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Evaluación Socio-Ambiental De Dos Barrancas De La Ciudad De Puebla

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Evaluación Socio-Ambiental De Dos Barrancas De La Ciudad De Puebla BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES “La tierra no es de nosotros, nosotros somos de la tierra” EVALUACIÓN SOCIO-AMBIENTAL DE DOS BARRANCAS DE LA CIUDAD DE PUEBLA TESIS Que para obtener el grado de: DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Presenta VÍCTOR GUTIÉRREZ PACHECO Directora de tesis: Dra. Sonia Emilia Silva Gómez Asesores: Dra. Edith Chávez Bravo Dra. María Teresa Zayas Pérez Dra. Rosalía Castelán Vega Noviembre del 2020 Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca proporcionada dentro del Programa Presupuestario de Becas de Posgrado y Apoyos a la Calidad, en la modalidad de doctorado. Mi más profundo reconocimiento a la Dra. Sonia Emilia Silva Gómez por su acertada conducción en la realización de esta tesis. Por sus comentarios y observaciones, mis agradecimientos a la Dra. Edith Chávez Bravo, a la Dra. María Elena Ramos Cassellis, a la Dra. María Teresa Zayas Pérez, a la Dra. Rosalía del Carmen Castelán Vega, al Dr. Gonzalo Yanes Gómez, al Dr. Ignacio Carranza Cerda y al Dr. J. Santos Hernández Zepeda A todos aquellos que de alguna manera participaron en este proceso, Gracias. A mi hijo Víctor Daniel y a mi hija Laura Elena, por ser la continuación de mi ser. TABLA DE CONTENIDOS I.-INTRODUCCIÓN……..………………………………………………………….…………………...1 II.-MARCO DE REFERENCIA……...…………………………………………………………………4 2.1.-FUNDAMENTOS TEÓRICOS……..……………………………...……………………………..4 2.1.1.-LA PERTINENCIA DE CONOCER EL FENÓMENO DE URBANIZACIÓN……..….……4 2.1.2.-EL INDICADOR COMO UN INSTRUMENTO ESTADÍSTICO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LO URBANO…………………………………………………………..5 2.1.3.-MODELO DE URBANIZACIÓN DE LA POBREZA.………...………………………….……7 2.1.4.-EL CONCEPTO DE ECOLOGÍA EN LAS CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Y EL ENFOQUE ECOSISTÉMICO………………………………………………………………………………………..7 2.1.5.-LAS BARRANCAS Y EL BOSQUE DE ENCINO………….…………………………………9 2.1.6.-LAS BARRANCAS URBANAS…………...…………………………………………………..10 2.1.7.-LA EVALUACIONES RÁPIDAS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS; UN ENFOQUE PERTINENTE EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS AMBIENTAL……..…………………………………...11 2.1.8.-LAS BARRANCAS Y EL CONCEPTO DE ÁREA DE ALTO VALOR AMBIENTAL O DE CONSERVACIÓN ECOLÓGICA…---……………………………....…………….………..………..12 2.1.9.-PROGRAMA DE MANEJO: ¿QUÉ ES Y PARA QUÉ? ……...........................................................................................................................................13 2.1.10.-LA PSICOLOGÍA POSITIVA Y LA EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO…..14 2.1.11.-ACERCARSE A LAS BARRANCAS CON UN ENFOQUE SISTÉMICO……….………16 2.2.-NORMATIVIDAD…..…………………….………………………………………………………17 2.2.1.-INTERNACIONAL…..………………………………………………………………………….17 2.2.2.-NACIONAL…...…………………………………………………………………………………17 2.2.3.-LOCAL…………………………………………………………………………………………..20 2.3.-CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO……………........……………………………………………………21 2.4.-MARCO GEOGRÁFICO…………...……………………………………………………………23 III.-ANTECEDENTES….……………………………………………………………………………...25 3.1.-DEL DISEÑO DE UN ÍNDICE PARA EVALUAR EL ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE BARRANCAS Y SU APLICACIÓN………………………………………………………………….25 i 3.2.-DE LA EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO………..……………………………27 3.3.-DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE MANEJO DE BARRANCAS……...…..28 IV.-PROBLEMÁTICA DE INVESTIGACIÓN…………….…………………………………………30 V.-JUSTIFICACIÓN.…..........………..…………………………………………………..…………..34 VI.-OBJETIVOS....…...………………...……………………………….………………………….....36 6.1.-GENERAL…...………...………………………………………………………………………….36 6.2.-PARTICULARES………..…...…………………………………………………………………..36 VII.-HIPÓTESIS DE INVESTIGACIÓN………….………………………...………………………..36 VIII.-ZONA DE ESTUDIO……………..……………………………………………………………...37 8.1.-BARRANCA MALINALLI….………………..…………………………………………………..37 8.2.-BARRANCA EL CONDE..……………………………………………………………………...38 IX.-METODOLOGÍA……………….…………………………...………………………………….....40 9.1.-ACERCA DEL ÍNDICE DE ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE BARRANCAS (IEEB).....….40 9.2.-ACERCA DE LA EVALUACIÓN DE LAS BARRANCAS: MALINALLI Y EL CONDE….42 9.2.1.-DEL CÁLCULO DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE LAS BARRANCAS A TRAVÉS DE LOS ÍNDICES DE DIVERSIDAD…………………………………………………………………………..43 9.2.2.-DE LA APLICACIÓN DEL IEEB……..……………………………………………………….46 9.3.-ACERCA DEL ESTADO DE BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO, EN RELACIÓN CON LA BARRANCA EL CONDE, DE LOS HABITANTES DE LA MISMA ………………...…………...48 9.3.1.-TIPO DE ESTUDIO Y DISEÑO DEL CUESTIONARIO..…………………….…….……...48 9.3.2.-EVALUACIÓN DEL CUESTIONARIO……………..………………………………………...49 9.3.2.1.-Encuesta piloto....………………………………………………………………………..…..49 9.3.2.2.-Alfa de Cronbach..……………………………………………………………………….…..49 9.3.3.-ANÁLISIS DE DATOS….……………………………………………………………………...50 9.4.-ACERCA DE ELEMENTOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE MANEJO DE BARRANCAS.…...50 X.-RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN………………..………………………………………...……….51 10.1.-DEL DISEÑO DEL ÍNDICE DE ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE BARRANCAS (IEEB).51 ii 10.2.-DE LA EVALUACIÓN DEL ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE LAS BARRANCAS: MALINALLI Y EL CONDE, A TRAVÉS DEL ÍNDICE DISEÑADO Y VALIDACIÓN DEL MISMO………..………………………………………………...……………………………………...57 10.2.1.-BARRANCA MALINALLI…….……………..………………………………………………..57 10.2.2.-BARRANCA EL CONDE……...………………..……………………………………………67 10.2.3.-UNIFICACIÓN DE LOS RESULTADOS DE AMBAS BARRANCAS……………………80 10.3.-DEL ESTADO DE BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO, EN RELACIÓN CON LA BARRANCA EL CONDE, DE LOS HABITANTES DE LA MISMA………………….……………………………...84 10.3.1.-CUESTIONARIO APLICADO Y SU VALIDACIÓN…………………………..……………84 10.3.2.-CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN OBJETIVO…………………...……………..85 10.3.3.-DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO………………….………………………………………….89 10.3.3.1.-Satisfacción en lo general…………………………………………………………………89 10.3.3.2.-Satisfacción en lo específico de la barranca…………………………………………….91 10.3.4.-EL FUTURO………………………………………………………………………….…….....94 10.4.-DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE MANEJO DE BARRANCAS……......96 10.4.1.-DE LA CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN DEL SISTEMA DE BARRANCAS……...………….....97 10.4.2.-DE UNA VISIÓN SOBRE EL SISTEMA Y DE LO QUE DEBE CONTEMPLAR UN PROGRAMA…………………………………………………………………………………………...98 10.4.3.-LINEAS GENERALES DE UN PROGRAMA……………………………………………...98 10.4.3.1.-Del diagnóstico……………………………………………………………………………..98 10.4.3.2.-Del accionar institucional…………………………………………………………………..98 10.4.3.3.-De la participación social y académica…………………………………………………..99 10.4.3.4.-De los mecanismos de financiamiento…………………………………………………100 XI.-CONCLUSIONES……...……….……………………….…………………..…..…..…………..101 XII.-REFERENCIAS………..….……….……………………….…….………..………..………….103 XIII.-ANEXOS……………….………………………………………………………………………..114 1.-Hoja de campo……………............................................................................................….114 2.- Cuestionario.…………..……………..................................................................................116 iii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS 1.-Indicadores para evaluar los aspectos ecosistémicos de las barrancas……………………..43 2.- Indicadores del Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)……………...............46 3.-Metodología para recabar la información que alimenta a los indicadores…………………...47 4.-Diseño del Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)........…………..…………...53 5.-Calificación del sistema barranca a través del Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)…………………………………………………………………………………………………...53 6.-Estado ecosistémico de las barrancas de acuerdo al IEEB y semaforización..…................56 7.-Flora de la barranca Malinalli……………………...………..………...……………...…………..58 8.-Especies de diagnóstico de la barranca Malinalli…………………………………...……….....61 9.-Índice de Pielou de la barranca Malinalli…………..…………………………………................62 10.-Índice de Simpson de la barranca Malinalli…………………………………………...............63 11.-Calificación de la barranca Malinalli a través del Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)………………………………………………………………………………………64 12.-Resumen de las calificaciones de la barranca Malinalli arrojadas por el Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de barrancas (IEEB)……………………………………..……………………………66 13.-Flora de la barranca El Conde…………………..……………………………………...............68 14.-Especies de diagnóstico de la barranca El Conde…………………………………...............73 15.- Índice de Pielou de la barranca El Conde……………………………………………………..74 16.-Índice de Simpson de la barranca El Conde…………………………………………………...75 17.-Calificación de la barranca El Conde a través del Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)………………………………………………………………………………………76 18.-Resumen de las calificaciones de la barranca El Conde arrojadas por el Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB)………………………..………………………………………...78 19.-Evaluación del sistema barranca………………………………………………………………..81 20.-Estadística de confiabilidad interna…………………………………………..…..……………..84 21.-Edades de la población encuestada……………………………………..……………………..86 iv ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS 1.-Barranca El Conde con presencia de casas habitación en su cauce……..……..…………...30 2.-Barranca El Conde con residuos sólidos y aguas residuales domésticas e industriales …………………………………………………………………………………………………………...31 3.-Árboles frutales y juegos infantiles a un lado del cauce de aguas residuales en la barranca El Conde…………………………………………………………...…..………….………..................33 4.-Localización de la barranca Malinalli……………………………………….….…………………37 5.-Localización de la barranca El Conde y del parque industrial 5 de Mayo...……...................39 6.-Barranca Malinalli………………………….…….................................………………………….58 7.-Calificaciones ajustadas, otorgadas por el IEEB a la barranca Malinalli……...……………..67 8.-Barranca El Conde…..……………………….…………………………..………………………...68 9.-Calificaciones ajustadas, otorgadas por el IEEB a la barranca El Conde.…..……...............79 10.-Acumulativos de los indicadores para ambas barrancas…………….………….……………83
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