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The World Factbook The World Factbook East & Southeast Asia :: Thailand Introduction :: Thailand Background: A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US treaty ally in 1954 after sending troops to Korea and later fighting alongside the United States in Vietnam. Thailand since 2005 has experienced several rounds of political turmoil including a military coup in 2006 that ousted then Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat, followed by large-scale street protests by competing political factions in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Demonstrations in 2010 culminated with clashes between security forces and pro-THAKSIN protesters, elements of which were armed, and resulted in at least 92 deaths and an estimated $1.5 billion in arson-related property losses. THAKSIN's youngest sister, YINGLAK Chinnawat, in 2011 led the Puea Thai Party to an electoral win and assumed control of the government. YINGLAK's leadership was almost immediately challenged by historic flooding in late 2011 that had large swathes of the country underwater and threatened to inundate Bangkok itself. Throughout 2012 the Puea Thai-led government struggled with the opposition Democrat Party to fulfill some of its main election promises, including constitutional reform and political reconciliation. Since January 2004, thousands have been killed and wounded in violence associated with the ethno-nationalist insurgency in Thailand's southern Malay-Muslim majority provinces. Geography :: Thailand Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 100 00 E Map references: Southeast Asia Area: total: 513,120 sq km country comparison to the world: 51 land: 510,890 sq km water: 2,230 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming Land boundaries: total: 4,863 km border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km Coastline: 3,219 km Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid Terrain: central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere Elevation extremes: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land Land use: arable land: 30.71% permanent crops: 8.77% other: 60.52% (2011) Irrigated land: 64,150 sq km (2007) Total renewable water resources: 438.6 cu km (2011) Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): total: 57.31 cu km/yr (5%/5%/90%) per capita: 845.3 cu m/yr (2007) Natural hazards: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the water table; droughts Environment - current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea Geography - note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore People and Society :: Thailand Nationality: noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: Thai Ethnic groups: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% Languages: Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Religions: Buddhist (official) 94.6%, Muslim 4.6%, Christian 0.7%, other 0.1% (2000 census) Population: 67,448,120 (July 2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 21 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2013 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 19.2% (male 6,620,873/female 6,313,188) 15-24 years: 15.1% (male 5,181,468/female 4,975,083) 25-54 years: 45.6% (male 15,192,334/female 15,569,761) 55-64 years: 10.4% (male 3,345,493/female 3,661,867) 65 years and over: 9.8% (male 2,971,426/female 3,616,627) (2013 est.) Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 38.6 % youth dependency ratio: 25.2 % elderly dependency ratio: 13.5 % potential support ratio: 7.4 (2013) Median age: total: 35.1 years male: 34.2 years female: 36.1 years (2013 est.) Population growth rate: 0.52% (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 151 Birth rate: 12.66 births/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 157 Death rate: 7.47 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 103 Urbanization: urban population: 34.1% of total population (2011) rate of urbanization: 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) Major urban areas - population: BANGKOK (capital) 6.902 million (2009) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.) Mother's mean age at first birth: 23 note: Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (1987 est.) Maternal mortality rate: 48 deaths/100,000 live births (2010) country comparison to the world: 111 Infant mortality rate: total: 15.41 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 107 male: 16.38 deaths/1,000 live births female: 14.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.05 years country comparison to the world: 115 male: 71.66 years female: 76.58 years (2013 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.66 children born/woman (2013 est.) country comparison to the world: 175 Contraceptive prevalence rate: 79.6% (2009) Health expenditures: 3.9% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 169 Physicians density: 0.3 physicians/1,000 population (2004) Hospital bed density: 2.1 beds/1,000 population (2010) Drinking water source: improved: urban: 97% of population rural: 95% of population total: 96% of population unimproved: urban: 3% of population rural: 5% of population total: 4% of population (2010 est.) Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 95% of population rural: 96% of population total: 96% of population unimproved: urban: 5% of population rural: 4% of population total: 4% of population (2010 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 1.3% (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 530,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 HIV/AIDS - deaths: 28,000 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 13 Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013) Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 8.8% (2008) country comparison to the world: 135 Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 7% (2006) country comparison to the world: 76 Education expenditures: 3.8% of GDP (2010) country comparison to the world: 119 Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.5% male: 95.6% female: 91.5% (2005 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 12 years male: 12 years female: 13 years (2009) Child labor - children ages 5-14: total number: 818,399 percentage: 8 % (2006 est.) Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 2.7% country comparison to the world: 140 male: 2.5% female: 3% (2011) Government :: Thailand Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand conventional short form: Thailand local long form: Ratcha Anachak Thai local short form: Prathet Thai former: Siam Government type: constitutional monarchy Capital: name: Bangkok geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 77 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Bueng Kan, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut
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