conducted at Ban Hang Kh one ， a rural fishing village situated on 組 island in the Mekong River just below the Khone Falls. A total of 1， 617 fish specimens belonging belonging to at least 73 species ，52 genera and 20 families were examined. At least 35 species offo 陀 st 企ui 臼， 13 species of fresh leaves ， and 3 species of flowers were found in fish stomachs a1 0ng with bark ，roots and a wide variety of other fish foods. Species in the family Pangasiidae were were found to be the most important consumers of fruits and other fresh vascular plant material. Hypsibarbus Hypsibarbus spp. ， Tor tambroides. Le ptobarbus hoeveni (Cyprinidae) ，Osphronemus exodon (Ospronemidae) (Ospronemidae) and other fishes a1 so consume considerable amounts of plant m 副 er. V iIl agers mentioned mentioned 73 plant species believed to be consumed by fishes ，including 9 suitable for baiting hooks hooks for catching fish. Th e importance of seasonally inundated fl 日間sts to the aquatic ecosystem of of the Mekong Ri ver is considered ，including the possible role of fishes as plant seed dispersers and and predators. F1 00ded forests along the Mekong River are threatened by hydrological changes caused caused by the construction of large dams both up and down river. Key words: Cambodia ，fish diet ，自 sh fe 沼ding ，flooded forests ，Laos ， wetlands INTRODUCTION There are often important relationships between freshwater fish species and seasonally inundated vegetation ，or flooded forests. In the tropics ， fish-forest feeding relationships in the Amazon River Basin have been particularly well studied (GOULD 町 G ， 1980; 1983; 1993; GOULDING & FERREIRA ， 1984; ARAuJO ・LIMAETA L.， 1998; SAINT-PAULETAL. ， 2000). In 肱 Mekong Ri ver Basin and other parts of Southeast Asia ，many f同shwater fish 紅 'e known to feed on forest fruits and other seasonally flooded vegetation (ROBERTS ，1993) ，but there has been su 叩risingly little research done to document the feeding habits of 仕eshwater fish in relation relation to seasonally inundated forests. 'Geography 'Geography Department ，University of British Columbia ，B.C. Vancouver. ， Canada; and Global Association for People People and the Environment (GAPE) ，p. o. Box 860 ，Pakse ，Lao PDR. Correspondence: 1235 Basil Ave.. Victoria. B.C. ，Canada V8T 2G 1. Email: [email protected] Received Received 19 April 2006; accepted 25 February 2007. 121 121 122 122 IAN G. BAJRD -、 、，，，、 ‘r ， ‘「，，、 1 室 1‘ China "弔電。 1 、....-( 令 ， <f> 、s 、 、‘、 Ja Vietnam f } 、 ー) ~. ‘ ‘、、、ノ Burma Burma (Myanmar) (Myanmar) • Hanoi /‘ J 、、 ，r ‘-， Gu ぜof t Tongken 、〆 〆 、 j f 〈〆f 』 Thailand • Bangkok Guifof Guifof Thailand Thailand 。 100 200km Figure 卜 Th 巴 Lower M 巴kong River Basin ，sh ow ing rh e locat ion of th e Siphandone Wetlands ，in Khong Di st ri ct， Champasal く Province ，so uth e rn Lao PDR PJSHES PJSHES AND PORESTS 123 The seasona ll y inundated riparian habitat of the southern-most part of the Lao Peop l巴's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos) and northeast 巴rn Cambodia constitutes an important important part of the aquatic 巴cosystem ofthe Mekong River Bas in .The Siphandon 巴Wet land s in in Khong District ，Champasal くProvince ，south 巴rn Laos-and areas along the Mekong River between between Kratie Province in northeastern Cambodia ， and the border between Laos and Cam bodia bodia in Tha laborivath District ， Stung Tr 巴ng Prov in ce-support some of the most important seasona ll y inundat ed habitats and associated fish populations (ROBERTS ， 1993; CLAR lD GE ， 1996; 1996; BAII ミo ET A L.， 1999 ;DACONTO ， 2001; BARAN ET AL. ， 2005). The Khone Falls are situ - ated ated in th 巴 southern-most part of the Siphandon 巴刻化tlands (F ig. 1) ー The objective of this study was to investigate the feeding patterns of various Mekong River River fish species found near seasonally inundated forests in the Khone Falls 創 'ea in order to gain gain a b巴tter und 巴rstanding ofthe relationships betwe 巴n fish and seasonally inundat 巴 d forests. A lth ough preliminary r巴sults are given for 73 fish specie s，detailed data are provided for only thos 巴 species found to consume significant amounts of seasonally inundated vegetation .Lo- cal cal knowledge regarding the relationship between fishes and seasonally inundat 巴 d riverine habitat habitat in the お1ekong Riv 巴r in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia was also utilized. In In this paper 1 consider th 巴 possible repercuss i ons of seasonally flooded riverine habitat destruction destruction on indigenous fish populations and biod iversity in the Mekong River Basin ， and consequently consequently on the local people who depend on wild-capture fisheries for subsistence and ll1 come ，巴 sp 巴cially w ith r巴gard to the construction of large dams upriver. 援2貌頭 Se 臨a酪s州。町ona 問刷n1旧凶a副11 刷y引刊川lげ川n礼出山削削山叩山州Jr川川川un町附、K吋糊由蜘di拍a 一-一 _ Int 出erna 副 ti 旧。 na 副Iboundary Villages Villages Ban 1 Ban Don Tholathi 10 Ban Don I.S om Ban 2 Ban Don Sa ng 11 Ban Don $a t1。、 g 8an 3 8an Don 001 Tok 12 Ban H oun Sadam 8an 4 8an Oon Del Oke 13 Ba nDon Phapheng CAMBODIA 8an 5 8an Don En ~ 4 Ban Hang Khone Ban 6 Ban Don Ton Tok 15 Ban H ang Sadam Ban 7 Ban Don Tan Oke 16 8an Veun Gnang 8an B 8an Khone Tai 17 Ban Don Langa 3km Ban 9 Ban Khone Neua 18 8an Veun Kham Pigure Pigure 2. The K hone Pa ll s in K h ong D istri c t，in th 巴 low e rpart of the Siph andone Wetland s ，in Champa sak Pro vin ce ， so uthern Laos. The Pa ll sc ro ss th e midd l巴 of th e map from w 巴st 10 eas t. 124 I州 G. BAIRD STUDYAREA 百 e Siphandone Wetlands are situated in the mains 田 am Mekong Ri ver in the southem- most part of Laos and consists of a complex system of channels ，rapids ，deep water pools ， waterfalls ，1紅 ge and small inhabited and uninhabited isl 佃 ds ，and various kinds of seasonally inundated inundated forests (CLARIDGE ， 1996; DACONTO ，2001). 百le Kh one Falls is a series of waterfalls and channels running p紅 allel 企'om west to east in the southem-most p釘 t.of the Siphandone Wetlands Wetlands (Fig. 1). Ban (village) Hang Kh one ，where the study was conducted is situated on Don (island) Kh one ，which straddles 由e Falls (Fig. 2， #14). FLOODED FORESTS 百le seasonally inundated wetland habitat of Siphandone and adjacent parts of northeastem Cambodiais 郎副ke other seasonally flooded 紅 'eas in the Am azon basin or even the Tonle Sap Lake of Cambodia. In the Am azon ， large floodplain areas are inundated for many months each each ye 釘出 a result of varying rainfall pattems in different p紅 ts of the basin ，creating ideal conditions conditions for fish habitation. In many ways the flooded rivers of the Am azon are a product of of hydrological conditions similar to those of 血e Mekong ， but the fish and plant species are entirely entirely di 妊erent (Go ULD 町 G ， 1980; 1983; SAINT-PA 肌 ET AL. ， 2000). In In Cambodia ， the annual reversing of the direction of the Tonle Sap River during the the rainy season contributes significantly to the Tonle Sap Lake being filled up by the high-waters high-waters of the Mekong River (LIENG ET AL. ，1995) ， expanding the inundated 紅白from 2，520 km 2 加出e 也y season to a peak of 15 ，780 km 2 in the rainy season (RA 別 BO 四， 1996). ROLLET (1 972) recognized the Tonle Sap forest to be of largely endemic or autochthonous origin ，and evolutionarily related 旬， but not identical with ，forests 也at occupy rip 紅 ianzones of of the Mekong Ri ver. He noted the shared presence of Crateva ，Cynometra ，Homonoia ， Hydnocarpus ，and Samandura in the Tonle Sap 紅 'ea and along the Mekong proper ， but also pointed out pointed a number of key plant species in the flooded forests of southem Laos and north- eastem Cambodia 白紙紅'e absent in the Tonle Sap Lake. Th ese include Ficus racemosa L. var. var. racemosa (Moraceae) ，An ogeissus rivularis ， Acacia harmandiani ，and Telectadium edule ， to to name a few. McDONALD ET AL. (1997) confrrmed 白紙no more 血an 20% of the vascular plant plant species found in flooded forests in the Tonle Sap Lake 紅 'e also found in and along the mains 回創n Mekong in southem Laos and northeastem Cambodia ，and most of those 出at do exist represent secondary and upper-floodplain species. Th us ， the relationships between fishes fishes and forests can be expected to differ. Critically ， the riverine flooded forests discussed here 紅 e associated with a largely linear river river system with seasonally moderate-to-fast flowing water ， unlike the lacustrine-like envi- ronment found in the Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia where water levels rise without associated incre 回目in water velocity.
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