Honor to Jefferson” Jean Yarbrough Professor of Government, Bowdoin College
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A PuBlicatioN of HillsdAle ColleGe ImpOrVER 1,700,000imi READERS MONTHLsY May/June 2009 • Volume 38, Number 5/6 “All Honor to Jefferson” Jean Yarbrough Professor of Government, Bowdoin College JEAN YARBROUGH is professor of government and Gary M. Pendy, Sr. Professor of Social Sciences at Bowdoin College. She received her B.A. at Cedar Crest College and her M.A. and Ph.D. at the New School for Social Research. The author of American Virtues: Thomas Jefferson on the Character of a Free People and editor of The Essential Jefferson, she is currently completing a study of Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive critique of the Founders. INSIDE THIS ISSUE > ALLEN C. GUELZO The following address was delivered at Hillsdale ON LINCOLN College on April 16, 2009, at the dedication of a statue AND HEROISM of Thomas Jefferson by Hillsdale College Associate Professor of Art Anthony Frudakis. It is one of the wonders of the modern political world that John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Unaware that the “Sage of Monticello” had died earlier in the day, the crusty Adams, as he felt his own life slipping away, uttered his last words, “Thomas Jefferson still lives.” And so he does. Today, as we dedicate this marvelous statue of our third President, and place him in the company of George Washington, Winston Churchill, and Margaret Thatcher on Hillsdale’s Liberty Walk, soon to be joined by Abraham Lincoln, it is fitting to reflect on what of Thomas Jefferson still lives. What is it that we honor him for here today? Without question, pride of place must go to Jefferson as the author of the Declaration of Independence. That document established Jefferson as one of America’s great political poets, second only to Abraham Lincoln. And fittingly, it was Lincoln himself who recognized the signal importance of its first two paragraphs when he wrote: “All honor to Jefferson—to the man who, in the concrete pressure of a struggle for national independence by a single people, had the coolness, forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document, an abstract truth, applicable to all HILLSDALE.EDU Hillsdale College: Pursuing Truth • defending liberTy sinCe 1844 May/June 2009 • VoluMe 38, nuMber 5/6 < hillsdale.edu men and all times,” where it continues to was ratified, he returned to the United stand as “a rebuke and a stumbling block States to serve as Secretary of State in the to the very harbingers of reappearing tyr- Washington administration. In and out anny and oppression.” of government in the 1790s, he challenged That abstract truth, of course, was Hamilton’s expansive views of federal that “all men are created equal, that power, warning against a mounting fed- they are endowed by their Creator with eral debt, a growing patronage machine, certain unalienable Rights, that among and what he considered dangerous these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of monarchical pretensions. Happiness.—That to secure these rights In the tumultuous contest for the Governments are instituted among Men, presidency in 1800, Jefferson presided deriving their just powers from the con- over the first peaceful transition of power sent of the governed.” It is surely a sign in modern history, assuring those he had of our times that so many Americans no defeated that they too had rights that longer know what these words mean, or the majority was bound to respect. His what their signal importance has been observation, “We are all Republicans, we to peoples around the world. The one are all Federalists,” established a standard thing they are certain of, however, is that toward which every incoming adminis- Jefferson was a hypocrite. How could he tration continues to strive. assert that all men were created equal As president of the United States, and yet own slaves? What these critics Jefferson sought to rally the country fail to notice is that this is precisely what around the principles of limited gov- makes Jefferson’s statement so remark- ernment. His First Inaugural Address able. Under no neces- reminded his fellow sity for doing so, he citizens that their Imprimis (im-pri-mis),−´ penned the immortal [latin]: in the first place happiness and pros- words that would perity rested upon EDITOR ultimately be invoked douglas A. Jeffrey a “wise and frugal to put the institu- DEPUTY EDITOR Government, which tion of slavery on the timothy W. Caspar shall restrain men from road to extinction. COPY EDITOR injuring one another, His own draft of Monica VanderWeide shall leave them oth- ART DIRECTOR the Declaration was Angela lashaway erwise free to regulate even stronger. In it, PRODUCTION MANAGER their own pursuits of he made it clear that lucinda Grimm industry and improve- blacks were human CIRCULATION MANAGER ment, and shall not and that slavery was Patricia A. duBois take from the mouth STAFF ASSISTANTS a moral abomination Kim ellsworth of labor the bread it and a blot upon the Wanda oxenger has earned.” This, Mary Jo Von ewegen honor of his country. he thought, was “the Jefferson was Copyright © 2009 Hillsdale College sum of good govern- serving as Minister the opinions expressed in Imprimis ment” and all that was are not necessarily the views in Paris while the of Hillsdale College. “necessary to close the Constitution was Permission to reprint in whole or circle of our felicities.” in part is hereby granted, provided being drafted, and the following credit line is used: Although Jefferson played no direct part “Reprinted by permission from Imprimis, had omitted property a publication of Hillsdale College.” in framing it. But he SUBSCRIPTION FREE UPON REQUEST. from the inalienable did make known his ISSN 0277-8432 rights enumerated in objections, the most Imprimis trademark registered in u.s. the Declaration, he important being Patent and trade office #1563325. strongly defended pri- the omission of a vate property because Bill of Rights. After it encouraged industry the Constitution and liberality—and, 2 Hillsdale College: Pursuing Truth • defending liberTy sinCe 1844 May/June 2009 • VoluMe 38, nuMber 5/6 < hillsdale.edu This over-life-sized bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson by Hillsdale College Associate Professor of Art Anthony Frudakis was dedicated on April 16, 2009, and stands near Central Hall on the Hillsdale campus. most importantly, because he thought it the judiciary this authority, he believed, just that each individual enjoy the equal would render the Constitution a “ball of right to the fruits of his labor. wax” in the hands of federal judges. In his From these political principles, Jefferson battles with Chief Justice John Marshall, never wavered. Writing in 1816, he once he defended the principle of coordinate again insisted that the tasks of a liberal construction, as Lincoln (and almost republic were few: government should every strong president since then) did restrain individuals from encroaching on after him, arguing that each branch of the equal rights of others, compel them government must determine for itself the to contribute to the necessities of society, constitutionality of its acts. and require them to submit their disputes After his retirement from politics, to an impartial judge. “When the laws Jefferson returned to Monticello, where have declared and enforced all this, they he continued to think about the mean- have fulfilled their functions.” ing and requirements of republican At the same time, Jefferson believed government. Republicanism, he was that constitutions must keep pace with convinced, was more than just a set of the times. If the people wished to alter institutional arrangements; at bottom, their frame of government, say, to fund it depended upon the character of the public improvements or education, they people. To keep alive this civic spirit, he were free to do so. But they should do so championed public education for both by constitutional amendment and not by boys and girls, with the most talented allowing their representatives to construe boys going on at public expense all the the powers of government broadly. He way through college. He envisioned particularly objected to the Court’s sit- the University of Virginia, to which he ting in judgment on the powers of the devoted the last years of his life, as a legislative and executive branches, or temple that would keep alive the “vestal acting as an umpire between the states flame” of republicanism and train men and the federal government. To cede to for public service. And here, I cannot 3 Hillsdale College: Pursuing Truth • defending liberTy sinCe 1844 May/June 2009 • VoluMe 38, nuMber 5/6 < hillsdale.edu help but notice how the recent renova- care about these things, republican gov- tions and additions to the Hillsdale ernment could not survive. campus seem to take their inspiration The wards were certainly not the from Mr. Jefferson’s university, paying greatest of Jefferson’s contributions to graceful homage to an architecture of the natural rights republic—that honor democracy that inspires and ennobles. must be awarded to the Declaration—but As Jefferson understood it, education they were his most original. Instead of had a distinctly political mission, begin- consolidating power or attempting to ning at the elementary level: schools were forge a general will, Jefferson went in the to form citizens who understood their opposite direction, “dividing and sub- rights and duties, who knew how earlier dividing” political power, while multiply- free societies had risen to greatness, and by ing the number of interests and views what errors and vices they had declined. that could be heard. He saw these units of Knowing was not enough, however. local self-government as a way of bring- Jefferson also believed that citizens must ing the large republic within the reach of have the opportunity to act.