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Final Report
Time to lay down the law National legislation to enforce the BWC The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, is the Verification Research, Training and Information Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) Centre, an independent, non-profit making, non-govern- Time to lay down the law and Toxin Weapons and on eir Destruction () obliges mental organisation. Its mission is to promote effective and states parties to take any necessary national measures to efficient verification as a means of ensuring confidence in National legislation to enforce the BWC implement the treaty in their territory. States parties have the implementation of international agreements and intra- agreed that this requires the adoption of legislation, including national agreements with international involvement. penal sanctions. aims to achieve its mission through research, training, Only now, thirty years after the treaty’s adoption, are states dissemination of information, and interaction with the parties collectively considering what legislative provisions relevant political, diplomatic, technical, scientific and non- are required to effectively enforce the treaty. This report is governmental communities. intended to assist states parties in this endeavour by assessing The Centre is based at Baird House, – St. Cross Street, the current status of their national legislation to enforce the London, , United Kingdom. treaty’s core prohibitions. The report provides comparative Phone +.()... analysis of existing legislation, makes recommendations for Fax +.()... increasing the rate of adoption of legislation and proposes E-mail [email protected] ways to make existing and new legislation more effective. Web www.vertic.org It should be of use to states parties preparing to adopt or amend legislation, states and organisations providing assist- Design and production: Richard Jones, Exile: Design and ance to states parties, and to the international community Editorial Services ([email protected]). -
Igneous Rocks of Peter I Island Hemisphere Tectonic Reconstructions
LeMasurier, W. E., and F. A. Wade. In press. Volcanic history in Marie Byrd Land: implications with regard to southern Igneous rocks of Peter I Island hemisphere tectonic reconstructions. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Andean and Antarctic Vol- canology Problems, Santiago, Chile (0. Gonzalez-Ferran, edi- tor). Rome, International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of Earths Interior. THOMAS W. BASTIEN Price, R. C., and S. R. Taylor. 1973. The geochemistry of Dune- Ernest E. Lehmann Associates din Volcano, East Otago, New Zealand: rare earth elements. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55403 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 40: 195-205. Sun, S. S., and G. N. Hanson. 1975. Origin of Ross Island basanitoids and limitations upon the heterogeneity of mantle CAMPBELL CRADDOCK sources of alkali basalts and nephelinites. Contributions to Department of Geology and Geophysics Mineralogy and Petrology, 52: 77-106. The University of Wisconsin, Madison Sun, S. S., and G. N. Hanson. 1976. Rare earth element evi- Madison, Wisconsin 53706 dence for differentiation of McMurdo volcanics, Ross Island, Antarctica. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 54: 139-155. Peter I Island lies in the southeastern Pacific Ocean at 68°50S. 90°40W. about 240 nautical miles off the Eights Coast of West Antarctica. Ris- ing from the continental rise, it is one of the few truly oceanic islands in the region. Few people have been on the island, and little is known of its geology. Thaddeus von Bellingshausen discovered and named the island in 1821, and it was not seen again until sighted by Pierre Charcot in 1910. A Nor- wegian ship dredged some rocks off the west coast in 1927, and persons from the Norvegia achieved the first landing in 1929. -
National Report Norway
HCA9-07.4Ad IHO HYDROGRAPHIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTICA (HCA) 9th Meeting, Simon’s Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 12-14 October 2009 NATIONAL REPORT – NORWAY NORWEGIAN HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE (NHS) 1. General The Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) is responsible for the provision of hydrographic services for Norwegian waters and sea areas, including the Svalbard and Jan Mayen area. In Antarctica the Norwegian geographical area of interest mainly is concentrated in Dronning Maud Land (Queen Maud Land) and the adjacent Kong Håkon VII Hav (King Håkon VII Sea). Peter I Øy (Peter I Island) in the Bellingshausen Sea and Bouvetøya (Bouvet Island) are also Norwegian dependencies. However, the latter is north of the 60 parallel. In July 2008, Norway reached the goal of full ENC coverage for the Norwegian coast. Although this was a major step forwards, there still remains large areas with old data that needs to be replaced with new survey data. In addition, large areas on Svalbard remain to be surveyed and covered with ENCs and papercharts. The NHS has established a fully digital production flowline and all new products and updates are produced from a seamless Primary database. A new chart production system that enables more efficient maintenance of the ENC and chart portfolio is currently being fully implemented. The NHS intends to establish a Tracing service in 2009 and Print on Demand in 2010. Two projects are being carried out in order to develop the services including the technology needed to support it. PRIMAR International ENC service, operated by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service, now includes approx 8400 ENCs from more than 35 countries. -
Argentine and Chilean Claims to British Antarctica. - Bases Established in the South Shetlands
Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume VI-VII, February, 1948 Argentine, Chilean, British, Page 9133 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Argentine and Chilean Claims to British Antarctica. - Bases established in the South Shetlands. - Chilean President inaugurates Chilean Army Bases on Greenwich Island. - Argentine Naval Demonstration in British Antarctic Waters. - H.M.S. "Nigeria" despatched to Falklands. - British Government Statements. - Argentine-Chilean Agreement on Joint Defence of "Antarctic Rights." - The Byrd and Ronne Antarctic Expeditions. - Australian Antarctic Expedition occupies Heard Islands. The Foreign-Office in London, in statements on Feb. 7 and Feb. 13, announced that Argentina and Chile had rejected British protests, earlier presented in Buenos Aires and Santiago, against the action of those countries in establishing bases in British Antarctic territories. The announcement of Feb. 7 stated that on Dec. 7, 1947, the British Ambassador in Buenos Aires, Sir Reginald Leeper, had presented a Note expressing British "anxiety" at the activities in the Antarctic of an Argentine naval expedition which had visited part of the Falkland Islands Dependencies, including Graham Land, the South Shetlands, and the South Orkneys, and had landed at various points in British territory; that a request had been made for Argentine nationals to evacuate bases established on Deception Island and Gamma Island, in the South Shetlands; that H.M. Government had proposed that the Argentine should submit her claim to Antarctic sovereignty to the International Court of Justice for adjudication; and that on Dec. 23, 1947, a second British Note had been presented expressing surprise at continued violations of British territory and territorial waters by Argentine vessels in the Antarctic. -
GENERAL AGREEMENT on L/253812January 1966 TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution
RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON L/253812January 1966 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution APPLICATION OF THEGENERALAGREEMENT Territories to which the Agreement is Applied Annexed hereto is a list of the contracting parties and of the territories (according to information available to the secretariat) in respect of which the application of the Agreement has been made effective. This list is a revision of that which appeared in the Twelfth Supplement, BISD pages 5-9. If there are any inaccuracies in this list, the contracting parties concerned are requested to notify the Director-General not later than 1March 1966 so that a revised list can be included in the Fourteenth Supplement which will be published after the twenty-third session. L/2538 Page 2 A. CONTRACTING PARTIES Australia, Commonwealth of Austria Belgium Brazil (including islands: Fernando de Noronha (including Rocks of Sao Pedro, Sao Paulo, Atoll das Rocas), Trinidad and Martim Vas) Burma Burundi Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Ceylon Chad Chile (including islands: Juan Fernandez group, Easter islands, Sala y Gomez, San Feliz, San Ambrosio and western part of Tierra del Fuego) Congo (Brazzaville) Caba, (including Isle of Pines and some smaller islands) Cyprus Czechoslovakia Dahomey Denmark (including the Färoe Islands) Dominican Republic (including islands: Saona, Catalina, Beata and some smaller ones) Finland France (including Corsica and islands off the French Coast and the Principality of Monaco) Comoro Archipelago (Grande-Comore, Anjouan, Mohély,Mayotte) French Guiana (including islands: St. Joseph, Iie Royale, Ilidu Diable) French Oceania (Society Islands, Ies Sous le Vent, MarquezesArchipelago, Tuamotu Archipelago, Gambior Archipelago, Tubuai Archipelago, Rapa island and Clipoerton Island) French Somaliland (including islands: Maskali and Mourba, Frères) Guadeloupe (islands of Gualoupe Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre and dependencies: Marie-Galante, Iledes Saintes, Petite-Teree, St. -
Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia) and the Bratvaag Expedition IAN GJERTZ1 and BERIT MØRKVED2
ARCTIC VOL. 51, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 1998) P. 330– 335 Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia) and the Bratvaag Expedition IAN GJERTZ1 and BERIT MØRKVED2 (Received 6 October 1997; accepted in revised form 22 March 1998) ABSTRACT. Victoria Island (Ostrov Viktoriya in Russian) is the westernmost island of the Russian Arctic. The legal status of this island and neighbouring Franz Josef Land was unclear in 1929 and 1930. At that time Norwegian interests attempted, through a secret campaign, to annex Victoria Island and gain a foothold on parts of Franz Josef Land. We describe the events leading up to the Norwegian annexation, which was later abandoned for political reasons. Key words: Franz Josef Land, Victoria Island, Norwegian claim, acquisition of sovereignty RÉSUMÉ. L’île Victoria (en russe Ostrov Viktoriya) est l’île la plus occidentale de l’Arctique russe. En 1929 et 1930, le statut légal de cette île et de l’archipel François-Joseph voisin n’était pas bien défini. À cette époque, les intérêts norvégiens tentaient, par le biais d’une campagne secrète, d’annexer l’île Victoria et d’établir une emprise sur des zones de l’archipel François- Joseph. On décrit les événements menant à l’annexion norvégienne, annexion qui fut délaissée par la suite pour des raisons politiques. Mots clés: archipel François-Joseph, île Victoria, revendication norvégienne, acquisition de la souveraineté Traduit pour la revue Arctic par Nésida Loyer. INTRODUCTION One of the bases for claiming these polar areas was that Norwegians either had discovered them or had vital eco- Norway has a long tradition in Arctic exploration, fishing, nomic interests in them as the most important commercial sealing, and hunting. -
Origin and Evolution of the Sub-Antarctic Islands: the Foundation
Papersnd a Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 141 (1), 2007 35 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE SUB-ANTARCTIC ISLANDS: THE FOUNDATION by Patrick G. Quilty (with 23 text-figures and two tables) Quilty, P.G. 2007 (23:xi): Origin and evolution of the sub-Antarctic islands: the foundation.Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 141 (1): 35-58. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.141.1.35 ISSN 0080-4703. School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia. Email: P.Quil [email protected] Sub-Antarctic islands have a diversity of origins in detail but most are volcanic and very young suggesting that they are short-lived and that the distribution would have been very differenta few million years ago. 'They contrast with the common tourist brochure concept of oceanic islands. As the Antarctic Plate is virtually static, the islands seldom show signs of association with long-lived linear island chains and most thus stand alone. Longer-lived islands are either on submarine plateaux or are continental remnants of the dispersion of Gondwana. The islands are classified in relation to raised sea-floor, transform fault, triple junction, subduction zone, submarine plateau, submerged continent or continental. Many are difficult of access and poorly known geologically. Their geological history controls their many other roles such as sites as observatories, or for study of colonisation, evolution and speciation rates. Key Words: Sub-Antarctic islands, geological evolution, Macquarie Island, Balleny Islands, Scott Island, Campbell Island, Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands, Enderby Island, Peter I Island, Islas Diego Ramirez, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, Bouvetoya, Gough Island, Marion Island, Prince Edward Island, Iles Crozet, Amsterdam Island, St Paul Island, Kerguelen Plateau, Iles Kerguelen, Heard Island, McDonald Island. -
UNDISCOVERED ROSS SEA - WESTERN EXPLORER ROSS SEA EXPEDITION with HELI COPTERS See the Wandering Albatrosses, Petrels and Adelie Penguins
UNDISCOVERED ROSS SEA - WESTERN EXPLORER ROSS SEA EXPEDITION WITH HELI COPTERS See the wandering albatrosses, petrels and Adelie penguins Land on Peter I Island, one of the most remote volcanic islands in the world. Amazing sights of the Amundsen Sea with emperor penguins, seals lounging on ice floes, orca and minke whales. Cross the International Date Line. Visit Cape Royds in Ross Islands, where Ernest Shackleton’s cabin still stands. Helicopter landing in Taylor Valley where you experience conditions that are closer to Mars than anywhere else on Earth Land at Cape Adare which is surrounded by the largest colony of Adélie penguins in the world. Thrilling encounters with king, gentoo, and southern rockhopper penguins, elephant and New Zealand fur seals on Macquarie Island. Visit the sub-antarctic New Zealand Reserve and UNESCO World Heritage Site of Campbell Island with its blooming vegetation and easily accessible colony of southern royal albatrosses Departing from Ushuaia on the tip of South America, this expedition with two onboard helicopters travels to the Antarctic peninsula & then West around the Arctic circle through the Ross Sea visiting Peter I Island, Macquarie Island and Campbell Island before disembarking in New Zealand. Day 1 End of the world, start of a journey Our voyage begins from Ushuaia, Argentina, reputed to be the southern most city on the planet. Starting in the afternoon, we embark from this small resort town on Tierra del Fuego, nicknamed “The End of the World,” and sail the mountain fringed Beagle Channel for the remainder of the evening. Day 2 - 3 Path of the polar explorers Over the next two days on the Drake Passage, we will enjoy some of the same experiences encountered by the great polar explorers who first charted these regions: cool salt breezes, rolling seas, maybe even a fin whale spouting up sea spray. -
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 13
History of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 13 Coordinates: 67°15′S 39°35′E History of Antarctica From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the natural history of the Antarctic continent, see Antarctica. The history of Antarctica emerges from early Western theories of a vast continent, known as Terra Australis, believed to exist in the far south of the globe. The term Antarctic, referring to the opposite of the Arctic Circle, was coined by Marinus of Tyre in the 2nd century AD. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. In 1773 James Cook and his crew crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time but although they discovered nearby islands, they did not catch sight of Antarctica itself. It is believed he was as close as 150 miles from the mainland. In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted the ice shelf or the continent. A Russian expedition was led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, a British expedition was captained by Edward Bransfield and an American sealer Nathaniel Palmer participated. The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice. Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the 'Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration'. Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on December 14, 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott. -
Nature Conservation in Antarctica During the Early Treaty Years, 1958
Book of Abstracts Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Joint Workshop of the History EG and the Social Sciences AG British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK (1-5 July 2013) This workshop is co-sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). Our heartfelt thanks go to Ellen Bazeley-White, Alison Teague and Anisha Quadros at BAS for their invaluable help and their organisational talents. We would not have been able to organise this workshop without their help. We are also grateful for the support provided by Joanna Rae (BAS Archives Service), Naomi Bonham (SPRI Archives), Bryan Lintott (SPRI Events), and last but not least, the SCAR Executive Office (Mike Sparrow, Renuka Badhe and Rosemary Nash), the SCAR President, Executive Committee and Delegates. At an institutional level, we thank the following organisations for their support: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI), and Cambridge University The workshop was organized by Daniela Liggett (SCAR Social Sciences Action Group) and Cornelia Lüdecke (SCAR History Expert Group). The abstracts were edited with the help of Sherrie-lee Evans (Hobart, Australia). 2 Contents Nature conservation in Antarctica during the early Treaty years, 1959–1964 Alessandro Antonello..................................................................................................7 Evaluating the Success of Scientific Research on Antarctic Expeditions, 1898-1914 -
Skrifter036.Pdf (5.394Mb)
DET KONGELIGE DEPARTEMENT FOR HANDEL, SJØFART, INDUSTRI, HANDVERK OG FISKERI NORGES SVALBARD- OG ISHAVS-UNDERSØKELSER LEDER: ADOLF HOEL SKRIFTER OM SVALBARD OG ISHAVET Nr. 36 GUSTAV SMEDAL ACQUISITION OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER POLAR AREAS --(.-- OSLO I KOMMISJON HOS JACOB DYBWAD 1931 Translated from Norwegian by Ch r. Me yer, Commander Royal Norwegian Navy_ .\, \X'. BRO Ci Cl E H S B () K T H Y K K E I� I \,'S Contents. Page Introduction ........... .... 5 Occupation ............................................................... 13 A short historicaI review . ... ...... .............. .. 13 Who can occupy and what territories can be occupied? ............. 24 Effective possession ...... ....................................... 32 Notification ................................. ... .............. ... 40 Extent of an occupation ................................................ 42 Obligation of the occupying State to respect acquired rights and interests in occupied territory .................................................. 46 Discovery and fictitious occupation ....... .. ......................... ... 48 The Sector Principle ... .......... ....... .. ... ...... ...................... 54 General remarks on the sector principle .......... ................. ..... 54 Sector claims [Arctic Regions. Canada 64, The United States of America 67, The Soviet Union 69, Finland 73, Denmark and Norway 73. Antarctic Regions. The Falkland Sector 75, The Ross Sector 75] ...... .......... 64 East Greenland ........................ .... .... .. .. .................. -
Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica Helmut Hornik and Cornelia Lüdecke
Berichte ??? / 2007 zur Polar- und Meeresforschung Reports on Polar and Marine Research Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany), 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Rückseite Titelblatt Steps of Foundation of Institutionalized Antarctic Research Proceedings of the 1 st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany) 2-3 June, 2005 Edited by Cornelia Lüdecke Ber. Polarforsch. Meeresfor. Xxx (2007) ISSN 1618-3193 Cornelia Lüdecke, SCAR History Action Group, Valleystrasse 40, D- 81371 Munich, Germany Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .......... ................................................................................................I Figures List ....................................................................................................................V List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................VI Preface .................................................................................................................iX Introduction ........................................................................................................1 1 The Dawn of Antarctic Consciousnes J. Berguño ............................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................3