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Otros Rumiantes Menores .II Otros Rumiantes Menores .II Enfermedades Parasitarias 245 246 EEA INTA, Anguil .1 Parasitosis de las cabras Rossanigo, Carlos E. 1. Introducción obtención de pelo, el mohair. Los animales pro- ductores de leche son una mínima proporción a cabra es un animal que se está expan- del total, presentes en aproximadamente 60 L diendo en todo el mundo, con un creci- tambos intensivos no estaciónales de los cua- miento muy significativo. Actualmente les solo un 15 % son mecanizados, representa- existen 500 millones de cabezas, con predomi- dos por cabras Saanen, Anglo Nubian, Criolla, nancia en la producción de leche (55%), carne Pardo Alpino, Toggenburg y sus cruzamientos. (35%) y el resto pelo y pieles (FAO, 1988). El ganado caprino de nuestro país es afectado por parásitos internos o externos. Las principa- Al igual que ocurre en muchos países del les enfermedades parasitarias son descriptas a mundo, el ganado caprino ocupa en Argentina continuación. una posición claramente secundaria en el con- texto pecuario general, cumpliendo una impor- 2. Parásitos internos tante función en la economía de zonas áridas y semiáridas. Según el INDEC existen en nuestro 2.1. Parásitos gastrointestinales país 3.303.000 cabras (Encuesta Nacional Agropecuaria, 1999), pero estimaciones actua- En los sistemas reales extensivos los caprinos les de organismos nacionales, no gubernamen- se hallan expuestos a varios géneros de nemá- tales y productores privados hablan de más de todes, así como a otros tipos de parásitos inter- 5.000.000 cabezas en manos de unas 50.000 nos tales como tremátodes, céstodes y proto- familias de pequeños productores. zoarios (coccidios) (Cuadro 1). Las explotaciones del ganado caprino están 2.1.1. Gusanos redondos (Nematodes) orientadas generalmente hacia distintas pro- ducciones que dependen del medio ambiente Son aquellos parásitos ubicados por taxonomía en el que se encuentran, el cual condiciona fac- dentro del phylum Nemathelminthes y de la tores de producción tan importantes como clase Nematoda. raza, sistema de explotación y recursos. La mayoría de los descriptos pertenecen al El 76 % del stock caprino de nuestro país son orden Strongyloidea, siendo dos las familias animales productores de carne concentrados más importantes; Strongylidae (géneros en las zonas áridas y semiáridas del centro Strongyloides y Oesophgostumum) y Trichos- oeste y noroeste del país, en donde la produc- trongylidae (géneros Haemonchus, Teladorsa- ción caprina descansa en la venta del cabrito gia, Cooperia y Trichostrongylus). En el orden mamón de 45 a 70 días de vida con 7 a 10 Kg de Trichinelloidea se destaca el parasitismo por peso. El resto del stock caprino, son cabras de Trichuris ovis y en el orden oxyuridea (familia raza Angora criadas en la Patagonia para la oxyuridae) Skrjabinema ovis (Lapage, 1979; Chartier y Hoste, 1997). Enfermedades Parasitarias 247 Cuadro 1. Principales parásitos del tubo digestivo de los caprinos. Grupo de Descrito en Argentina Poder patógeno Localización Especies Parásito Ref. (14) Cuajo Haemonchus contortus 4-6-22-32-38-42-30 +++ Teladorsagia circumcincta 2-4 ++ Trichostrongylus axei ++ Nemátodes Trichostrongylus colubriformis 6-22 ++ Gastro - Intestino Trichostrongylus vitrinus 32-42 ++ Nematodirus sp. 42 ? Intestinales Delgado (ID) Cooperia sp. 38 ? Strongyloides papillosus 42 ++ Intestino Oesophagostomum sp 6-38-42 + Grueso (IG) Oesophagostomum venolosum + Trichuris ovis 32-42 + Skrjabinema ovis 13 + Tremátodes Hígado Fasciola hepática +++ Céstodes ID Moniezia expanza + Eimeria christenseni 53 + Eimeria intrincata + Eimeria arloingi 42 + Coccidiosis ID y IG Eimeria parva o pallida 32 + Intestinal Eimeria ninakolyakimovae +++ Eimeria crandallis + Eimeria faurei + Eimeria granulosa + Criptosporidiosis ID y IG Criptosporidium parvum 57 ++ Intestinal Todos habitan el tracto gastrointestinal, son húmedos y tropicales y a la inversa Telador- relativamente pequeños, variando su tamaño sagia caracteriza a climas templados o fríos. desde unos milímetros hasta pocos centíme- tros. Su frecuencia y su poder patógeno varían El ciclo de vida de estos parásitos es de tipo según la especie. El ganado caprino se contami- directo, ya que no involucra huéspedes inter- na de la mayor parte de estos parásitos duran- mediarios alguno (monoxeno). Consta de una te el pastoreo a excepción de Strongyloides faz que se desarrolla en el tracto digestivo del papillosus, Skrjabinema ovis y Trichuris ovis, animal donde luego de la cópula de los adultos especies que se encuentran indiferentemente sexuados las hembras ponen los huevos que en los animales en pastoreo en sistemas exten- son excretados con la materia fecal. La faz de sivos o en sistemas intensivos a corral. En los vida libre comprende el desarrollo de los hue- sistemas pastoriles de producción de carne de vos hasta la larva 3 (L3) o larva infestante, que nuestro país, tres son los nemátodes predomi- migra a la pastura a la espera de ser ingerida nantes: Haemonchus contortus, Trichostron- por un nuevo animal. Todo el ciclo dura entre 17 gylus sp. y Teladorsagia circumcincta (Aguirre a 25 días, dependiendo del género y del clima et al, 2000(a); Aguirre et al, 2002 (b); Fiel et al, reinante (Figura 1). 2000; Romero et al, 2001 y Rossanigo y Silva Colomer, 1993). Este ciclo se cumple en la mayoría de los nemá- todes con algunas excepciones; por ejemplo La mayor incidencia de uno u otro género para- Strongyloides papillosus se caracteriza no solo sitario depende de las condiciones climáticas por su capacidad de producir una o más gene- de cada región. Así, mientras que Haemonchus raciones sucesivas no parasitarias y por la pro- y Oesophagostomum predominan cuando la ducción partenogenésica de huevecillos (fecun- temperatura y la humedad son elevadas, dados que producen varias generaciones de Cooperia es dominante en regiones de climas formas infestantes), sino también por la capaci- 248 EEA INTA, Anguil Figura 1. Ciclo de vida de los nemátodes gastroin- testinales dad de sus larvas infestantes de penetrar por la La humedad ponderal (hpg) en el curso de las epidermis de su huésped. Otro caso es el del primeras 36 horas posterior a la deposición de ”gusano látigo” (Trichuris ovis) que posee hue- las heces es el factor de mayor importancia que vos larvados (con L3), que eclosionan cuando explica la gran mortalidad de los huevos son ingeridos (Lapage, 1979). (Mauleon y Gruner, 1984; Berbigier et al. 1990; Rossanigo y Gruner, 1994), mientras que las Epidemiología temperaturas elevadas por encima de 35 ° C o El conocimiento y la cuantificación de las rela- de 40 ° C se presentan como el segundo factor ciones entre el medio y el parásito son muy úti- de importancia con una acción letal sobre los les para comprender la epidemiología de los estadios pre-infestante (Pandey et al., 1989; nemátodes gastrointestinales de los pequeños Rossanigo y Gruner, 1994). rumiantes. El riesgo parasitario está en función del grado de contaminación de la pastura (hue- La supervivencia de la L3 y accesibilidad están vos expulsados al exterior), de la posibilidad de fuertemente condicionados por las reservas desarrollo de los huevos en larvas infestantes acumuladas en el curso de su desarrollo y por (L3), de la supervivencia de la L3 en el forraje en los factores del medio ambiente. Temperaturas espera de ser ingeridas por el huésped y de la altas aceleran el metabolismo y la movilidad de accesibilidad de las L3 desde las pasturas a los las larvas y, por ende, consumen las reservas animales. energéticas disminuyendo el tiempo que pue- den sobrevivir en el medio (Rose, 1962; Gibson El contenido de agua y la temperatura de la y Everett, 1972). En cambio temperaturas bajas materia fecal son dos de los factores claves que casi detienen su metabolismo, por lo tanto, intervienen en el desarrollo de huevo a L3, sobreviven por un tiempo más prolongado sobre todo en el caso de los nemátodes parási- (Gibson y Everett, 1972; Pandey, 1972; Steffan y tos de los pequeños rumiantes donde las carac- Fiel, 1986). terísticas de las heces, en forma de granos, las hace muy diferentes a la de los bovinos respec- La duración de vida de las L3 está también fuer- to al contenido de agua. temente ligada a la disponibilidad de agua. El Enfermedades Parasitarias 249 aumento de la humedad ambiente prolonga la La receptividad y la sensibilidad a las infesta- supervivencia (Wharton, 1982; Berbigier et al., ciones por nemátodes gastrointestinales es 1990), mientras que la ausencia de precipita- también más intensa en las cabras lecheras de ción produce una menor sobrevida (Dinaburg, altas producción, en las cuales pueden presen- 1944). La desecación o deshidratación de la tarse una merma en la producción de leche de bosta juega también un rol importante en la hasta un 15 % y signos clínicos de parasitismo, sobrevida de las L3. Cuanto más lenta sea la a diferencia de cabras de baja producción desecación más larvas y por más tiempo sobre- donde se produce una significativa caída de la vivirán (Andersen y Levine, 1968). producción sin sintomatología visible (Chartier y Hoste, 1997). Es decir que en un tambo capri- En pocas palabras, las condiciones climáticas no las cabras más productivas son las que tie- establecen el predominio de determinadas nen mayor riesgo de estar parasitadas o las especies en las distintas regiones del país. Hay más excretoras de huevos de parásitos, e igual- además otros factores que interrelacionan al mente son aquellas sobre las cuales el trata- parásito con el medio ambiente y el caprino; miento antihelmíntico ejerce una mayor res- como por ejemplo el sistema de producción, ya puesta en término de producción de leche. que influye sobre la cantidad de parásitos pre- sentes en el animal y la cantidad de larvas L3 Contaminación de la pastura presentes en los pastos. La contaminación de la pastura se produce a través de los huevos eliminados en la materia Relación huésped-parásito fecal por los parásitos adultos que se alojan en A diferencia con los bovinos y ovinos, la cabra el tracto gastrointestinal, originando así la fase no desarrolla con la edad una buena resistencia de vida libre.
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