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Risk Assessment on the Use of South American Camelids for Back Country Trekking in British Columbia

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Risk Assessment on the Use of South American Camelids for Back Country Trekking in British Columbia RISK ASSESSMENT ON THE USE OF SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELIDS FOR BACK COUNTRY TREKKING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Final Report October 24, 2017 Submitted to: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game Submitted by: Centre for Coastal Health 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC Table of Contents A. Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 B. Background ........................................................................................................................................... 6 C. Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 7 C.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Probability ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Impact ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Information gathering activities ........................................................................................................... 8 C.2. Review of scientific and grey literature, and government policies ................................................... 8 C.3. Provincial diagnostic data for South American camelids ................................................................. 10 C.4. Interviews of camelid disease experts and wildlife managers ........................................................ 10 D. Results and discussions ....................................................................................................................... 10 D.1. What is at risk? ................................................................................................................................ 11 Wild ungulates in British Columbia ..................................................................................................... 11 South American camelid industry in British Columbia ....................................................................... 13 D.2. Is there any evidence that South American camelids can be a source of disease to wild ungulates in British Columbia? ................................................................................................................................ 13 Previously reported pathogens of SACs .............................................................................................. 13 Previously identified pathogens of SACs that are of concern for wild ruminants .............................. 14 Emerging pathogens of SACs of potential concern for wild ruminants .............................................. 15 Pathogens detected in SAC submissions to BC AHC ........................................................................... 18 Epidemiology and diagnosis of SAC pathogens .................................................................................. 20 Evidence about the transmission of pathogens from SACs to wild and domestic ungulates............. 24 Exposure risk factors for wild ungulates in British Columbia ............................................................. 24 D.3. Which of the described pathogens are of greatest concern for wildlife managers? ...................... 25 D.4. Qualitative risk posed by pathogens identified in SACs to wild ungulates ..................................... 26 D.5. Can the effects of or risk of South American Camelid diseases in wild ungulates be prevented, treated, or mitigated? ............................................................................................................................. 26 E. Risk summary ...................................................................................................................................... 28 F. References .......................................................................................................................................... 32 G. Glossary of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 34 2 Appendix 1. Literature search keywords .................................................................................................... 35 Appendix 2. Interview questions ................................................................................................................ 36 Questions for Camelid Disease Specialists .............................................................................................. 37 Questions for Wild Sheep and Goat Disease Specialists ......................................................................... 39 Appendix 3. Abundance and distribution of wild ungulates in British Columbia ....................................... 41 Appendix 4. Infectious agents of llamas, domestic sheep and goats, and wild sheep and goats .............. 46 Bacteria ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Viruses ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 Fungus ..................................................................................................................................................... 49 Protozoa .................................................................................................................................................. 49 Helminths ................................................................................................................................................ 50 Ectoparasites ........................................................................................................................................... 52 3 A. Executive summary Risk, for the purpose of this report, is a composite measure that takes into account the probability or likelihood of an event occurring, the magnitude of impact of said event, and an interpretation of the uncertainty around the criteria used to estimate probabilities and impact. The Center for Coastal Health (CCH), on behalf of the British Columbia (BC) Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (FLNRORD) and the Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, set out to update a previous risk assessment by Stephen and Schwantje (2003) on the potential for South American Camelids (SACs) to transmit disease to wild ungulates in BC; to identify emerging diseases of SACs; to describe and evaluate recent findings regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis and control of pathogens that affect both SACs and other ungulates; and to document reports of pathogen transfer from SACs to wild or domestic ungulates. For this report, we focused mainly on pathogens that might impact the wild sheep and goat populations of BC, although other species such as Caribou (Rangifer taraandus), Elk (Roosevelt Elk, Cervus canadensis rooseveiti and Rocky Mountain Elk, Cervus canadensis neisoni), Deer (Mule and Black-tailed, Odocoileus hemionus and White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus) and Moose (Northwestern Moose, Acles andersoni; Alaskan Moose, Alces gigas; and Shiras’ Moose, Alces shirasi) were considered. As part of this risk assessment, the CCH conducted a number of research activities including; a rapid and targeted literature review of peer-reviewed and grey literature from 2007 to 2016; a review of government policies and documents from other jurisdictions regarding SAC use in backcountry areas; interviews of camelid infectious disease experts and wildlife managers; and an analysis of sample submissions from SACs to diagnostic animal health laboratories in two western Canadian provinces. Our risk assessment activities identified seven SAC pathogens that were of greatest concern to wild ungulates in BC. These were Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica), Pasteurella spp., contagious ecthyma (CE, parapoxvirus), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease), Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Estimates of prevalence and disease transmission dynamics for these and other SAC pathogens in North America are very limited, due to gaps in surveillance, a lack of effective diagnostic tests, and the potential for an asymptomatic carrier state. We found that there is high uncertainty about the probability of pathogen transmission from SACs to wild ungulates. We found no peer-reviewed publications documenting pathogen transmission from camelids to wild ungulates or to domestic sheep and goats for the identified pathogens. However, because there was almost no research examining the shedding and transmission dynamics for pathogens in camelid herds, or between camelids and other ruminants, a lack of peer-reviewed evidence should not be considered proof that transmission has not, or could not, occur. We did find anecdotal evidence that the introduction of trekking llamas near Atlin, Terrace and the Babine Mountains of BC (Skeena region) coincided with the first reports of CE in Mountain Goats (Oreamnos americanus)
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