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Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints AEAS / ESAPP / SLM Eritrea Joint Report Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Proceedings of the Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea 14 – 15 August 2003 Asmara, Eritrea Editors: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru 2005 A ESAPP E A S Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints Proceedings of Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea Editors: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru Publisher: Geographica Bernensia Berne, 2005 Citation: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru (Editors) 2005 Irrigation Development in Eritrea: Potentials and Constraints. Proceedings of the Workshop of the Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS) and the Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea, 14-15 August 2003, Asmara Berne, Geographica Bernensia, 150pp. SLM Eritrea, and ESAPP, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, and Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne, 2005 Publisher: Geographica Bernensia Printed by: Victor Hotz AG, CH-6312 Steinhausen, Switzerland Copyright© 2005 by: Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences (AEAS), and Sustainable Land Management Programme (SLM) Eritrea This publication was prepared with support from: Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, Basle, and Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme (ESAPP) English language editing: Tadesse Mehari and Bissrat Ghebru Layout: Simone Kummer, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne Maps: Brigitta Stillhardt, Kurt Gerber, Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne Copies of this report can be obtained from: Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Tel ++291 1 18 10 77 Sciences (AEAS), Fax ++291 1 18 14 15 P.O. Box 1048, Asmara Eritrea Centre for Development and Environment (CDE) Tel ++41 31 631 88 22 University of Berne Fax ++41 31 631 85 44 Steigerhubelstrasse 3 E-mail [email protected] CH-3008 Berne, Switzerland www.cde.unibe.ch Syngenta Foundation Tel ++41 61 323 56 34 for Sustainable Agriculture (SFSA) Fax ++41 61 323 72 00 WRO-1002, 11.54 E-mail [email protected] CH-4002 Basle, Switzerland www.syngentafoundation.org ISBN 3-906151-82-4 Geographica Bernensia Contents Reference map Eritrea viii Keynote presentation 5 Semere Amlesom 5 Theme 1 Spate Irrigation Systems 15 Performance measurement in canal-fed surface irrigation systems Abraham Mehari Runoff irrigation systems in Western Lowlands of Eritrea: Potentials and constraints 23 Abraham Mehari and Mehreteab Tesfai The challenge of spate irrigation development in Eritrea: The case of Eastern Lowlands 31 Berhane Haile Theme 2 Small scale irrigation systems 39 Introducing small-scale irrigation technology in Eritrea: Lessons and experiences Bissrat Ghebru and Abraham Mehari Agronomic considerations of low cost micro-irrigation systems 48 Samuel Asgedom The role of development organisations in promoting the adoption and dissemination of AMIT in Eritrea 53 Ermias Beyene and Viveca Nidecker Theme 3 Climate and irrigation 59 Rainfall input to irrigation development in Eritrea: Potentials and constraints Zeneb Habte Application of seasonal climate forecasts to water resources management 65 Michael Negash Theme 4 Socio-economic studies on irrigation 75 Gender and irrigation development Solome Haile Socio-economic and institutional aspects influencing the adoption of micro-irrigation technology in Eritrea 83 Brigitta Stillhar dt Farming system survey under agro-pastoral spate irrigation in Coastal Plane Zone (CPZ) of Eritrea: A case of Sheeb, Wekiro and Wodilo 89 Adugna Haile, Woldeamlak Ar aia, Woldeselassie Ogbazghi, Dagnew Gebr eselassie, Bissr at Ghebru and Mohammed Kheir Omer Downstream irrigation development of horticultural crops on selected dams: Socio-economic baseline survey 98 Asghedom Tewolde and Fetsumber han Gheb r eyohannes Shifting from conventional irrigation to drip irrigation: A socio-economic study of orange growers in Alla-Gaden Basin 107 Tsehaye Woldemichael and Sir ak Mehari Theme 5 General topics on irrigation 113 Potentials and constraints of drip irrigation system in the North-Western Lowland ecology: The case of Sawa Farm Bereke-Tsehai Tukue and Mebrat Gebr eab Encroaching irrigation to hilly areas of the highlands with small scale investment 121 Micael Andom Agricultural water use in Anseba Basin, Eritrea: A preliminary assessment 126 K.S. Viswanatham, Yohannes Michael and Yonas Hadgu Annex 1 Workshop programme 131 Annex 2 List of participants 133 Annex 3 Tigrigna translation of abstracts 137 Images Image 1 Very keen farmers participating during the demonstration of a bucket kit 43 Image 2 Farmers curious on the wetting patterns of the micro-drippers and students taking care of their vegetable kit 43 Figures Figure 1 The runoff irrigation systems in Eritrea 25 Figure 2 Rainfall forecast for Eritrea (June-September 2000) 68 Figure 3 Eritrea: Predicted vs. observed rainfall for the season of June to September 2000 for zone 2 68 Figure 4 Rainfall distribution for the selected stations 70 Figure 5 Monthly flow of Anseba River 70 Figure 6 Daily flow of Anseba at Halibmentel 71 Figure 7 Simulated flow of the Anseba River 71 Figure 8 Typical drawing for the cut and fill method for the construction of bench terrace 122 Tables Table 1 Water distribution data for Determination of I1 and I2 19 Table 2 Comparison between micro- and macro-catchment runoff irrigation systems 25 Table 3 Estimated catchment area, flow, volume, and rainfall of the major drainage basins in Eritrea 26 Table 4 Estimates of irrigation potential of the river basins in Eritrea 27 Table 5 Runoff irrigation types and their irrigated areas in zoba Gash-Barka 28 Table 6 Main features of the spate diversion system before and after intervention 35 Table 7 Main features of the introduced micro-irrigation kits 41 Table 8 Distribution of IDE kits in the various administrative regions 42 Table 9 Kits distributed and their percentage usage 44 Table 10 Comparison of water use between drip and furrow irrigated tomato plants 46 Table 11 The absolute maximum rainfall for Asmara compared to the annual rainfall 61 Table 12 Long-term average water balance for Asmara (1914-2002) 62 Table 13 Water balance for Asmara in dry year (2002) 62 Table 14 Water balance for Asmara in wet year (2001) 62 Table 15 Summary of problem analysis of women’s participation in irrigated production and possible interventions 81 Table 16 Assessment of costs for different micro-irrigation products in Eritrea 86 Table 17 Gender related activities in the study area 91 Table 18 Major trees and shrubs and their use in the study area 92 Table 19 Cropping calendar in Sheeb sub-zone 94 Table 20 Major types of livestock and their characteristics as described by the farmers and pastoralists 95 Table 21 Production constraints, coping mechanism and their possible solution in the study areas 96 Table 22 Reservoir capacity, inflow and available irrigation water of the selected dams 99 Table 23 Dams constructed by different agencies between 1961-1997 101 Table 24 Level of effort by farmers in the Alla-Gaden area 111 Table 25 Classification criteria of irrigation water 114 Table 26 Hydro-chemistry of the water of boreholes of Sawa Farm in 1999 116 Table 27 Suitable inter-bund spacing for low rainfall areas (<750mm) as determined bythe slope of the land 124 Table 28 Depth range of hand-dug wells in different zobas 128 List of abbreviations ACORD Agency for Cooperation in Research and Development AEAS Association of Eritreans in Agricultural Sciences AMIT Affordable Micro-Irrigation Technology BDS Business Development Service CA College of Agriculture CDE Centre for Development and Environment CHIHDP Central Highland Irrigated Horticulture Development Project DARHRD Department of Agricultural Research and Human Resource Development ECD Early Childhood Development ECS Eritrean Catholic Society ESAPP Eastern and Southern Africa Partnership Programme FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation IDE International Development Enterprise IIMI International Irrigation Management Institute IPTRID International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage IFAD International Food and Agricultural Development LWF Lutheran World Federation MLWE Ministry of Land Water and Environment MoA Ministry of Agriculture PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RIS Runoff Irrigation Systems RRC Relief and Rehabilitation Commission SFSA Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture SMCP Saving and Micro-Credit Program SZSCS Southern Zone Saving and Credit Scheme TDR Time Domain Reflectrometry UoA University of Asmara WRD Water Resource Department Reference map Eritrea viii Acknowledgement The AEAS would like to acknowledge the contributions of those who made tremendous efforts to make the workshop and the publishing of its proceedings a success. It would like to first recognise the valuable efforts made by the AEAS executive board to organise such a meaningful and timely workshop. The organising committee members nominated for this task, Dr. Bereke-Tsehai Tikue, Dr. Tadesse Mehari, Dr. Bissrat Ghebru, Mr. Asmerom Kidane and Mr. Asghedom Tewolde need special thanks and recognition for the commendable efforts they have made to organise such a successful workshop. The contributions made by the
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