DOCSLIB.ORG

Apercus Bibliographiques

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apercus Bibliographiques République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l‘Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Saad Dahlab Blida Faculté des Sciences Agro-vétérinaires et Biologiques ANNEE 2013 LA BIODIVERSITE DE BARTONELLA DANS LES ARTHROPODES VECTEURS (TIQUES, PUCES, POUX) EN ALGERIE. Mémoire pour le MASTER GENETIQUE ET PHYSIOLOGIE présenté et soutenu publiquement devant le DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE par Sarah HACENE JURY Présidente: Mme. AMAROUCHE N. Maître de conférence à l‘université de Blida. Promoteur: M. OUMOUNA M. Professeur à l‘université de Médéa. Co-promoteur: M. Bitam I. Docteur de recherche à l‘Institut Pasteur. Examinatrice: Mme . Bouguessa A. Maître de conférences à l‘université de Blida. Examinateur: M. Bessaad A. Maître de conférence à l‘université de Blida. REMERCIEMENTS A Madame la Présidente : Mme AMAROUCHE N. Maître de conférences à l‘Université de Blida Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de notre jury Hommage respectueux. A Monsieur M. OUMOUNA Professeur à l‘Université de Médéa Qui nous a fait l’honneur d’encadrer ce Master et de partager son savoir Que sa disponibilité, ses conseils et sa sagesse trouvent dans ce travail L’expression de mon infinie reconnaissance, respect Et de mes sincères remerciements. A Monsieur I. BITAM Maître de recherche à l‘Institut Pasteur d‘Algérie Qui nous a fait l’honneur de nous accueillir au sein de son équipe et surtout d’avoir Partager avec nous son riche sujet et son savoir Mes respectueux remerciements A Madame BOUGUESSA A. et M. BESSAAD A. Maîtres de conférences à l‘Université de Blida Qui nous ont fait l’honneur de participer à notre jury Nos vifs remerciements pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à notre recherche en acceptant D’examiner notre travail et de l’enrichir par leurs propositions. A toutes les personnes du Laboratoire « Ecologie et Systèmes Vectoriels » de l‘Institut Pasteur » d‘El Hamma, pour la sympathie dont ils ont fait preuve et la gentillesse, en particulier Assia et à son soutien actif. Mille mercis. A toutes les personnes de l‘Institut Pasteur d‘El Hamma et de Sidi-Fredj, qui nous ont dépanné et aidé à trouver une solution à nos difficultés et à Monsieur DERAR surtout, responsable à l‘Institut Pasteur, pour l‘accueil sympathique et sa coopération. Un grand merci. A Mouna, Sihem, Aïda, Saîd, Mounir, Ratiba, Sabine, Jan, Diana, Stefano, David, Stefan, Katrin, Matthias, Friederike, Xavier, qui de près ou de loin, ont partagé ces moments de folies, à leur bonne humeur, conseils, soutien et surtout leur disponibilité et présence. Simplement merci. Enfin, …… A MaPas. SOMMAIRE INDEX DES TABLEAUX INDEX DES FIGURES LISTE DES ANNEXES LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION ET OBJECTIFS ................................................................................................... 1 RESUME ................................................................................................................................................ 3 APERCUS BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 HISTORIQUE ET ETAT ACTUEL ............................................................................................... 5 1.2 LA FAMILLE DE BARTONELLACEAE ......................................................................................... 8 1.3 GENOME ET EVOLUTION GENOMIQUE .................................................................................. 9 1.3.1 GENOMES DE BARTONELLA ....................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 PHAGES DE BARTONELLA .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3 DIVERSITE GENOMIQUE DANS BARTONELLA ............................................................................ 11 1.4 IDENTIFICATION DES BACTERIES DU GENRE BARTONELLA .................................................... 16 1.4.1 CULTURE ET MICROSCOPIE ....................................................................................................... 16 1.4.2 SEROLOGIE ................................................................................................................................ 17 1.4.3 EXAMEN ANATOMOPATHOLOGIQUE........................................................................................ 18 1.4.4 COMPOSITION EN ACIDES GRAS ET GC % : ................................................................................ 19 1.4.5 IDENTIFICATION PAR LES OUTILS DE LA BIOLOGIE MOLECULAIRE ............................................ 20 1.5 PREVALENCE DE BARTONELLA ET REPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE DES ESPECES .................... 26 1.5.1 REPARTITION DES ESPECES, EXPOSITION AUX RISQUES ET VECTORISATION ........................... 29 1.5.2 CONTACT AVEC LES ANIMAUX ET TRANSMISSION DIRECTE ...................................................... 29 1.5.3 CONTACT AVEC LES VECTEURS ET TRANSMISSION INDIRECTE ................................................. 32 1.6 LES VECTEURS ARTHROPODES ............................................................................................ 35 1.7 ETUDE DE LA VECTORISATION ............................................................................................. 39 1.7.1 METHODE D’ETUDE DE LA VECTORISATION : ............................................................................ 41 1.8 PATHOGENIE ET PHYSIOPATHOLOGIE DE BARTONELLA ....................................................... 43 1.9 TRAITEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 51 2 MATERIELS ET METHODES ..................................................................................................... 1 2.1 CARACTERISATION DES REGIONS DE RECOLTE ..................................................................... 60 2.2 PRELEVEMENT DES ARTHROPODES ..................................................................................... 60 2.3 CARACTERISATION DE L’ECHANTILLON ............................................................................... 61 2.4 LA RECHERCHE AUX LABORATOIRES .................................................................................... 61 2.4.1 CRITERES D’IDENTIFICATION DES ARTHROPODES ..................................................................... 61 2.4.2 VERIFICATION DES EXTRACTIONS .............................................................................................. 62 2.4.3 AMPLIFICATION EN CHAINE PAR POLYMERISATION DE L’ADN FTSZ .......................................... 63 3 RESULTATS ................................................................................................................................. 65 3.1 NOMBRE DES ARTHROPODES RECOLTE .............................................................................. 66 3.2 IDENTIFICATION ET TAUX DES ESPECES ADULTES ................................................................. 68 3.3 EXTRACTION DE L’ADN ....................................................................................................... 70 3.3.1 ELECTROPHORESE SUR GEL D’AGAROSE ................................................................................... 70 3.3.2 ESTIMATION DE LA DENSITE OPTIQUE PAR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIE ....................................... 72 3.4 AMPLIFICATION DU FRAGMENT D’ADN SPECIFIQUE AUX BARTONELLA ................................ 72 4 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 74 4.1 DENSITE DES ARTHROPODE ................................................................................................ 75 4.2 METHODOLOGIE : .............................................................................................................. 80 4.2.1 EXTARCTION DES ADN DES ARTHROPODES PAR LES DEUX TECHNIQUES « KIT MACHEREY NAGEL ET THERMOLYSAT » ................................................................................................................... 80 4.2.2 RECHERCHE DE LA PRESENCE DU GENE FTSZ APRES PCR ET LECTURE DES GELS ........................ 81 4.3 IDENTIFICATION DE BARTONELLA ....................................................................................... 84 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES .............................................................................................. 92 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................................................. 94 ANNEXE ............................................................................................................................................ 134 INDEX DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1:Programme du thermocycleur, spécifiques aux amorces du gène ftsZ…………26 INDEX DES FIGURES Figure 1: Phylogénie, vecteurs arthropodes et hôtes mammifères du genre Bartonella et la distribution des systèmes de secretion type IV. ....................................................................... 13 Figure 2: Représentation schématique du génome de l'espèce B. grahami .............................. 16 Figure 3: Répartition des arthropodes par région. .................................................................... 66 Figure 4: Répartition des arthropodes par mois. .................................................................... 66 Figure 5: Répartition des arthropodes par espèce hôte. .......................................................... 67 Figure 6: Répartition des arthropodes par sexe. .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Report of Rickettsia Raoultii and R. Slovaca in Melophagus Ovinus, The
    Liu et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:600 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1885-7 SHORT REPORT Open Access First report of Rickettsia raoultii and R. slovaca in Melophagus ovinus, the sheep ked Dan Liu1†, Yuan-Zhi Wang2†, Huan Zhang1†, Zhi-Qiang Liu3†, Ha-zi Wureli1, Shi-Wei Wang4, Chang-Chun Tu5 and Chuang-Fu Chen1* Abstract Background: Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a hematophagous ectoparasite, is mainly found in Europe, Northwestern Africa, and Asia. This wingless fly infests sheep, rabbits, and red foxes, and causes inflammation, wool loss and skin damage. Furthermore, this parasite has been shown to transmit diseases, and plays a role as a vector. Herein, we investigated the presence of various Rickettsia species in M. ovinus. Methods: In this study, a total of 95 sheep keds were collected in Kuqa County and Alaer City southern region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. First, collected sheep keds were identified on the species level using morphological keys and molecular methods based on a fragment of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene (18S rDNA). Thereafter, to assess the presence of rickettsial DNA in sheep keds, the DNA of individual samples was screened by PCR based on six Rickettsia-specific gene fragments originating from six genes: the 17-kilodalton antigen gene (17-kDa), 16S rRNA gene (rrs),surfacecellantigen4gene(sca4),citratesynthasegene(gltA), and outer membrane protein A and B genes (ompA and ompB). The amplified products were confirmed by sequencing and BLAST analysis (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_ LOC=blasthome). Results: According to its morphology and results of molecular analysis, the species was identified as Melophagus ovinus,with100%identitytoM.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin No. 99 July
    I UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING Agricultural Experiment Station LARAMIE, WYOMING. BULLETIN NO. 99 JULY. 1913 UBRARY O"TH~ UIJV£RSITY Of WYOMIN8 LARAMIE The Life-History ot the Sheep-Tick Melophagus ovinus LEROY D. SWINGLE. Par.. ito!ogiot Bulletins will be sent free upon request. Address Director Experi- ment Station, Laramie, Wyoming. UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING Agricultural Experiment Station LARAMIE. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Officers. TIMOTHY F. BURKE, 1,1,. B President ARTHUR C. JONES Treasurer FRANK SUMNER BURRAGE, B. A Secretary Executive Committee. A. B. HAMILTON T·. F. BURKE W. S. INGHAM Members. Term Appointed Expires 1908 HON. GIBSON CLARK 1915 1911 HON. W. S. INGHAM, B. A 1915 1913 HON. C. D. SPALDING 1915. 1911 HON. ALEXANDER B. HAMILTON, M. D 1917 1911 HON. LYMAN H. BROOKS 1917 1913 I-ION. CHARLES S. BEACI I. ... .1917 1895 HON. TIMOTHY F. BURKE, LL. B 1919 1913 HON. MARY B. DAVID 1919 HON. ROSE A. BIRD MALEY, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Ex officio PRESIDENT C. A. DUNIWAY, Ph. D Ex officio STATION COUNCIL. C. A. DUNIWA Y, Ph. D , .. President HENRY G. KNIGHT, A. M Director and Agricultural Chemist A. NELSON, Ph. D Botanist and Horticulturist F. E. HEPNER, M. S Assistant Chemist J. A. HILL, B. S '" Wool Specialist O. L. PRIEN, M. D. V Veterinarian A. D. FAVILLE, B. S. , Animal Husbandman J. C. FITTERER, M. S., C. E , Irrigation Engineer S. K. Loy, Ph. D , Chemist T. S. PARSONS, M. S Agronomist L. D. SWINGLE, Ph. D Parasitologist KARL STEIK, M. A , Engineering Chemist JAMES McLAY Stock Superintendent C.
    [Show full text]
  • Folk Taxonomy, Nomenclature, Medicinal and Other Uses, Folklore, and Nature Conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3
    Ulicsni et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2016) 12:47 DOI 10.1186/s13002-016-0118-7 RESEARCH Open Access Folk knowledge of invertebrates in Central Europe - folk taxonomy, nomenclature, medicinal and other uses, folklore, and nature conservation Viktor Ulicsni1* , Ingvar Svanberg2 and Zsolt Molnár3 Abstract Background: There is scarce information about European folk knowledge of wild invertebrate fauna. We have documented such folk knowledge in three regions, in Romania, Slovakia and Croatia. We provide a list of folk taxa, and discuss folk biological classification and nomenclature, salient features, uses, related proverbs and sayings, and conservation. Methods: We collected data among Hungarian-speaking people practising small-scale, traditional agriculture. We studied “all” invertebrate species (species groups) potentially occurring in the vicinity of the settlements. We used photos, held semi-structured interviews, and conducted picture sorting. Results: We documented 208 invertebrate folk taxa. Many species were known which have, to our knowledge, no economic significance. 36 % of the species were known to at least half of the informants. Knowledge reliability was high, although informants were sometimes prone to exaggeration. 93 % of folk taxa had their own individual names, and 90 % of the taxa were embedded in the folk taxonomy. Twenty four species were of direct use to humans (4 medicinal, 5 consumed, 11 as bait, 2 as playthings). Completely new was the discovery that the honey stomachs of black-coloured carpenter bees (Xylocopa violacea, X. valga)were consumed. 30 taxa were associated with a proverb or used for weather forecasting, or predicting harvests. Conscious ideas about conserving invertebrates only occurred with a few taxa, but informants would generally refrain from harming firebugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus), field crickets (Gryllus campestris) and most butterflies.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Sheep Keds
    Extension Bulletin 1389 insect answers CONTROL OF SHEEP KEDS The sheep ked or sheep “tick,” Melophagus ovinus, Sheep keds that become dislodged do not usually pose is found on sheep in most sheep-raising areas of the a threat of reinfestation to other sheep. Dislodged keds world. In the United States it is most abundant in the only live about 4 days off their hosts. Spread is al- west. most entirely from sheep to sheep, although people (shearers, etc.) can help to spread them. Symptomology and Economics The ked is ticklike in appearance, about 1/4 inch long, The sheep ked is a pest only of domestic or mountain and reddish or gray-brown in color. It is unusual in sheep and goats. There are no alternate host animals not laying eggs. Eggs, produced singly, are retained and no free-living stages. in the uterus and hatch there. The young larva re- mains within the female ked, feeding from special Keds generally infest the neck, breast, shoulders, nutritive glands until it is fully developed. Only one belly, and thighs, and can be easily detected by part- develops at a time. When full development is reached, ing the wool. They pierce the skin and suck blood, each larva is expelled almost immediately, forming a causing irritation to the sheep and forcing them to puparium that attaches to the wool. scratch and bite at themselves. Scratching results in wool tags left on fence wires. Heavily infested animals may become weak and un- thrifty and show weight loss, anemia, wool staining, reduced resistance to disease, and a condition called “cockle.” Cockles are raised bumplike skin blemishes caused by ked bites.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission Between Wild Dall's
    Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Prepared for: The Northwest Territories Agricultural Policy Framework and Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada August 20, 2005 Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Elena Garde 1,2 , Susan Kutz 1,3 , Helen Schwantje 4, Alasdair Veitch 5, Emily Jenkins 1,6 , Brett Elkin 7 1 Research Group for Arctic Parasitology and the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4. 2 Associate Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary AB, T2N 4N1 Ph: (306) 229-6110 4 Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 5 Supervisor, Wildlife Management, Environment and Natural Resources, Sahtu Region, P.O. Box 130, Norman Wells, NT X0E 0V0, Ph: (867) 587-2786; Fax: (867) 587-2359 [email protected] 6 Wildlife Disease Specialist / Research Scientist, Canadian Wildlife Service, 115 Perimeter Rd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4 (306) 975-5357, (306) 966-7246 7 Disease & Contaminants Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources, 500 – 6102 50 th Ave.
    [Show full text]
  • TB1066 Current Stateof Knowledge and Research on Woodland
    June 2020 A Review of the Relationship Between Flow,Current Habitat, State and of Biota Knowledge in LOTIC and SystemsResearch and on Methods Woodland for Determining Caribou Instreamin Canada Low Requirements 9491066 Current State of Knowledge and Research on Woodland Caribou in Canada No 1066 June 2020 Prepared by Kevin A. Solarik, PhD NCASI Montreal, Quebec National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. Acknowledgments A great deal of thanks is owed to Dr. John Cook of NCASI for his considerable insight and the revisions he provided in improving earlier drafts of this report. Helpful comments on earlier drafts were also provided by Kirsten Vice, NCASI. For more information about this research, contact: Kevin A. Solarik, PhD Kirsten Vice NCASI NCASI Director of Forestry Research, Canada and Vice President, Sustainable Manufacturing and Northeastern/Northcentral US Canadian Operations 2000 McGill College Avenue, 6th Floor 2000 McGill College Avenue, 6th Floor Montreal, Quebec, H3A 3H3 Canada Montreal, Quebec, H3A 3H3 Canada (514) 907-3153 (514) 907-3145 [email protected] [email protected] To request printed copies of this report, contact NCASI at [email protected] or (352) 244-0900. Cite this report as: NCASI. 2020. Current state of knowledge and research on woodland caribou in Canada. Technical Bulletin No. 1066. Cary, NC: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. Errata: September 2020 - Table 3.1 (page 34) and Table 5.2 (pages 55-57) were edited to correct omissions and typos in the data. © 2020 by the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY • Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) is a species of deer that lives in the tundra, taiga, and forest habitats at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere, including areas of Russia and Scandinavia, the United States, and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOGEOGRAPHY of DIPTERA 9 Ashley H
    SURICATA 4 (2017) 203 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF DIPTERA 9 Ashley H. Kirk-Spriggs and Burgert S. Muller Introduction is central to the concept of speciation by natural selection as promulgated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace. Biogeography entails the study of the geographic distribution of taxa and their attributes in space and time. This requires Studies of the distribution patterns of Diptera have been in- the interpretation of a suite of abiotic and biotic information fluential in biogeographical thought, e.g., Brundin (1966), de sets, if the distribution of organisms is to be understood. Many Jong (1998), Hennig (1960), Matile (1990) and Munroe (1974) factors are obvious, such as geology, topography, elevation, (Cranston 2005: 274), but probably less so than for more sed- precipitation, soil types and vegetation, but the relations to entary groups of invertebrates. More recent published diptero- palaeoclimatology, evaporation rates and proximity to the sea, logical studies have focused primarily on disjunctions between mountains and arid zones are more problematic to explain. In continental faunas, especially ancient groups exhibiting an recent years, data on palynology, palaeobotany, palaeontology, austral vicariance pattern attributable to common Gondwanan geomorphology, plate tectonics, volcanism, desertification and continental ancestry (e.g., Cranston & Edwards 1992; Krosch other climatic trends, has increased greatly. et al. 2011; Martin et al. 2003; Miranda-Esquivel & Coscarón 2003; Sæther & Ekrem 2003; Sinclair 2003) (see below). Diptera species occur in ranges governed by such biotic and abiotic environmental factors and distribution ranges are Stuckenberg (1962) published an account of palaeogenic determined by physical and climatic factors and topography, (meaning of, or relating to the Paleogene period) elements while environmental parameters also constrain distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Assessment on the Use of South American Camelids for Back Country Trekking in British Columbia
    RISK ASSESSMENT ON THE USE OF SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELIDS FOR BACK COUNTRY TREKKING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Final Report October 24, 2017 Submitted to: British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game Submitted by: Centre for Coastal Health 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC Table of Contents A. Executive summary ............................................................................................................................... 4 B. Background ........................................................................................................................................... 6 C. Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 7 C.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Probability ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Impact ................................................................................................................................................... 8 Information gathering activities ........................................................................................................... 8 C.2. Review of scientific and grey literature, and government policies ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Melophagus Ovinus, the Sheep Ked Dan Liu1†, Yuan-Zhi Wang2†, Huan Zhang1†, Zhi-Qiang Liu3†, Ha-Zi Wureli1, Shi-Wei Wang4, Chang-Chun Tu5 and Chuang-Fu Chen1*
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Liu et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:600 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1885-7 SHORT REPORT Open Access First report of Rickettsia raoultii and R. slovaca in Melophagus ovinus, the sheep ked Dan Liu1†, Yuan-Zhi Wang2†, Huan Zhang1†, Zhi-Qiang Liu3†, Ha-zi Wureli1, Shi-Wei Wang4, Chang-Chun Tu5 and Chuang-Fu Chen1* Abstract Background: Melophagus ovinus (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), a hematophagous ectoparasite, is mainly found in Europe, Northwestern Africa, and Asia. This wingless fly infests sheep, rabbits, and red foxes, and causes inflammation, wool loss and skin damage. Furthermore, this parasite has been shown to transmit diseases, and plays a role as a vector. Herein, we investigated the presence of various Rickettsia species in M. ovinus. Methods: In this study, a total of 95 sheep keds were collected in Kuqa County and Alaer City southern region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. First, collected sheep keds were identified on the species level using morphological keys and molecular methods based on a fragment of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene (18S rDNA). Thereafter, to assess the presence of rickettsial DNA in sheep keds, the DNA of individual samples was screened by PCR based on six Rickettsia-specific gene fragments originating from six genes: the 17-kilodalton antigen gene (17-kDa), 16S rRNA gene (rrs),surfacecellantigen4gene(sca4),citratesynthasegene(gltA), and outer membrane protein A and B genes (ompA and ompB). The amplified products were confirmed by sequencing and BLAST analysis (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastn&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_ LOC=blasthome).
    [Show full text]
  • Blue Tongue Virus
    African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 7(3), pp. 68-80, March 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST DOI: 10.5897/AJEST11.340 ISSN 1996-0786 ©2013 Academic Journals Review Etiology, pathogenesis and future prospects for developing improved vaccines against bluetongue virus: A Review Anupama Pandrangi Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Basheerbagh, Hyderabad, India. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +91-9966193890. Accepted 9 January, 2012 Bluetongue is a viral disease that primarily affects sheep, occasionally goats and deer and, very rarely, cattle. The disease is caused by an icosahedral, non-enveloped, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus within the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae. It is non-contagious and is only transmitted by insect vectors. BTV serotypes are known to occur in Africa, Asia, South America, North America, Middle East, India, and Australia generally between latitudes 35°S and 50°N. It occurs around the Mediterranean in summer, subsiding when temperatures drop in winter. The replication phase of the bluetongue virus (BTV) infection cycle is initiated when the virus core is delivered into the cytoplasm of a susceptible host cell. The 10 segments of the viral genome remain packaged within the core throughout the replication cycle, helping to prevent the activation of host defense mechanisms that would be caused by direct contact between the dsRNA and the host cell cytoplasm. This review presents comprehensive information on etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control of the disease. Key words: Bluetongue, orbivirus, pathogenesis, prevention. INTRODUCTION Bluetongue is an infectious noncontiguous virus disease (Parsonson, 1990). Bluetongue can also be spread by of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus of genus live attenuated vaccines against BTV, or even by orbivirus within the family reoviridae.
    [Show full text]
  • Bluetongue Importance Bluetongue Is a Viral Disease of Ruminants Transmitted by Midges in the Genus Culicoides
    Bluetongue Importance Bluetongue is a viral disease of ruminants transmitted by midges in the genus Culicoides. Bluetongue virus is very diverse: there are more than two dozen Sore Muzzle, serotypes, and viruses can reassort to form new variants. This virus is endemic in a Pseudo Foot-and-Mouth Disease, broad, worldwide band of tropical and subtropical regions from approximately 35°S Muzzle Disease, to 40°N; however, outbreaks also occur outside this area, and the virus may persist Malarial Catarrhal Fever, long-term if the climate and vectors are suitable. While overwintering in regions with Epizootic Catarrh, Beksiekte cold winters is unusual, bluetongue virus recently demonstrated the ability to survive from year to year in central and northern Europe. Bluetongue virus can replicate in many species of ruminants, often Last Updated: June 2015 asymptomatically. Clinical cases tend to occur mainly in sheep, but cattle, goats, South American camelids, wild or zoo ruminants, farmed cervids and some carnivores are occasionally affected. Cases range in severity from mild to rapidly fatal, and animals that survive may be debilitated. Additional economic costs result from reproductive losses, damaged wool and decreased milk production. Control of this vector-borne disease is difficult, except by vaccination. The existence of multiple serotypes complicates control, as immunity to one serotype may not be cross- protective against others. Etiology Bluetongue results from infection by bluetongue virus, a member of the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. At least 26 serotypes have been identified worldwide. A few bluetongue viruses have additional names (e.g., Toggenburg orbivirus for the prototype strain of serotype 25).
    [Show full text]
  • Course Manual 2019 - 2020
    Gap Africa Projects Conservation, wildlife and Veterinary Course Manual 2019 - 2020 Contributing Authors: Dr Rachel Simmons BSc BVM&S MRCVS Dr Andrew Fraser MRCVS Dr Peter Caldwell MRCVS Dr Erin Thompson MRCVS Greg Canning Research Papers: Cited Gap Africa Projects - Course Manual 2019 - 2020 1 Table of Contents • Ethical issues surrounding Conservation: Part A ………………….3 • A history of Conservation in South Africa ………………….4 • Introduction to Game Keeping and Conservation ………………….8 • Roles on a game reserve ………………….10 • Animal Capacity Models: Calculating populations ………………….12 • Elephant Contraception ………………….16 • Wildlife Pharmacology: Mind Map ………………….28 • Game Capture: Passive and mass capture ………………….29 • Darting : methods and logistics ………………….33 • Species specific Physiology and implication in game capture…..………..43 • Wildlife Rehabilitation ………………….46 • Veterinary Nursing in Wildlife ………………….48 • Parasite identification (relevant in South African Wildlife).………………..50 • Parasite Record ………………….59 • Diseases in Wildlife: Mind Map ………………….62 • Pathology and post mortem of wildlife ………………….63 • Wildlife Emergencies ………………….71 • Poaching and The rhino crisis ………………….73 • Exercises: • Debate: Hunting ………………….77 • Group Discussions: Rhino Poaching and Elephant Contraception…………...78 • Drug Calculations and Drip Rates ………………….80 • Species Identification List ………………….82 • Ethical issues surrounding Conservation: Part B ………………….84 Gap Africa Projects - Course Manual 2019 - 2020 2 Ethical Dilemmas In South Africa and Veterinary Medicine- Part A As you spend your time in South Africa, you will learn a lot surrounding the different points discussed here. Your views may change from your current thoughts, from both becoming more informed about these subject areas and having the experience of working in the environments where they are dilemmas part of everyday life, not just a thinking point. This page is something to do on the plane, or even before you leave home….
    [Show full text]