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Compare and Contrast the Water Environment Between Death Valley Pupfish Specie and Devil’S Hole Pupfish Specie

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Compare and Contrast the Water Environment Between Death Valley Pupfish Specie and Devil’S Hole Pupfish Specie Compare and Contrast the Water environment between Death Valley Pupfish Specie and Devil’s Hole Pupfish Specie By Roy Tianran Gao 1 Table of Contents Title page 1 Abstract 3 Introduction and Background 3 Water Temperature 4 Salinity 6 Water Level 7 Conservation 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 2 ABSTRACT The two types of pupfish (Cyprinodon) in Death Valley National Park are Death Valley pupfish and Devil’s Hole pupfish. Death Valley pupfish has been existed over 10,000 years and Devil’s Hole pupfish has been existed for over 20,000 years. Both of the pupfishes are endangered species. The average number of Death Valley pupfish has decreased by about 100 since 1990s, and the number of Devil’s Hole pupfish has decreased by 400 since 1995. Comparing the water level, water temperature and the water salinity between the two species of pupfish would help to define the living requirements and reason of decreasing population. The research toward the result is based on 7 journal articles, 4 websites, and 1 book. As the result shows, Death Valley Pupfish and Devil’s Hole Pupfish live in different water environments and functioned differently. Understanding the water environment of the two types of pupfishes will help people building new habitats for pupfishes and increase their population so that would be possible to avoid the extinction of pupfishes from the earth. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Pupfish is a small killifish in the Southwest of America. There are five pupfish species in Death Valley which are Armargosa pupfish, Saratoga Pupfish, Devil’s Hole pupfish, Death Valley pupfish, and Cotton ball Marsh pupfish (National Park Service, 2008). Different types of pupfish live in different environments and have different size and functioned differently. Death Valley pupfish and Devil’s Hole pupfish are currently the two endangered species in Southwest. As Map 1 shows, Death Valley pupfish is located in Salt Creek where in the center of Death Valley between the Panamint Range and Armargosa Range so the Death Valley pupfish also called Salt Creek pupfish, and Devil’s Hole is located in Ash Meadows, Death Valley which is 3 approximately 60 kilometers from Salt Creek (National Park Service, 2008). Although the two species are not too far from each other, their climates represent differently and directly affect the living conditions of pupfish in these two species. Salt Creek Species is hot and dry, the average annual temperature is about 32 degree Celsius, and the annual precipitation is about 5 cm. Also, the elevation of Salt Creek Species is about 64 meters below the sea level (National Park Service, 2008). The Devil’s Hole Species’ annual temperature is approximately 18.5 Celsius with annual precipitation in average between 7.5 cm and 10cm (Dudley and Larson, 1976). Physically looking, the Death Valley pupfish is about 6-9 cm long (Figure 1), which is bigger than the Devil’s Hole pupfish, the Devil’s Hole pupfish is only about 2-3 cm long (Figure 4). They eat algae and other invertebrates. Most of the pupfishes live between 6 to 9 months and some of them could live over one year. Since the two species affected by different climates, the water condition in both locations are also different. In this paper, water condition will be discussed in three aspects that could affect pupfish: the water temperature, the water level, and the water salinity. WATER TEMPERATURE Because Salt Creek is hotter than Devil’s Hole, Death Valley pupfish has a better heat tolerance than Devil’s Hole pupfish. The temperature fluctuation in Salt Creek is quite large, the air temperature seasonally from below 0 C to greater than 50 C. There are some days with extreme hot or cold temperature in the water which would affect more on the pupfish (Brown and Feldmuth, 1971). Robert G. Otto and Shelby D. Gerking, who are from Arizona State University studied Death Valley pupfish with a water temperature test. There are two measurement were used in their test, the Critical Thermal Maximum (CTM) and upper lethal 4 temperature. The CTM is measuring the ability that pupfish would withstand in a high temperature, and the upper lethal temperature is telling long-term heat stress for the pupfish --- Map 1, Locations of Salt Creek and Devil’s Hole, where the species of Death Valley pupfish and Devil’s Hole pupfish at. Figure 1, Death Valley Pupfish, 6-9 cm long in Salt Creek, Death Valley. 5 --- (Otto and Gerking, 1973). There result shows that the Death Valley pupfish would be able to with stand in a water temperature as high of 45.3 Celsius, and the water temperature between 35 and 40 degree Celsius is the when Death Valley pupfish active the most ( Otto and Gerking, 1973). Pupfish not be able survive in low temperature water. When the water temperatures reach 6 degree Celsius, the Death Valley pupfish tend not to activate in the water. For Devil’s Hole pupfish, there is no one has done any temperature test towards Devil’s Hole pupfish. However, Matthew Anderson and James Deacon introduced the general trend for Devil’s Hole pupfish. During the summer, the water temperature in Devil’s Hole usually between 30 and 33 Celsius, and the population of pupfish tend to increase and more activate. During the winter time, the water temperatures often reach below 5 degree Celsius, and Devil’s Hole pupfish tend to stay deeper in the water and the population tend to decrease. SALINITY Salinity is another factor that would impact pupfish. As Salt Creek is located in an enclosed basin, and there are approximately 15,000 square kilometers of salts in this basin that usually from a large drainage system, it caused the groundwater mixed with salts in this basin (National Park Service, 2008). In Salt Creek specie, the salinity of water in average is about 10- 12% (USGS, 2011). In the summer the salinity increase very high and crystallizes into salt when the water evaporate, and during the winter, salinity goes down to 5% (USGS, 2011). Because the salinity in Salt Creek is very high, the Death Valley Pupfish use their gills to take out the salt and keep the water inside of their bodies. In Devil’s Hole, salts do not influence the ground water system. The aquifer system in Devil’s Hole works differently. “The aquifers are composed predominantly of limestone and 6 dolomite which transport water freely through fractures that have been enlarged by dissolution of the carbonate minerals. The aquitards contain only minor thicknesses of soluble rocks and are composed chiefly of clastic rocks that impede the flow of ground water. Because of their geometric distribution, the aquitards function most importantly to restrict lateral ground-water flow, thus determining the boundaries of the Ash Meadows ground-water system” (Dudley and Larson, 1976). One other part that Devil’s Hole specie different from Death Valley specie is that Devil’s Hole pupfish could not use their gills to keep the salt out of their body, and the water in Devil’s Hole is all fresh water. One of the main reason that water in Devil’s Hole keeps fresh because Devil’s Hole is 609 meters above the sea level which allow its water to avoid salt effect from the salt pan. WATER LEVEL Salt Creek specie is a loop about 1000 meter long and only 8-10 cm deep in average (National Park Service, 2008). Water level in Salt Creek does not change significantly which means that the Death Valley pupfish does not influence by the local water level. However, Devils Hole as one of the oldest and the most famous pupfish habitats located in Ash Meadows, Death Valley contains the thermal water (33 C) which is the ideal water for pupfish (Anderson and Deacon, 2001). Devil’s Hole itself is a water-filled cavern cut into the side of a hill. The cavern is over 150 meters deep and the bottom has never been mapped (National Park Service, 2008). As Matthew Anderson and James Deacon argued that the change of water level would influence the population of Devil’s Hole pupfish. Adult pupfishes in Devils Hole usually occupy the upper level of the water which is about 26m and with a high density in the upper 15m deep of water because the sunlight could penetrate into the water. This is important because when the sunlight penetrates into the water, the water temperate increase and 7 it is easier for pupfish to live. The north side of the Devils Hole pool is about 130m deep and the southern side with the shallower water is about 5m deep (Szabo, Kolesar, Riggs, Winograd and Ludwig, 1994). During the winter time, when the temperature gets low, the pupfishes tend to be in the deeper water to stay warm. However, the water level during the winter tends to be lower than in the summer, and that significantly affect the population of pupfishes in Devils Hole. Figure 2, Annual minimum and maximum estimated populationsize for Devils Hole pupfish from 1972 to 1997 Figure 2 shows that during the period between 1972 and 1976, the change of annual variation in population size was the lowest. During the period between 1976 and 1988, the change of annual variation in population size was the highest and the total population of pupfish also increased significantly (Anderson and Deacon, 2001). The change of pupfish population corresponded the water level in Devil’s Hole, when the change of population stays small between 1972 and 1976, the water level remained low, when the population size increased 8 rapidly after 1976, the water level rises.
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