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The Journal of Spelean History OFFICIAL PUBLICATION of the AMERICAN SPELEAN HISTORY ASSOCIATION

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The Journal of Spelean History OFFICIAL PUBLICATION of the AMERICAN SPELEAN HISTORY ASSOCIATION ,I The Journal of Spelean History OFFICIAL PUBLICATION of The AMERICAN SPELEAN HISTORY ASSOCIATION .. " .. f IS" Vol. 4 No.3 Summer 1971 ABOUT ASSOCJAT ION The American Spelean History Association is chartered as a non-profit corporation for the studY9 dissemir:.a:and interpretation of spelean history and related purposes. All persons of hi gh ethical and moral character who are interested in these goals a:r.e cordially invited to become members. Annual membership is $5.00; family membership $6.00. Library subs criptions are $4.00. ABOUT QUARTERLY Association p1lblishes the Journal of Spelean History on a y basis, Pertinent articles OJ:' reprints are welcomed. As a photo process is often used the edior shm:d.d be cont acted concerning the current type of man'.lS preparation desired" Submission of rough dr for preliminary editing j s encou raged. lllustrations require special handling and arrangements must made with the edit;or well in advance. ABOUT BACK ISSUES About half the back issues of '!.his Journal axe available from the Secretary- Treasurer at $1. 00 copy. ALL back issues are available on mjcrofiche. For further inflDrmation contact; 3M-Internationa.l Microfilm Press, .521 West 43rd Street, New York, N. Y • 10036. ABOUT COVER ILLUSTRA TrON The cover illustration shows either Hercules or "Hercules!! and a coach of the Mammoth Cave Railroad at the Mammoth Cave terminal during the 19Z0s. Larry Asman :t:'eceived permiSSion from the National Park Service to use this photograph from the Mammoth Cave National Park historical files to illustrate his fine article in this issei.e. Other information on this photo or on its subject would be welcome. 40 0' .' THE JOURNAL OF SPE L AN HISTORY Official quarterly publication of the American Spelean History Association sident: Secretary-treasurer Editor: Dr. John W. Bridge Peter M. Hauer Dr. William R. Hall 2,06 W. 18th Ave. • 1506 Miller St. 1117 36th Avenue East Columbus Ohio Lebanon, Penna. Seattl e Wash. 98102 Volume 4$ no. 3 July-September 1971 TABLE OF CONTENTS 43. History of Devilis Hole, Nve County, Nevada by Alvin McLane 49. Reprint Section: Cyprinodons of Mammoth Cave 50, Hercules and the Mammoth Cave Railroad by Larry P. Asman .56. Recent publications 57. A note on Stevensonis Lost River. by Frederick J. Dickey " 41 JOURNAL of SPELEAN HISTORY Vol. 4 t NO.3 SUMMER 1971 HISTORY OF DEVILS HOLE, NYE COUNTY, NEVADA Alvin R. McLane Introduction Devils Hole is a void in the surface of the earth in southern Nevada. The cavity extends about 50 feet vertically to the water table. At water level, it is 10 feet wide and 40 feet long. Beyond this 50 feet, there is plenty that isn't known. Cave-divers have descended to 315 feet and saw no indication of the bottom within the 50-foot limit of their lamps. The water of this cavern is 92 degrees F. Only a very few caves that contain thermal water are known throughout the world. Of particular importance is the tiny fish that lives therein. Layman know it as the Devils Hole pupfish - to ichthyologists, it is Cyprinodon diabolis. The creature measures a standard length of 21 rom (13/16 of an inch), and only here in the warm water of Devils Hole does the tiny fish live. Pleistocene Lakes Beginning 70 thousand years ago, large lakes formed in the Nevada basins during humid periods of the Pleistocene or the latter part of the ice age. Several lakes existed during this time in the vicinity of Devils Hole. Some of these are tabulated below and listed on the enclosed map. LAKE MAXIMUM LAKE AREA IN SQUARE MILES Ash Meadows 6 Pahrump 242 Tecopa 98 Panamint 280 Manly 618 Lake Manly (in Death Valley) is the final sump for all these lakes. At least two major stages of lake-building are clear and various lesser stages are known. This is attributable to the advances and recessions of the ice sheets. Available hydrographic maps show the highest discernible shore features of these various lakes. Numerous investigators have delineated these past lakes; the most useful interpretations are those of Hubbs and Miller (1948) and Snyder, Hardman and Zdnek (1964). The Desert Pupfish About 50,000 years ago, when the last glacial advance started, the 43 Death Valley area received considerable rainfall and the pattern of connected lakes and streams developed. In these great waterways lived members of the killifish family. In the slow process of evolution, only two genera of killifish persisted - the pupfish (Cyprinodon) and the poolfish (Empitrichthys). The glaciers began receding about 20,000 years ago, and some 4,000 years ago the present desert condition became established. However, it appears that most of the springs, streams, and lakes were connected until a short time ago ­ possibly only a few centuries. Devils Hole, however, becfue isolated during early-mid Pleistocene, 20,000 years ago. The Devils Hole pupfish have been restriced to their steep-sided hole ever since. Excellent presentations on the genesis of the desert pupfish are in the works of Robert E. Miller (1948) and Sterling Bunnell (1970). I haven't been able to determine when the term 'pupfish' was first used. As late as mid-1950, t was unknown to members of the southern California Grotto of the National Speleological Society who were studying the cave (WilIiam R. Halliday, personal commun., 1971). "pupfishll was used by LaRivers and Trelease in 1952. Recent conversation with Dr. LaRivers revealed that he doesn't know about the origin of the name as associated with the tiny desert fishes. He suggests that someone with the California Department of Fish and Game might know. Devils Hole "Devils Hole" was used in print in 1893 by Dr. Charles H. Gilbert (1893). He was a member of a biological survey conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in the Death Valley region in 1891. At that time, several fish were collected, and in describing Cyprinodon Macularius Girad, Gilbert re­ corded: "Ten young specimens from the 'Devils Hole' , Ash Meadows, are with­ out ventrals, and further collections from this locality would be of interest Surprisingly, Devils Hole isn't shown on the Death Valley map of this expedi­ tion. During 1905 and 1906, the U. S. Geological Survey topographically mapped the region, and on the Furnace Creek Quadrangle edition of 1910 (1:250,000 scale) Devils Hole is shown on a map for the first time. Six years later, in 1916, Devils Hole is shown on a map of Nevada published by the Clason Map Company of Denver, Colorado. Gilbert's report is the only known early mention of Devils Hole. According to Halliday (1955), early miners of the region used to clean up there, and the cave was known as the "Miners Bathtub". He had obtained this information from an "old timer", and it has never been confirmed,. In March of 1930, thirty-nine years after Gilbert's visit to the cavern, Joseph H. Wales (1930) visited it. He described the Hole and recorded the water temperature at 93 degrees F. (The temperature is presently 92 degrees F.) His conserva­ tion practice left much to be desired; from a population estimated at 200 fish, he collected 60 specimens However, from this collection he identified the fish as a distinct species ­ Cyprinodon diabolis. Numerous other technical 44 reports have described the fish. That of Robert E. Miller (1948) is the most exhaustive. Ira LaRivers (1962), of the University of Nevada, compiled a voluminous paper on the fishes of Nevada. His report presents the sparse, but important, associated life in Devils Hole - "Riffle" beetle (Stene1mis calida) an amphipod crustacean, a copepod crustacean (Cyclops), a pelecypod mollusk, a turbellarian flatworm and diatoms. James (1968) mentions that planaria and beetles in the Hole evidently act as scavengers on dead fish and other animals that fall into the water. Other wildlife mentioned occur­ ring in Devils Hole are bees, moths, and bats. In June of 1950 the first underwater dive was made in Devils Hole. At that time, Walter S. Chamberlin of Pasadena went to 75 feet in a clumsy diving helmet. Aqualungs were used for the first time in Devils Hole in 1953. Edward Simmons developed and purchased special equipment for the dive, and william Brown dove to a depth of 150 feet. The Southern California Grotto of the National Speleological Society should be applauded for their safe pioneer cave dives. Led by Peter Neely, this group later penetrated to underwater depths of 230 to 240 feet. Details of these early dives may be found in Halliday (1966). In 1964 Devils Hole jumped into national news; a rare Nevada cave tragedy occurred in June of that year. David Rose, Paul Giancontieri, and two companions illegally went diving in Devils Hole. Rose and Giancontieri were never seen again. During rescue attempts for the two lost boys, Jim Houtz allegedly reached an underwater depth of 315 feet in the warm pool, which might be a record of some kind. Details of the tragedy may be found in The NSS News (Reardon, 1965) and in the Reno Evening Gazette (Houtz, 1965). Pupfish and Concern for Their Survival As early as the 1940's, there was concern for the Devils Hole Pupfish. Ira LaRivers and Thomas J. Trealease (1952, p. 119) state: "In the winter of 1946-47, the writers transferred some 75 specimens to a nearby warm spring connected with the principal drainages of the valley in an effort to provide some sanctuary for the unique species in the not then remote contingency that tampering with the waters of Devils Hole by local interests would result in extermination of the species".
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