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Evaluación Socio-Ambiental De Dos Barrancas De La Ciudad De Puebla

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Evaluación Socio-Ambiental De Dos Barrancas De La Ciudad De Puebla Humanidades, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación en Puebla ISSN 2644-0903 online Vol. 3. No. 1, 2021 www.academiajournals.com TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN AUSPICIADO POR EL CONVENIO CONCYTEP-ACADEMIA JOURNALS VÍCTOR GUTIÉRREZ PACHECO EVALUACIÓN SOCIO-AMBIENTAL DE DOS BARRANCAS DE LA CIUDAD DE PUEBLA BENEMÉRITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE PUEBLA DIRECTORA: DRA. SONIA EMILIA SILVA GÓMEZ COMITÉ TUTORIAL: DRA. EDITH CHÁVEZ BRAVO DRA. MARÍA TERESA ZAYAS PÉREZ DRA. ROSALINDA DEL CARMEN CASTELÁN VEGA Número de Secuencia 3-11 EVALUACIÓN SOCIO-AMBIENTAL DE DOS BARRANCAS DE LA CIUDAD DE PUEBLA Víctor Gutiérrez Pacheco RESUMEN Puebla es una ciudad que, desde las últimas décadas, experimenta un fuerte crecimiento poblacional y de extensión por lo que acusa múltiples problemas ambientales. El crecimiento de la mancha urbana ha significado la invasión y devastación de los ecosistemas originarios, sin embargo, las barrancas por sus abruptas características fisiográficas, en su mayoría han permanecido relativamente conservadas dentro del conglomerado urbano. Las barrancas; accidentes geográficos de origen volcánico y erosión hídrica, se presentan como líneas negativas del relieve, con profundidad y anchura variables y con corrientes de agua generalmente estacionales. Diferentes trabajos dan cuenta de los variados servicios ecosistémicos que las barrancas urbanas proveen a la ciudad gracias a su condición rural, servicios que, sin embargo, están siendo comprometidos debido al impacto antrópico negativo que experimentan en acciones como contaminación, extracción de materiales pétreos, rellenado, asentamientos humanos informales y deforestación, entre otros. Dados sus servicios ecosistemicos, su nulo reconocimiento social, el deterioro que experimentan y la mínima atención académica prestada, es que se propuso este trabajo que considera a las barrancas como un objeto de estudio válido, planteándose como objetivo general el: Evaluar social y ambientalmente las barrancas Malinalli y El Conde de la ciudad de Puebla; y como objetivos particulares el: Diseñar el Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB); determinar el estado ecosistémico de las barrancas: Malinalli y El Conde, a través del índice diseñado y con ello validar el mismo; conocer el estado de bienestar subjetivo, en relación con la barranca El Conde, de los habitantes de la misma, y proponer elementos de un programa de manejo de barrancas. El trabajo se basó en los propuestos metodológicos de la OCDE y el modelo PER para la elaboración de indicadores, en los modelos existentes para evaluar bosque ripario y cuerpos de agua lénticos, en el uso de material de identificación botánica y de índices de diversidad específica, y en los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos del bienestar subjetivo. Se elaboró el Índice de Estado Ecosistémico de Barrancas (IEEB), y su aplicación arrojó estados ecosistémicos diferenciados para las barrancas, acorde con los impactos antrópicos que las mismas experimentan y que dan cuenta de la sensibilidad del IEEB. Ambas barrancas presentan alta riqueza florística y alta estabilidad ecológica. Los habitantes de la barranca El Conde manifiestan bienestar en grado similar a los reportados, por organismos especializados en la materia, para el grueso de la población mexicana. Se elaboró un conjunto de elementos que podrían servir de base para una propuesta de manejo de barrancas urbanas. Los resultados indican que las barrancas urbanas estudiadas son espacios con una alta riqueza específica autóctona, lo que contrasta con la pobreza específica, generalmente exógena, de las áreas verdes de la ciudad. Por lo que las barrancas deberían ser incorporadas al equipamiento urbano y convertirse en áreas de conservación ecológica, a fin de mejorar el ecosistema urbano y mantener los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen. Así mismo, quienes habitan en barrancas merecen y requieren ser considerados en cualquier propuesta de manejo, en el entendido de que, aunque los habitantes de la barranca El Conde manifiestan un alto bienestar subjetivo, también indican que la barranca, en el estado en que se encuentra, les genera malestar; por lo que en su mayoría plantean que algo debe de hacerse con ella y dentro de esas posibilidades manifiestan el recuperarla y conservarla. i TABLA DE CONTENIDOS I.-INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................................... 1 II.-MARCO DE REFERENCIA ................................................................................................... 4 2.1.-FUNDAMENTOS TEÓRICOS ............................................................................................ 4 2.1.1.-LA PERTINENCIA DE CONOCER EL FENÓMENO DE URBANIZACIÓN .................... 4 2.1.2.-EL INDICADOR COMO UN INSTRUMENTO ESTADÍSTICO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LO URBANO ................................................................................ 5 2.1.3.-MODELO DE URBANIZACIÓN DE LA POBREZA .......................................................... 7 2.1.4.-EL CONCEPTO DE ECOLOGÍA EN LAS CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES Y EL ENFOQUE ECOSISTÉMICO ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.5.-LAS BARRANCAS Y EL BOSQUE DE ENCINO ............................................................. 9 2.1.6.-LAS BARRANCAS URBANAS ...................................................................................... 10 2.1.7.-LA EVALUACIONES RÁPIDAS DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS; UN ENFOQUE PERTINENTE EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS AMBIENTAL .......................................................... 11 2.1.8.-LAS BARRANCAS Y EL CONCEPTO DE ÁREA DE ALTO VALOR AMBIENTAL O DE CONSERVACIÓN ECOLÓGICA…--- ........................................................................................12 2.1.9.-PROGRAMA DE MANEJO: ¿QUÉ ES Y PARA QUÉ? ……...........................................................................................................................................13 2.1.10.-LA PSICOLOGÍA POSITIVA Y LA EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO…..14 2.1.11.-ACERCARSE A LAS BARRANCAS CON UN ENFOQUE SISTÉMICO ...................... 16 2.2.-NORMATIVIDAD.............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1.-INTERNACIONAL ......................................................................................................... 17 2.2.2.-NACIONAL .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3.-LOCAL ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.-CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO ................................................................................................. 21 2.4.-MARCO GEOGRÁFICO................................................................................................... 23 III.-ANTECEDENTES .............................................................................................................. 25 3.1.-DEL DISEÑO DE UN ÍNDICE PARA EVALUAR EL ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE BARRANCAS Y SU APLICACIÓN ......................................................................................... 25 ii 3.2.-DE LA EVALUACIÓN DEL BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO ................................................... 27 3.3.-DE LOS ELEMENTOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE MANEJO DE BARRANCAS ................28 IV.-PROBLEMÁTICA DE INVESTIGACIÓN ........................................................................... 30 V.-JUSTIFICACIÓN................................................................................................................. 34 VI.-OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................................... 36 6.1.-GENERAL .........................................................................................................................36 6.2.-PARTICULARES ............................................................................................................. 36 VII.-HIPÓTESIS DE INVESTIGACIÓN .................................................................................... 36 VIII.-ZONA DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................................................ 37 8.1.-BARRANCA MALINALLI ................................................................................................. 37 8.2.-BARRANCA EL CONDE ................................................................................................. 38 IX.-METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................ 40 9.1.-ACERCA DEL ÍNDICE DE ESTADO ECOSISTÉMICO DE BARRANCAS (IEEB) ......... 40 9.2.-ACERCA DE LA EVALUACIÓN DE LAS BARRANCAS: MALINALLI Y EL CONDE .... 42 9.2.1.-DEL CÁLCULO DE BIODIVERSIDAD DE LAS BARRANCAS A TRAVÉS DE LOS ÍNDICES DE DIVERSIDAD ..................................................................................................... 43 9.2.2.-DE LA APLICACIÓN DEL IEEB .................................................................................... 46 9.3.-ACERCA DEL ESTADO DE BIENESTAR SUBJETIVO, EN RELACIÓN CON LA BARRANCA EL CONDE, DE LOS HABITANTES DE LA MISMA ......................................... 48 9.3.1.-TIPO DE ESTUDIO Y DISEÑO DEL CUESTIONARIO ................................................. 48 9.3.2.-EVALUACIÓN DEL CUESTIONARIO ..........................................................................
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