The Complete Organ Works, Vol. 5 DAVID GOODE

Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge CD1 Partita on “Ach, was soll ich Sünder machen”, BWV 770 1 [0.53] 2 [0.42] 3 [1.00] 4 [1.04] 5 [0.44] 6 [0.44] 7 [0.42] 8 [0.48] 9 [2.49] 10 [3.46]

Neumeister Nos 1-36.

11 “Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 719 [2.02]

12 “Wir Christenleut”, BWV 1090 [2.11]

13 “Das alte Jahr vergangen ist”, BWV 1091 [2.37]

14 “Herr Gott, nun schleuß den Himmel auf”, BWV 1092 [2.32]

15 “, was hast du verbrochen”, BWV 1093 [2.38]

16 “O Jesu, wie ist dein Gestalt”, BWV 1094 [3.09]

17 “O Lamm Gottes unschuldig”, BWV 1095 [2.22]

18 “Christe, der du bist Tag und Licht /

Wir danken dir, Herr Jesu Christ”, BWV 1096 [2.37]

19 “Ehre sei dir Christe, der du leidest Not”, BWV 1097 [2.31]

20 “Wir glauben all an einen Gott”, BWV 1098 [2.19]

21 “Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir”, BWV 1099 [2.22]

22 “Allein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ”, BWV 1100 [2.24]

23 “Ach Gott und Herr”, BWV 714a [2.32] 2 24 “Ach Herr, mich armen Sünder”, BWV 742 [2.09] 25 “Durch Adams Fall ist ganz verderbt”, BWV 1101 [3.41] 26 “Du Friedefürst, Herr Jesu Christ”, BWV 1102 [2.43] 27 “Erhalt uns Herr, bei deinem Wort”, BWV 1103 [1.51] 28 “Vater unser im Himmelreich”, BWV 737 [2.14] 29 “Wenn dich Unglück tut greifen an”, BWV 1104 [1.46] 30 “Jesu, meine Freude”, BWV 1105 [2.00] Total times [61.53] 3 [ CD2 [ 7 [ 8 [ 1 “Gott ist mein Heil, mein Hilf und Trost”, BWV 1106 [1.50] 2 “Jesu, meines Lebens Leben”, BWV 1107 [1.40] Neumeister Chorales Nos 1-36. 3 “Als Jesus Christus in der Nacht”, BWV 1108 [2.56] 1 [ 4 “Ach Gott, tu dich erbarmen”, BWV 1109 [3.03] [ 5 “O Herre Gott, dein göttlich Wort”, BWV 1110 [2.30] [ 6 “Nun lasset uns den Leib begraben”, BWV 1111 [2.08] [ 7 “Christus, der ist mein Leben”, BWV 1112 [1.45] “ [ 8 “Ich hab mein Sach Gott heimgestellt”, BWV 1113 [2.19] [ 9 “Herr Jesu Christ, du höchstes Gut”, BWV 1114 [3.23] [ 10 “Herzlich lieb hab ich dich, o Herr”, BWV 1115 [2.49]

11 “Was Gott tut, das ist wohlgetan”, BWV 1116 [2.02] Wir danken dir, Herr Jesu Christ”, BWV 1096 [ 12 “Alle Menschen müssen sterben”, BWV 1117 [2.01] [ 13 “Machs mit mir, Gott, nach deiner Güt”, BWV 957 [2.20] [ 14 “Werde munter, mein Gemüte”, BWV 1118 [2.12] [ 15 “Wie nach einer Wasserquelle”, BWV 1119 [2.02] [ 16 “Christ, der du bist der helle Tag”, BWV 1120 [1.56] [ Total times 3 [36.57] BACH, BEAUTY AND BELIEF Arnstadt, where he was appointed as organist THE ORGAN WORKS OF J.S. BACH in August of that year, remaining for four years, his first major professional organist post (Wolff Introduction – Bach and the Organ 2001 p. 526). Clearly showing remarkable talent The organ loomed large from early on in Bach’s as a player from an early age, Bach’s career life. The foundations of his multifaceted career remained founded upon the organ even as he as a professional musician were clearly laid moved around in a variety of posts after leaving in the careful cultivation of Bach’s prodigious Arnstadt in 1707: as the organist of St Blasius’s talent as an organist whilst he was still a in Mühlhausen (1707 – 1708), court organist child. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in and chamber musician at Weimar (1708 – Eisenach in 1685, and after the death of his 1717), capellmeister at Cöthen (1717 – 1723) father – the director of municipal music in and cantor at St Thomas’ Church in Leipzig the town – at the age of ten moved to Ohrdruf, (1723 – 1750). where he was taken in by his eldest brother, Johann Christoph. Christoph was the organist ‘The Complete Organ Works of Bach’ at St Michael’s Ohrdruf and had been taught Given that strong foundation, it is no surprise by Pachelbel.1 During his years at Ohrdruf, that organ music flowed from Bach’s pen the young Sebastian was a choral scholar throughout his life. Yet how do Bach’s organ and likely had his first experiences in organ works cohere? For the monolithic notion of ‘The building and maintenance.2 In 1700 he moved Complete Organ Works of Bach’ is misleading. to Lüneburg, as a choral scholar at St Michael’s The picture is more fluid, even unclear, both as School; this move brought him into the orbit to the veracity of individual works and of their of many organists, including Georg Böhm and particular chronology. The impression is of a Adam Reinken in Hamburg.3 1703 found him combination of works that have reached us in examining a new organ at the New Church in their present form through an often uncertain process of revision and collection (such as 1 Peter Williams,J.S. Bach: A Life in Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 9. the Six Sonatas, BWV 525 – 530) and those 2 , Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician (New with a more definite origin and/or date, such York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 37. 3 Wolff, Learned Musician , p. 525. as Clavierübung III, which was published in 4 1739. Even a collection with a clear didactic categorised into five areas, though inevitably purpose that is apparently easy to date like the these overlap: chorale-based works (preludes, Orgelbüchlein, BWV 599 – 644 (its title page is partitas, variations, trios); the Six Sonatas; dated to 1722 or 1723)4 can remain opaque in preludes/toccatas/fantasias (including the the chronology and detail of its contents: the Passacaglia) and fugues (paired together, title page was added later than the chorales it and single); transcriptions of works by other contains (Williams 2003 p. 227). Many of the composers (concertos, trios, etc.); miscellaneous preludes and fugues do not exist in autograph works (Allabreve, Canzona, Pièce D’Orgue, etc.). form, a fact that in most cases does not affect Williams catalogues the multifarious stylistic the question of authorship as much as that of the influences on Bach’s organ works.5 Many of date of composition, although the authorship of these are traceable to other contemporary some organ works previously assumed to have German organ composers whose compositional been by Bach have been called into question, style Bach would almost certainly have known. like the Eight Short Preludes and Fugues, BWV As Williams states, these would have included 553 – 560. Others are easier by virtue of their Pachelbel, Böhm, Buxtehude, Bruhns, Reinken, singularity either to ascribe authorship to, such Kerl and Froberger. Bach’s organ works also as the Passacaglia, BWV 582, or to date, such frequently betray a French influence, both as the Concerto Transcriptions, BWV 592 – 596, specifically, such as in the famous example which are from Bach’s Weimar years (Williams of the Passacaglia, BWV 582, the first half of 2003 p. 202). However, the fluidity of the corpus whose main theme originates in a piece by is not as interesting – or as significant – as the Raison, and more generically, such as in the stylistic and generic variety it exhibits. C minor Fantasia, BWV 562 with its stylistic debt to French composers such as de Grigny. Genres, Styles and Influences In addition, an Italian influence is often felt Bach’s organ works are characterised, typically in the manual writing across-the-board from for the composer, by a multiplicity of genres the quasi-string writing in the Six Sonatas to

and stylistic influences. Broadly they can be the tripartite Toccata in C, BWV 564 via the

4 See Peter Williams, The Organ Music of J.S. Bach, Second Edition 5 See Peter Williams, Bach Organ Music (London: BBC Music Guides, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 227. 1972), p. 9. 5 Frescobaldian Canzona, BWV 588 and Corellian analytical approach to his music that Allabreve, BWV 589. seeks to contextualize Bach’s contrapuntal, figurative and harmonic peculiarities and Purposes complexities within a much broader framework As the above discussion suggests, it is not involving contemporary theology,7 aesthetics,8 surprising that many of the exact original philosophy,9 and science.10 Assessing these purposes for the organ works remain unknown, different approaches to Bach’s music is though in general terms the following categories difficult, as the results are inevitably mixed. of use can be discerned: liturgical (many, if not On the one hand, there is a need to maintain most, of the chorales and chorale preludes; some a degree of musical integrity by allowing the of the prelude/toccata and fugue pairs); didactic musical features of Bach’s compositions to (the Six Sonatas; the Orgelbüchlein); stylistic come first in any attempt to understand them. assimilation (the concerto transcriptions; Thus, some of the least convincing musical- some toccatas and fantasias; Legrenzi and analytical work done from the contextual side Corelli Fugues). In addition, collections such arises from an approach to Bach’s music that as Clavierübung III and perhaps the Schübler liams, The Organ Music of J.S. Bach, Second Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Peter Williams, J.S. Bach: A Life in Chorales had a purpose that transcended their Music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). immediate utility: the desire to offer a musical- 7 Eric Chafe, Analyzing Bach Cantatas (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Anne Leahy, ‘”Vor deinen Thron tret ich”: The Eschatolog- theological compendium (Clavierübung III), or ical Significance of the Chorale Settings of the P271 Manuscript of the leave a musical legacy Schübler( Chorales). Berlin Staatsbibliothek’ in Bach, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2006), pp. 81 – 118; Timothy A. Smith, ‘Fugues Without Words: A Hearing of Four Fugues from “The Well Tempered Clavier” as Passion Music’ in Bach, Vol. A Note on Current Bach Scholarship 40, No. 2 (2009), pp. 45 – 66; Linda Gingrich, ‘Hidden Allegory in J.S Bach’s 1724 Trinity Season Chorale Cantatas’ in The Choral Journal, Such is the scope of Bach’s organ works. But Vol. 51, No. 1 (August 2010), pp. 6 – 17. how have they been covered in the literature? 8 Christoph Wolff, ‘Bach and the Idea of “Musical Perfection”’ in Christoph Wolff, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician (New There is a fascinating dialectic evident in York: Oxford University Press, 2001). current Bach studies more broadly between 9 See John Butt, ‘’A mind unconscious that it is calculating’? Bach See Williams, B and the rationalist philosophy of Wolff, Leibniz and Spinoza’ in John See John Butt, ‘Bach’s metaphysics of music’ in Butt (ed.), T a hermeneutic taken up with purely musical Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach (Cambridge: Cambridge concerns for Bach’s works,6 and a broader University Press, 1997). Georg Vensky, 1742. Like Bach, Vensky was a member of Lorenz 10 David Yearsley, Bach and the Meanings of Counterpoint (New York: C 6 The work of Peter Williams is helpful in this regard. See Peter Wil- Cambridge University Press, 2002). 6 is too superficial. On the other hand, there is a much of Bach’s music.11 The key that unlocks sense in some of the ‘music-only’ approaches this dilemma is the observation made by John that any recourse to relevant external and Butt,12 that for Bach, as for other Lutherans, contextual questions ought to be dismissed out music was intrinsically of eternal value. We can of hand when clearly such factors occasionally be more specific and outline two ways in which – perhaps often – played a legitimate role in the inherent theological nature of music, as it Bach’s compositional process. The ideal, then, was understood, appears to have influenced the seems to be to take an approach to describing music Bach actually wrote. Bach’s organ music that both honours the music itself whilst allowing for wider i) Music as Theological Metaphor contextual questions to shape one’s thinking as A theological idea that was found in the Leipzig appropriate, perhaps on a piece-by-piece basis. circles in which Bach moved in the 1740s was With that in mind, there seem to be two broad that God’s beauty can be conceived conceptually extra-musical contexts of particular relevance as a type of harmonia: to the organ music of Bach in which purely musical observations can be worked out. These God is a harmonic being. All harmony

are theology, and aesthetics. originates from his wise order and Eric Chafe, A organization... Where there is no conformity,

Theological Aesthetics there is also no order, no beauty, and Peter Williams highlights a conundrum that no perfection. For beauty and perfection

13 needs tackling if one is to think theologically consists in the conformity of diversity. about Bach’s organ music, namely the

tension that exists between Bach’s stated This fundamental idea of God’s beauty as Christoph Wolff, ‘Bach and the Idea of “Musical Perfection”’ in theological intention in composition (most expressed in His unity-in-diversity immediately C famously revealed in the composer’s signature invites the metaphorical projection of this See John Butt, ‘’A mind unconscious that it is calculating’? Bach ‘S.D.G.’ – ‘Soli Deo Gloria’ (To God Alone Be 11 See Williams, Bach Organ Music, pp. 10-11. a 12 See John Butt, ‘Bach’s metaphysics of music’ in Butt (ed.), The Glory) – that has been found on some of Cambridge Companion to Bach, p. 53. Bach’s manuscripts, penned after the final 13 Georg Vensky, 1742. Like Bach, Vensky was a member of Lorenz David Yearsley, B Christoph Mizler’s Society for Musical Science. Quoted in Wolff, Learned bars) and the apparent self-interestedness of Musician, p. 466. 7 concept onto His creation: His beauty is of a specifically, and personally-held, Lutheran expressed though His creation via the same faith.15 The implications of this in seeking an aesthetic of unity-in-diversity. While criticisms informed speculation of Bach’s theological views have been levelled at this definition of beauty of music are significant. For the indications when held as an absolute value, as an in Luther’s writings are not only that he saw explanation of Bach’s contrapuntal practice music as inherently theological on a number of it is highly suggestive. This desire for art to different levels,16 but specifically that he saw imitate nature in its perfection motivated music as having a role in moving the believer’s Bach’s musical project throughout his career affections towards God, and thus an ability and is particularly evident in his treatment to strengthen the believer’s faith in Christ.17 of counterpoint: ‘[c]haracteristic of Bach’s Combining this insight with the commonly- manner of composing is a way of elaborating observed (though not unchallenged) evidence the musical ideas so as to penetrate the of the Baroque Affektenlehre (or ‘Doctrine of material deeply and exhaustively.’14 Bach’s the Affections’) in Bach’s music, it can be seen maximization of thematic coherence, harmonic how often Bach’s sacred music (chorale-based richness, and contrapuntal complexity can or liturgically-intended; often both) makes its be thus understood as having a theological spiritual utility felt through its projection of rationale. This rationale perhaps best fits the a relevant and (sometimes) dominant affekt. music with which there is no accompanying This primary affekt is then projected through text to direct one’s interpretation of the musical the musical material, itself often consisting of figures, and is particularly relevant in grasping harmonic and motivic workings-out of a single the aesthetic behind specifically contrapuntal 15 See Robin A. Leaver, ‘Music and Lutheranism’ in Butt (ed.), The projects like The Art of Fugue. Cambridge Companion to Bach , pp. 39 – 40. 16 Robin A. Leaver, Luther’s Liturgical Music: Principles and Implica- ii) Music designed to move the Affections towards God tions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007). Ever since the discovery of Bach’s personal 17 See Luther’s directions to believers suffering depression: ‘When you are sad, therefore, and when melancholy threatens to get the Bible commentary, the so-called ‘Calov Bible’, upper hand, say: “Arise! I must play a song unto the Lord on my regal it has often been noted that Bach’s music [...].” Then begin striking the keys and singing in accompaniment, as Laurence Dreyfus, B David and Elisha did, until your sad thoughts vanish.’ Martin Luther, appears to have been intended as an expression Theodore G. Tappert (ed.), Letters of Spiritual Counsel (Louisville: Richard A. Spurgeon Hall, ‘Bach and Edwards on the Religious 14 Wolff, Learned Musician, p. 469. Westminster John Knox Press, 2006) p. 97. A 8 o inventio, or dominant musical figure.18 In the placed the affections-of-the-heart at the centre organ music, this notion is perhaps most useful of his definition of genuine Christian experience, in approaching the chorale preludes – a genre and thus taught that moving them God-ward that covers many of the organ works – where in was the primary aim of any means of grace many cases the background text, where clear, in the church, whether preaching or music. As often illuminates both the general affekt of a examples of Edward’s affection-driven theology given prelude, and the specificity of particular in practice, the organ works of Bach clearly harmonies and figurations that have been cohere in their common ability to promote both chosen to illustrate it. belief and beauty, or perhaps more accurately, belief through beauty. Conclusion – Bach, Beauty and Belief Although the label of ‘The Complete Organ The ‘Neumeister’ Chorales Works of Bach’ for the corpus is a misnomer, The so-called ‘Neumeister’ chorales are a there are still many varied ways in which to collection of chorale preludes, attributed to J.S. view it coherently; theological aesthetics is just Bach, that were found in a manuscript that had one example. Theology and aesthetics combine been copied and compiled by Johann Gottfried throughout Bach’s organ music, uniting them Neumeister and discovered at Yale University as works that project a Christian Lutheran in the 1980s. It was published in 1983 for the worldview through their specifically musical Bach tercentenary, and subsequently given the beauty. In this they serve as exemplars of the name ‘Neumeister’. Neumeister was a pupil of theology of another towering eighteenth-century G.A. Sorge, possibly making the collection for Christian intellect, whose published thought his own purposes as an organist. There are See Robin A. Leaver, ‘Music and Lutheranism’ in Butt (ed.), T also combined beauty and belief with an eighty-two pieces in the collection, and thirty- Robin A. Leaver, L emphasis on the affections of the believer: the eight attributed to Bach (Williams 2003 p. 541).

American pastor Jonathan Edwards, with whom Wolff identifies the influences of Pachelbel, J.M. See Luther’s directions to believers suffering depression: ‘When y Bach has once been compared.19 Edwards Bach and J.C. Bach in these pieces attributed

to J.S. Bach - strengthening the case of their 18 Laurence Dreyfus, Bach and the Patterns of Invention (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996). authenticity by reflecting the actual musical 19 Richard A. Spurgeon Hall, ‘Bach and Edwards on the Religious Wolff, Learned Musician, p. 469. Affections’ in Johan Sebastian: A Tercentenary Celebration, ed. Seymour L. Benstock (Westport: Greenwood Press), pp. 69 – 81. 9 influences on the young Bach (Wolff 2001 p. 49). of a violin obligato. Partita IV changes the a It seems Bach would typically take a model from texture to that of broken chords, with striking one of these other composers, and expand it; turns of harmony and melody and the chorale thus these pieces reflect Bach’s musical youth, soaring over the top. Partita V features running perhaps dating from around 1700, while Bach semiquavers in the left hand below the chorale, was a teenager at Ohrdruf. and Partita VI a more virtuosic violinistic right hand, with bigger leaps and broken chords. There are certain striking features about the Partita VII is marked by a change of metre, collection worthy of note. The chorales often before striking right-hand figurations in show a remarkable compression of various demisemiquavers in Partita VIII. The final two compositional techniques in concise and short partitas are longer and weightier. Partita IX is forms, so anticipating the later Orgelbüchlein in a triple-time, with charming echo effects, and collection, as well as the chorale partitas. The Partita X an ‘Allegro’, also with echo effects that preludes are also often in two parts, and contain perhaps reference the French Dialogue tradition, an unusual diversity of cadences: ‘every piece as well as speed and metre changes, and some ends in a different way’ (Wolff 2001 p. 49). challenging shifts of register on the keyboards.

BWV 770 Chorale variations on “Ach, was soll BACH NEUMEISTER CHORALES ich Sünder machen” The text of BWV 770 concerns the awakening of BWV 719 on “Der Tag, der ist a sinner’s guilty conscience, and the Christian so freudenreich” hope of trusting in Jesus Christ for salvation. (Neumeister Chorale No. 1) It is given in ten parts (‘Partitas’), the first is The text of the first Neumeister chorale celebrates the chorale. Partita I, the chorale, projects joy in the birth of Christ, and in Mary being chosen real gravitas through its texture and rhythmic to be his mother. The melody is 15th century, animation. Partita II is set in a harpsichord and Bach’s setting seems only to use some of texture, with a walking bass and a simple the chorale. He gives a fugal treatment of the ornamented right hand. Partita III develops first two lines, with seven entries. A cadence this with right-hand semiquavers, in the style near the half-way point brings semiquaver runs, 10 and there follows a fugal, though less strict, by a slow-moving counterpoint and driven treatment of the second chorale line. The final by sustained rhythmic syncopations. Bach snapshot of melody in the soprano is the second maintains the modal quality of the chorale’s line, in normal rhythm. Peter Williams points melody in the prelude’s harmony, a fact that out that the semiquaver flourish happens at the accounts for the often unexpected harmonic Golden Section (Williams 2003 p. 459). shifts (Williams 2003 p. 546).

BWV 1090 Chorale prelude on “Wir BWV 1092 Chorale prelude on “Herr Gott, nun Christenleut” schleuß den Himmel auf” (Neumeister Chorale No. 2) (Neumeister Chorales No. 4) BWV 1090 features a chorale with another BWV 1092 features a striking opposition Christmas text, rejoicing in the birth of Christ. between fast (semiquaver and demisemiquaver) This joy (‘Freud’) seems to be the affect projected embellishments that underpin the chorale, and by the first part of this three-part setting, with the four-part hymn-like texture of conventional its running semiquavers underneath the chorale chorale harmonization. It is tempting to see melody. The latter sections are marked by in this contrast a symbolic reference to the changes of metre, from duple to triple time. The spheres of the earth (with its ‘struggle’) and triple time coincides with the text highlighting eternity (with its ‘rest’) that is central to the redemption, and the change back to duple text of the chorale’s first verse. In any case, surely highlights the text’s phrase ‘glaubet fest’ the musical result of this opposition is a (‘believes firmly’). The effect of these changes is catalogue of chorale embellishments, creating ingenious over such a short piece. almost a miniature chorale partita. Note the characteristic echo effects at the start and end BWV 1091 Chorale prelude on “Das alte Jahr of the chorale, the latter playing around with vergangen ist” the inflection of the chorale melody’s D/D sharp (Neumeister Chorale No. 3) to provide a sense of momentum to the final This is a beautifully unfolding prelude, with embellished cadence. the chorale at the top of the texture. The effectiveness of the setting is generated 11 BWV 1093 Chorale prelude on “Herzliebster BWV 1095 Chorale prelude on “O Lamm Gottes Jesu, was hast du verbrochen” unschuldig” (Neumeister Chorale No. 5) (Neumeister Chorales No. 7) This beautiful miniature contains a wealth of ‘O Lamm Gottes’ is set in three time, like the material in its short span (37 bars). Its text setting of the same text in the Eighteen Leipzig is a Passion hymn by J. Heermann, famously Chorales. It is also set in a similar metre and found in both the St. John and St. Matthew key to another setting of the same text, BWV Passions. The melancholy affect is created by 1085. The Neumeister prelude features a the slow-moving counterpoint, spiced with long interlude that precedes the repeat of the suspensions and chromatic lines. The first half chorale’s first line, and a particularly beautiful of the setting is slow, containing nothing faster final cadence. than a quaver, but gradually semiquavers are introduced that energise the second half of the BWV 1096 Chorale Prelude on “Christe, der prelude, eventually spinning out in imitation. du bist Tag und Licht / Wir danken dir, Herr Note the final notes of the melody are filled in Jesu Christ” chromatically, highlighting the poignancy that (Neumeister Chorale No. 8) is at the heart of both the theology and the The unique feature of this setting is its structure. music of the prelude. Though composed as a seamless whole, there are really two sections. The first consists of a BWV 1094 Chorale prelude on “O Jesu, wie ist fugal treatment of the first line of the chorale dein Gestalt” melody, with a total of seven statements. It is (Neumeister Chorales No. 6) not until later - the second section - that the In BWV 1094, Bach sets the chorale phrases chorale melody is heard in its entirety, played above three-part counterpoint that also provides at the top of the texture in steady minims. The interludes between the chorale’s phrases. The melody is associated with at least two possible harmony runs along gently in quavers and texts. Note that the majority of this prelude is occasional semiquavers (set in dactyl figures - ascribed to Pachelbel. long, short, short). Some chromaticisms in the second half intensify the passion-feel of the text. 12 BWV 1097 Chorale prelude on “Ehre sei dir of the melody are treated differently in the Christe, der du leidest Not” prelude: canon with counterpoint; change to (Neumeister Chorale No. 9) compound time (12/8); running quavers below BWV 1097 starts with a fugal introduction single statements in the soprano; back to before the chorale melody is heard, which simple time (4/4); a motivic breakdown of the takes the first line of the chorale and treats it melody in descending thirds. The final cadence fugally. Each line of the chorale is then treated is marked by a dramatic change to ‘Adagio’, separately, through to the first of the three but an increase of the rhythmic division to ‘Kyries’ at the end. Each line in the soprano is semiquavers. heralded by the same line heard in the bass. BWV 1100 Chorale prelude on “Allein zu dir, BWV 1098 Chorale prelude on “Wir glauben Herr Jesu Christ” (Neumeister Chorale No. 12) all an einen Gott” (Neumeister Chorale No. 10) This prelude features running semiquaver lines BWV 1098 takes the melody of the chorale, a as an introduction. The chorale enters as the creed text that appears in other settings in top part, with the two lower semiquaver lines Bach’s oeuvre, and treats it freely and fugally, continuing throughout. The text expresses faith the notes of the melody not appearing in real in Christ, perhaps the word ‘turn’ (‘steht’) lying clarity before the prelude’s ending. There are behind the turning quality of the semiquaver some similarities between this Neumeister line, which also traces and fills in the intervals prelude and those found in Clavierübung III of the chorale. Scholars have suggested other (Williams 2003 p. 552). possibilities for the composer other than Bach: Walther, or a student of Pachelbel like J.H. BWV 1099 Chorale prelude on “Aus tiefer Not Buttstedt. schrei ich zu dir” (Neumeister Chorale No. 11) BWV 714a Chorale prelude on “Ach Gott und BWV 1099 features a canon between the Herr” soprano and bass. Note that the chorale melody (Neumeister Chorale No. 13) set is not the same as that of the other ‘Aus This is a setting that, like others, manages tiefer’ settings by Bach. Successive sections to combine a large variety of musical ideas 13 in a short span. Opening with an introduction BWV 1101 Chorale prelude on “Durch Adams of long semibreves, the metre eventually Fall ist ganz verderbt” increases to crotchets and, after the chorale (Neumeister Chorale No. 15) enters, occasional quavers. The chorale is This is a contrapuntal setting, in four parts, heard in canon between the soprano and tenor. the main musical material of the pre-chorale The musical events are perhaps explained introduction marked by the chorale’s melody. by the text of the chorale, a lament to human The text explored Adam’s original sin in the sinfulness. Particularly, the ‘gross und schwer’ Garden of Eden. The musical figures used (‘great and heavy’) quality of the sin is reflected throughout appear common-enough, resulting in the anguished, slow moving, and chordal in a prelude that, as Williams notes, ‘has no (‘heavy’) introduction, and generally muted obvious Affekt’ (Williams 2003 p. 555), perhaps S affect of the whole. surprisingly for a text that is given very different and expressive treatment elsewhere (see the 742 Chorale prelude Ach Herr, mich armen setting in theOrgelbüchlein , BWV 637). Sünder (Neumeister Chorales No. 14) BWV 1102 Chorale prelude on “Du Friedefürst, In BWV 742, the chorale is hidden in the Herr Jesu Christ” richly ornamented line, sectioned off from a (Neumeister Chorale No. 16) remarkable introduction by a ‘poco adagio’ This prelude is written as a pair, the first half marking. The ornamented chorale line continues of which is a bicinium: an attractive and lively in patterns of descending sequences and two-part setting, with fragmented ornamented semiquavers, marked by the suspirans figure solo line above continuous bass line. There is (three fast notes following a rest). The affect is lively rhythmic interest throughout, especially in one of stylized grief, expressed in writing in the the second half, which is an ‘Allegro’ consisting Passion settings by Bach. of luthé broken chord patterns, rather like music written for harpsichord, with the chorale melody now disguised.

14 BWV 1103 Chorale prelude on “Erhalt uns BWV 1104 Chorale prelude on “Wenn dich Herr, bei deinem Wort” Unglück tut greifen an” (Neumeister Chorale No. 17) (Neumeister Chorale No. 19) BWV 1103 features three-part counterpoint This prelude is harmonically ambiguous, a that eventually grows to four parts, the chorale modal setting, with the key unclear at the start, melody informing the counterpoint, which is yet full of rhythmic and harmonic interest. Each fugal in style. Peter Williams highlights that phrase of the chorale is treated consecutively, the chorale’s influence is mostly limited to the with each successive phrase providing material first line of melody, apart from the end, where for the lower three parts of counterpoint. The the fourth line is heard (Williams 2003 p. 557). affect is melancholic, reflecting the text of the Striking throughout is the melody, and resulting chorale: the faithfulness of God toward the harmonic potential, of the opening of the chorale troubled and suffering believer. melody, with its yearning melodic shape. BWV 1105 Chorale prelude on “Jesu, meine BWV 737 Chorale prelude on “Vater unser im Freude” Himmelreich” (Neumeister Chorale on No. 18) (Neumeister Chorale No. 20) This setting is written as an allabreve, denoting BWV 1105 follows the structure of the chorale slow-moving dense counterpoint throughout, with minimum contrapuntal development or with the chorale melody heard at the top of the embellishment. The first half is energised by texture. BWV 737 survives in two copies, one by dactyl figures, and the second by the repetition Walther, the other in Yale under the alternative of a rhythmic figure (long-short), with some title ‘Nimm von uns, Herr, du treuer Gott’. The runs to connect the phrases, as though the affect of the setting is sombre, the harmony prelude were to be played as an introduction often unyielding yet beautiful, and the compass to a chorale in a service. The overall rhetorical of the organ low; yet the chorale soars over the effect of this setting is very striking, especially top. in some of the harmony of the final bars.

15 BWV 1106 Chorale prelude on “Gott ist mein both parts, the chorale is accompanied by Heil, mein Hilf und Trost” suspirans figures, with the rhythms assigned to (Neumeister Chorale No. 21) the second part representing a doubling of the In this setting, the chorale melody is dissolved speed. The pedal enters for the final phrase of into a stream of semiquavers, though the the chorale, as if to underline the ending. bassline preserves the chorale’s harmonic integrity. The writing is violinistic, reminiscent BWV 1109 Chorale prelude on “Ach Gott, tu of Bach’s more virtuosic chorale partita dich erbarmen” (Neumeister Chorale No. 24) movements, as well as some of the setting from BWV 1109 is set intricately, with fugal the Orgelbüchlein, especially ‘Herr Christ, der episodes interspersing the chorale melody. The ein’ge Gottes-Sohn’, BWV 601. ambiguous modality of the original melody is reflected in the prelude, and its initial three BWV 1107 Chorale prelude on “Jesu, meines repeated notes give impetus to the three-time Lebens Leben” metre of the setting. The text’s request for mercy (Neumeister Chorale No. 22) on God’s repentant people can perhaps be heard BWV 1107 is another two-part prelude, with in some of the more chromatic inflections of the each part of nearly equal length. The first section harmony. preserves the chorale melody in crotchets through its initial four phrases; the second half BWV 1110 Chorale prelude on “O Herre Gott, does so for the remaining two phrases, heard in dein göttlich Wort” the pedals above a fantasia-like upper part that (Neumeister Chorale No. 25) moves from duple to triple time. BWV 1110 is given a three-part setting, in compound time, a reflection of the original triple BWV 1108 Chorale prelude on “Als Jesus metre of the chorale. The chorale can be heard Christus in der Nacht” at the top of the texture, with lively, imitative (Neumeister Chorale No. 23) counterpoint beneath, which is built from the Though a two-part prelude, the second part of notes of the chorale melody. Note the sudden this setting is a variation of the first, so the introduction of semiquavers about half-way chorale melody is heard twice throughout. In through. 16 BWV 1111 Chorale prelude on “Nun lasset uns BWV 1113 Chorale prelude on “Ich hab mein den Leib begraben” Sach Gott heimgestellt” (Neumeister Chorale No. 26) (Neumeister Chorales No. 28) This prelude is set in a four-part texture, the first This prelude sets the chorale in a four-part two phrases of the melody correspond to a long texture, marked by echo effects, and passages of first part in four-time, with imitative, even fugal, four-part counterpoint alternating with chordal, writing based on the chorale, accompanied by chorale harmonizations. Williams suggests that an attractive variety of rhythmic figures. The the structure of the setting points to its possible second, shorter, part of the prelude is based use liturgically, the melody lines given simple on the final two chorale phrases, in three-time, harmony, and each line heralded by a short maintaining the contrapuntal imitation, but interlude (Williams 2003 p. 566). freer - note the striking two-part scale that can be heard before the final bars, surely a musical BWV 1114 Chorale prelude on “Herr Jesu reflection of the text which refers to the ‘rising Christ, du höchstes Gut” up’ of the believer’s body, buried in anticipation (Neumeister Chorale No. 29) of the Judgement Day. BWV 1114 is set in a darker flat tonality, after that of the original chorale. This is reflective BWV 1112 Chorale prelude on “Christus, der of the text of chorale, a pained expression ist mein Leben” (Neumeister Chorale No. 27) of a troubled conscience. The melody is BWV 1112 is a simple setting, with the chorale given expressive treatment throughout, with phrases treated imitatively in a four-part ornamentation in the right hand over a gentle texture. The impetus is driven by dactyl figures, two-part accompaniment, and throughout there also perhaps a simple musical reflection of are running semiquavers to give impetus. Yet ‘joy’ (‘Freud’) in the text, heard in the little the text’s affect is never far away: even the interjections of semiquavers throughout. extensive semiquaver passages in the second half of the prelude seem tinged with sadness.

17 BWV 1115 Chorale prelude on “Herzlich lieb expressed in semiquaver embellishments. As hab ich dich, o Herr” the setting continues, these become virtuosic (Neumeister Chorales No. 30) demisemiquavers, with a dramatic adagio This prelude is in two distinct sections, with the ending in thick chords. first section stricter in time and rhythm than the second and is rhythmically driven by suspirans BWV 957 Chorale prelude on “Machs mit mir, figures. The second section briefly moves from Gott, nach deiner Güt” a duple to a compound time (12/8), the chorale (Neumeister Chorale No. 33) melody embellished by running semiquavers. BWV 957 appears in two versions, one with the chorale, which appears following a fugue, BWV 1116 Chorale prelude on “Was Gott tut, and the other with only the fugue (BWV 957/1). das ist wohlgetan” (Neumeister Chorale No. 31) The fugue subject, a long run of semiquavers, BWV 1116 is through-composed, with each disguises the chorale melody, and is written in successive line of the chorale treated in a similar style to an invention with the entries sequence, rather than appearing in two sections of the main material imitated at octaves. as so many of the Neumeister chorales. Again, Following the fugue, the chorale can be heard the counterpoint underneath the chorale (which in full, harmonised in four parts. The text of is heard again in the soprano) is derived from the chorale was written by a previous Leipzig the chant. There is rhythmic progression through Thomas cantor, J.H Schein (Williams 2003 p. the piece, reminiscent of other Bach preludes, 536). with quavers animated into semiquavers towards the end. BWV 1118 Chorale prelude on “Werde munter, mein Gemüte” (Neumeister Chorale No. 34) BWV 1117 Chorale prelude on “Alle Menschen BWV 1118 is set with the chorale accompanied müssen sterben” by broken chord figurations and, like other (Neumeister Chorale No. 32) Neumeister chorales, features a change of BWV 1117 is a remarkable setting, whose metre - the standard duple time (4/4) broken chorale is heard initially in the tenor, the up with a section in compound time (12/8). The middle of the texture, in long notes, but later text concerns a prayer for God’s protection, and 18 the first line of text highlights the ‘cheerful’ Bibliography (‘munter’) affect of the setting that can be heard in the running semiquavers throughout. Butt, John (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997) BWV 1119 Chorale prelude on “Wie nach einer ‘Bach’s metaphysics of music’ in John Wasserquelle” Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to (Neumeister Chorale No. 35) Bach (Cambridge: Cambridge University A setting in the stile antico, with long, sustained Press, 1997), pp. 46 – 59 counterpoint in three parts, though energised by quaver figures throughout. The text is probably ‘’A mind unconscious that it is based on Psalm 42, a cry from the believer for calculating’? Bach and the rationalist the presence of God, projecting a melancholy philosophy of Wolff, Leibniz and Spinoza’ that is heard in the affect of the prelude. in John Butt (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. BWV 1120 Chorale prelude on “Christ, der du 60 – 71 bist der helle Tag” (Neumeister Chorale No. 36) Chafe, Eric, Analysing Bach Cantatas (New York: A striking setting, with echo effects, and Oxford University Press, 2000) textures ranging from block chords to more intricate counterpoint. The pedals are marked to Clement, Albert, ‘On the Inner Correlation of the Six enter half-way through, with the chorale in long Chorales, BWV 645 – 650 and its Significance’ in Bach, Vol. 34, No. 2 (2003), pp. 1 – 62 notes creating some beautiful harmonies with the upper parts, and providing another element Dreyfus, Laurence, Bach and the Patterns of Invention of contrast within the setting. Thus, the final (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996) chorale acts as a microcosm for the stylistic and textural variety that stands through the entire Gingrich, Linda, ‘Hidden Allegory in J.S Bach’s 1724 Neumeister collection. Trinity Season Chorale Cantatas’ in The Choral Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1 (August 2010), pp. 6 – 17 George Parsons, 2017 19 Keller, Hermann, The Organ Works of Bach: A Spurgeon Hall, Richard A., ‘Bach and Edwards on T Contribution to their History, Form, Interpretation and the Religious Affections’ in Johan Sebastian: A Performance (New York: Peters, 1967) Tercentenary Celebration, ed. Seymour L. Benstock (Westport: Greenwood Press), pp. 69 – 81. Leahy, Anne, ‘”Vor deinen Thron tret ich”: The Eschatological Significance of the Chorale Settings of Williams, Peter, J.S. Bach: A Life in Music (Cambridge: the P271 Manuscript of the Berlin Staatsbibliothek’ in Cambridge University Press, 2007) Bach, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2006), pp. 81 – 118 The Organ Music of J.S. Bach, Second The Victorian enlargements to both the instrument and its cases have been removed, Leaver, Robin, Luther’s Liturgical Music: Principles Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge a and Implications (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007) University Press, 2003) The salient characteristics of this mechanical-action organ are the meticulous ‘Music and Lutheranism’ in John Butt Williams, Peter, ‘A Toccata in (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to for Organ by J.S. Bach?’ in Early Music, c Bach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Vol.9, No. 3, Wind Issue (Jul., 1981), pp. Press, 1997) , pp. 35 – 45 330 – 337

Little, Meredith and Natalie Jenne, Dance and the Bach Organ Music (London: BBC Music S Music of J.S. Bach (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Guides, 1972) Indiana University Press, 1991, 2001) Wolff, Christoph, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Luther, Martin (Theodore G. Tappert (ed.)), Letters of Musician (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001) Spiritual Counsel (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006) Yearsley, David, Bach and the Meanings of Count  Smith, Timothy A., ‘Fugues Without Words: A Hearing of Four Fugues from “The Well Tempered Clavier” as Passion Music’ in Bach, Vol. 40, No. 2 (2009), pp. 45 – 66.

Stinson, Russell, J.S. Bach’s Great Eighteen Organ Chorales (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001) ( 20 THE ORGAN OF TRINITY COLLEGE CHAPEL

The organ of Trinity College Chapel was built by the Swiss firm Metzler Söhne in 1976. The design, by

Bernhardt Edskes, incorporated the surviving pipework of the two organs built for Trinity by “Father” Bernard Smith in 1694 and 1708. The organ has three manuals and forty-two ranks, of which seven are original. The 8’ Principal on the Rückpositiv is from Smith’s 1694 organ, while the 16’ Principal on the Pedal and the 16’ Principal, 8’ and 4’ Octave, 2’ Quinte, and 2’ Superoctave on the Great are from 1708. The Victorian enlargements to both the instrument and its cases have been removed, and all the pipework is contained within the restored Smith cases, whose carving recalls the school of Grinling Gibbons. The cases are likely to have been designed by Smith and executed by him or one of his team. The salient characteristics of this mechanical-action organ are the meticulous

craftsmanship and artistic integrity employed by Metzlers, the durability of the instrument, together with its rich but gentle resonance, its aptness for the acoustics of the Chapel, and its exquisite balance. It is understandably regarded as one of the finest instruments in the United Kingdom.

HAUPTWERK, C-f’’’ RÜCKPOSITIV SCHWELLWERK PEDAL s0RINCIPAL  s0RINCIPAL  23 Viola 8 s0RINCIPAL  s/CTAVE  14 Gedackt 8 24 Suavial 8 35 Subbass 16 3 Hohlflöte 8 15 Octave 4 25 Rohrflöte 8 36 Octavbass 8 s/CTAVE  16 Rohrflöte 4 26 Principal 4 37 Bourdon 8 5 Spitzflöte 4 17 Octave 2 27 Gedacktflöte 4 38 Octave 4 s1UINTE ੼ 18 Gemshorn 2 28 Nasard 2 ੼ 39 Mixtur V s3UPEROCTAVE 19 Larigot 1 ੻ 29 Doublette 2 40 Posaune 16 8 Sesquialter III 20 Sesquialter II 30 Terz 1 ੿ 41 Trompete 8 9 Cornett IV 21 Scharf III 31 Mixtur IV 42 Trompete 4 10 Mixtur IV-V 22 Dulcian 8 32 Fagott 16 11 Trompete 8 Tremulant 33 Trompete 8 12 Vox Humana 8 Tremulant

45 Rückpositiv/Hauptwerk 46 Schwellwerk/Hauptwerk 47 Hauptwerk/Pedal 48 Rückpositiv/Pedal 49 Schwellwerk/Pedal (s&ATHER3MITHRANKS 21 DAVID GOODE Of his Bach CD for Signum in 2013 The Times David Goode is Organist at Eton College, said: ‘One of Britain’s finest organists puts the combining this post with a flourishing 1714 organ in Freiberg Cathedral through its performing career. paces … An exemplary introduction’. 7 CDs of a complete survey of Reger’s organ music have A music scholar at Eton, and then organ scholar now also appeared, to warm reviews. He has at King’s College, Cambridge, he studied forged a strong relationship organ with David Sanger and in Amsterdam with Jacques van Oortmerssen. From 1996- over the years on Radio 3 with the BBC National 2001 he was Sub-Organist at Christ Church, Orchestra of Wales and the BBC Singers, and Oxford; following prizes at the 1997 St. Alban’s has played numerous contemporary works, Competition, and the 1998 Calgary Competition, including Francis Pott’s Christus (‘a stupendous he concentrated on a freelance career between achievement’ The Times), and Peter Maxwell 2001 and 2003. In 2003 he moved for 2 years to Davies’ Solstice of Light. Los Angeles as Organist-in-Residence at First

Congregational Church, home to the world’s He has also developed a profile as a composer: largest church organ. a set of anthems has been published, together

with recordings by the choir of King’s College,

In 1999 he made the first of numerous Cambridge; and his Blitz Requiem was appearances at the Proms, and in 2002 he made performed in September 2013 by the Bach his recital debuts at the RFH and at Symphony Choir at St Paul’s Cathedral, and broadcast on

Hall, Birmingham, subsequently playing all over Classic FM. He played at the AGO Convention in Europe, the US, Australia and the Far East. He June 2016, and is a juror at the 2017 St. Alban’s plays at the AGO National Convention in June International Competition. 2016. He also has an established partnership with the trumpeter Alison Balsom: in March 2014 they played for the reopening concert of the RFH organ. 22

Producer – Matthew O’Donovan Recorded in the Chapel of Trinity College, Recording Engineer – Mike Hatch Cambridge, from 17th to 19th August 2016, Recording Assistant – Michael Gerrard by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Editors – Michael Gerrard & James Waterhouse Trinity College, with generous assistance from Executive Assistant – Kerry Baker the Chapel and Music Departments. Cover Photo – © Joanna Harries

௚ 2017 The copyright in this recording is owned by Signum Records Ltd. © 2017 The copyright in this CD booklet, notes and design is owned by Signum Records Ltd. Any unauthorised broadcasting, public performance, copying or re-recording of Signum Compact Discs constitutes an infringement of copyright and will render the infringer liable to an action by law. Licences for public performances or broadcasting may be obtained from Phonographic Performance Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this booklet may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from Signum Records Ltd. Signum Records Ltd., Suite 14, 21 Wadsworth Road, Perivale, Middlesex UB6 7JD, UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 8997 4000 E-mail: [email protected] www.signumrecords.com 23 ALSO AVAILABLE ON SIGNUMCLASSICS