REPORT TO CONGRESS
LOSSES IN UNITED S 1780'S TO 1980'S
LOSSES IN THE UNITED STATES I 7 80 ' s TO 1980 '5
P RI.W.1P IL A t'1l10#1 Thomas E. Dahl U. S. Fish and Wildlife SCT";cC: National Wedand s Invcntor), St. Pcten;burg, Florida
TnRSICAL ASSl5TA\'a: ~\/ ) B MXGNOl. \"0 1)."ln AN'wlt/B) Bt U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National 'IX'ctlands Invemory Group Sf. Peu:n;burg. Florida
Branch of Special "rojcels washington, DC
This repon should be cited as follows:
Dahl, T.E. 1990. U"' UIA,\'DS LOSSFS IN TIlE UNI1ED STIIT~ 1780's TO 198(}'s. U.S. Dcpanmcm of the Interior, Fish and Wild li fe SelVicc, Washington. D.C. 13pp. WETLAND S._ L OSSES .. _IN.. THf _--- U NITfD ST Io TIiS
PREFACE
etlands are disappearing at a r.. pid rotc. Although measures are actively being sought to stem wetland losses and restore W wetbnd acreage, the rote of welland conversion O\'er the years has been dromatic. This is the first of m'o reportS to Congress on the statuS of wetland rt"'SOurces in the United States, This repon, a one-time effon, focuses on documenting historical wetland losses that occurred from colonial times through the 1980's. It is a compilation of existing data from a variety of sources. The second report will update the inforl11.\1Iion contained in SrIffiJS AND TRBYDS OF \Vt,71A,VDS AND DEEPW'I'JER J-iABrrllTS IN mE CONTERMINOUS UNrrED Sf;.\TES. TIle study etTon for the second report wi!! gcncmtc new information based on a statistical analysis of wetland changes from the 1970's to the 1980's. '[he status:mel trends report will be uJXbted every ten rears as required by the Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986. This repon is the pnxiUCl of the Fish and Wildlife Service, National Wetlands Inventory. Special appreci:nion is extended to Constance Harriman, Assistam Secretary, Fish and Wildlife and Parks; John Turner, Diru.tor, Fish and WikJlife Serncc; J\l:.u::mne fum, Chief, Office of Program Analysis: and Bill 0. WIlen, Project Leader, National Wetlands Inventory. 'l'ETU,I>'D S------rOSSES II>' TilE U IVITED STAT ES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE Lislof'lables ...... Iv
List of Figures ...... iv
Executive Summary ...... J
Inrroduction ...... 2
Focus of the Repon ...... 3
Estimating Wetland Losses ...... 3
Summary of Findings I 780's • 1980·s ...... 5
Correlation with Other Data SClS...... B
Estimates of Original Wetland Acreage ...... 8
National StaiuS Summary ...... 10
References ...... I]
iii W E T LA N D S-._--_._ lO SS E S IN T il E ..U N I T-fi D S TAT fi S
LIST OF TABLES
PA.GE 5 TABU ~ I Wetland losses in the Uni ted Stales 1780's to 1980's by State
PAGE 7 TABLE 2 Original wetland acreage e~timate s; Comparison of vario us data sets
LIST OF FIGURES
PAG !': 2 l'IGURE 1 Geographical configuration of Colonial America in In s
PAGE 3 FI GURE 2 State boundaries and terri to rial expansion circa 1790 (N/opted/rom Stolt 19 70)
PAGE 6 FI GURE 3 Wetland distribution circa 1780's
PA.GE 6 FlqURI: 4 Wetland distribution circa 1980's
PAGE 8 FI GU RE S Extent ;md location of an ificially drained agricultural land in the United States, 1985 (CouneS)' o/U. S DeplIrt"umIO/Ag riculture, Economic ReR>w 'cb $en 'ice)
tv ~ ' li T U. N f)S______LOSS Ii S IN TJIIi ww_w (,,\'ITI! D 5T AT F.S
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
n 1989, the Congress direcl(xithc Sc.>ctetary of the In terior to assess the estimated total number of wetland acres :L~ of the [780's and the I [98t)'s in the areas that now comprise each St:ttc. Congress also requin:..-'d an 'I.SSCSSmcm of the (.">timmed percentage of loss of wetlands in each state during this 200·year timespan. This report has been prepared to fulfill those requiremenLS. In compiling the information in this report, an attempt has lx.--en made to present the most reliable datll on wetl:tnd !lcre!lge. lnfomlation has been taken from a variety of sources and different types of data SCts to generate these acreage estimates. TIle user is en<.. 'Ou~ged to refer to the source materials presemed documenting lIcreage cstimlltcs for the time frames for each state. AI. the time of Colonial America. the area that now constitutes the 50 Unit(.'d Stlltes contained an estimated j':}l. mIllion acres of wetlands. Of this total, 221 million acres were located in the lower 48 states. Another 170 mi1Iion acres occurred in Al:J.ska. Hm.vail conrairM:.'d an estimated S9,(XX) lIeres. Ch'er a period of 200 years, the lower 48 stllt CS bst an estimated 53 perrent of their original welL-tnds. Al.1Ska has lost a fraction of one percent while Hawaii has lost an estimated 12 percent of its original '.vetland areas. On average, this m<.-'3IlS that the 1Q\\'Cr 48 states h.1ve lost over 60 acres of wetlands for every hourbern'CCn the 1780's and the 1980's. l11C data presented in t.his repon ilxlicatc th.·u 22 Sllltes have lost 50 per cent or more of their original wetlands. Califomia has lost the largest fX'r centage of original wetl ands within the Slllte (91 %). Fl orida has lost the most acreage (9.3 million acres). 111C dmll presented in this repon should be interpreted in context. TIle e;till''Latccl pen::<.111 of wetlands loss for an indi vidual state must be examined in contcxt to the IOtal <.'S timated surface acreage of the state, the 1780's total cstimau:.'
1 II'E TL ~N/) S LOSSES------I." TilE U NIT£O ST~T £ S
INTRODUCTION
hroughoullhe United Slales, a wide variety d welland types exist ranging from permafrost underlain wetlands in Alaslm. to trOpil'a.l r:lin 1;forests in Hawaii to riparian wetland~ in thl.! arid southwest. Although wet1aJl{l~ occur in every state in the Nation, they vary in size, shape, and type because of differing climate, vegetation, soils, and hydrolOgic conditions. Since the time of Colonial America, wetlands have been regarded as a hindrance to productive land usc. Swamplands, bogs, sloughs, and other wetland areas were considered v.--::lSteiands to be drained, filled, or manip ulated to "produce" other than natural services or commodities. I Recently we have begun to recognize that wetlands are vital areas thai constitute a productive and invaluable public resource. \'\:-etlands are important for pro viding fish and wildlife habitats; for maintaining ground water supplies and \vater quality; for protecting shorelines from eroson; for storing flood waters and trapping sedimenL~ that can pollute watenvaysj and for modi fying climatic changes. Because the values of wetlands and their overall ffivironmental impor tance have been only recently recognized, the United States has a 200- year history of wetland conversion. Collectively, wetland losses have diminished the quality of our natural resource base to the point where we must carefully balance our economic, social, and environmental goals. The issue of how much wetland acre.'lgC has been lost in the United States has led to heated debates about limiting alteration of natural resoun:es.2 Oversta temenL~ or misrepresentations of the remaining wetland acreage are usually the result of emOtional arguments r::tther than factual data. This report and Other fonh<.:oming report$ prepared by the Department of the Interior will provide the needed information on the acreage status of our Nation's wetlands.
2 If'E.TLA ,VDS LOSSE.S------1,\' Tilt" I ' NITf.D S TA TES
FOCUS OF THE REPORT 111e information presented in this report ful fills those requirements, Data on aert-'S of wetland ection 401 (a) of the Emergency Wetlands habitat as of the 1780'5, tOlal numbeT of acres o f Resources Act of 1986 [16 USc. 3931 (a) I wetlands in ('lleh state as of the 1980's, and the Swas amendc'd by SL"'Ction 18 of the North percent ofwet~l1ld., lost have been estimated. American Wetlands Conservation ACt of 1989 This information is in a tabular format to give a (r.L. 10 1-233). The amendment r('(luires the fact ual , quantitative measure o f the acreage losses following: sustained during the ZOO-year timeframe.
(A) an assessment of the estimated total num ber of acres of wetland habitat as of the ESTIMATING 17&r s in the areas that now comprise each WETlAND LOSSES state; and It is difficult to make accurme estimates of wet (B) an assessment of the estimated tOtal num land acreage during c"Olonia! times. 1wo problems Ix:r of acres of wetlands in C'£Ich state as of make it difficult to utili7,.(' original acreage surveys the 1980's, and the percentage o f 1055 of or land usc re]x>rts: (1) Quantitative info rmation wet lands in each state between I 78Crs and on wetlands is not available from early engineer- the 1980'5.
FIGURE L GEOGRAPHICAL CONFIGURATION OF CO LONIAL AMERICA III" 1775 (Adapted from Stoll 197()J)
3 WErLANDS ------to.IStS IN rilE iiNITfD S TATES
FIG URE 2, STATE BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION C1RC\ 1790 (Adaptedfrom Stoll 197()J)
' Ene ""M;;Ie <",, Ea., ~nd WcM florid. ""rott Vermont ex,rokg;oJly ""If )It""mln~ 1777· 17'91 ing or r(.'ConnaiSS.1nce survey reports. 111 many Data on existing (1980's) wetland acreage also instances these l"elXlrts contain narrative descrip must be interpreted with caution. For some states, tions of landscapes only; (2) PoliticallX)undarie; the wetlands have Ix.>en mapped for the entire :lnd in some instances, geographical boundaries state by the National "'7etlands lnventor)', and have changed dramatically since the 1780·s. Six of acreage summal)' reporL~ are :lVaiiable detaillng the thirteen original colonies do not occupy the the extent of v,·etlancb. l-IoweVt-'1', for those smte; same land area now as states that they once did as where wetlands are not completely mapped or colonies} In several instances, these changes arc where acreage summaries are not ret compiled, significant, resulting in large land blocks shifting an accumte accounting of wetland acreage is not between Stales or forming new States (refer 10 ahvay-s available. For some states, there arc con Figu res I and 7). nicting data sets refk--'Cting im.--on....,istencics in In the 1780's, the present boundaries of the inventor)' terminologies or techniques, inadequate Nation as we know it today were compoS<..-"d of inventory data, or simply outdated information. In states, state-claimed are'dS, organi%t-"d and unorga several cases, published documentation on the nized territorics, and foreign lands, For these rea extent of wetlands amounts to little more than sons histOril'al acreage estimates are based only speculation, In these insmnct--'S, an effort W-dS made paniallyon colonial or state hiStolical records. In to assess the validity of the information and ["(xon addition, land use l\.."Cords tracing conversion of cile acreage statistics with the best nation:li or lands by use categories, drainage statisti cs, and regional data seL~ available to determi ne statewide infonnation on the extent of hydric soils (drained totals, and undmined), in combination with historical Additionall}~ the current StatuS of wetlands in wetland acre--dge data, have been used to estimate the United States is constantly changing. It is esti the o riginal wetland acn'age for each state mated that, on aver-Jge, over 60 acres of \\'et l and~ (refer 10 Table I). have tx..->(>n lost ever)' hour in the lower 48 states 4 'il'IiTU.'1D 5 lOHF.S------II>" filii ('N/THD ST~Tli5 during this 2()().r~r timesp... n, \X'hile some state Among the 1000'cr 48 States, Florida, Louisiana. and Ft'deral :agencies arc attempting to restore ~tinnesota, and Texas arc the 4 States with the wetlands in (en:Lin parts of the country, restora greatest wetland acreage. Other states wi th con tion falls far ~ho rt of this I().',S rate. In all instances, sidemblc wetlands include Alabama, Georgia. runa sources for stale estimates have been Maine, Michigan, Mbsissippi, North Carolina, referena,, 5 SURFACE AREA WETlANDS TABLE L WETlAND LOSSES (ACRES)' IN HIE UNITED S'liITES 1780'S TO 1980'S ". 31,~6 G'" jU~.~ HtS60 j1.6!IO.1\4O UH.!OO II 1 ~. llI. S.Z98.100 IS 14", ·13%"' 51.'I06.8MI <;!i3,ZOIi SJ.'lII,G!1O m.... '" .185.700 10 0,1'JI, -"" '" JS,7t;I .lMI 3~ . no *-lI96.oco 3.111,000 Ii .~ 1.H4.SOO ll! H" ·81" ON" 13.1~981 6S ..!l:III n .1ZI6J40 \.600.000 Z9 24,1" 7SO,f>Jl 10 3ll\ ·87" JSJ!67 5.'0 ISII.{6I J6.0l\./iOCI 4.000.000 31.}1 II I" m,'lOO JI. jJ I llI. - ~~ 'I. " I!,m,llOO 13),llO 1.'.641:1,900 3-11 .000 9 1.6 ~ m ,-IIIO III o.n. ·43'1. " 1OJ09.IXI 2:!'1.I1O 105J11;!tI> 9J1il,1IOO 4~ n .. , 4.067.000 I! OJ" -19" "'"0 00I.18!iI.04O >IQ!I.600 .... 199,0.;0 0,11.14.1100 1I , 4j ...... , ... 44 I"" -87" MT ~l.I~,9X1 l1li2." 9O,I""J1O 1.1+7,000 9 ,~ ~ .. 10 0.,", ·17" 4.!\,9"i.OO -\11 ,200 ~ _4IS,m 1,910,SOO II 5.". 1.<)OS500 10 J'" -H 'I. "NV 416.1>1(1 7O.NS,/iOCI 1J6JIO -11% 7O.\!!I.900 o\81.\SO 4\ " ~ 46 oJ" '.m .l)) 173,410 1.'M,S60 ,~ ~ ... 17 }.O" '"N J 408.'0.'100 190.\60 5.01\,1)10 1,500.1100 10 :!'1'" 91S1160 oil! I~J " .,,,," NM n . il~.II(/I 141,..00 nil66)to 710.000 9 0\111.900 10 0,"'- -H" NY lO,6..\6.lto 1.1).11.4110 JI.ilil,640 !,5(,2,000 9. ~ '"8,'" 1.01\.000 t') J.Z" ..... NC jl.l •.rt1ond _ .... cft.noo<> -rdn...... nu,-..,uw. ... "" ~ "" bod> _phOl ..... ,,", w.d ...... , W'F,.TU,\'D5 £OSSli\ II>' Til f.' I SITHf) STIIT F.' ••••••••• (:=J 1 105 510 12 _ 121025 251050 _ 50 1055 7 II'I!T£AND S £()------~Sf. 1 IN Tllf. (I,vIT/iIJ S TATf. S TABLE 2 ORIGINAL WETLAND ACREAGE ESTIMATES Comparison of Various Dam Sets Millions Pen:em of Acre> Difference (tbis slImy) Roc: and Ayers, 1954 ·3 Aquic suborder soils 2JJ ., (hydric) Soil Taxonomy, 1975 165 (AI<) USDA Economic Research Service 217 ·2 USDA Economic Research Service, 1987 109 d ...... ined (aJ/riculrural draillage plus remaining 104 remaining wetlands) 213Tolal This study (Table 011 Weiland Losses 221 hI rhe United States ) 170 (AI<) C ORRELATION WITH have produced viable acreage information that OTHER DATA SETS can be used to approximate wetlands as they existed at the time 0( settlement in the 10\\'er 48 There appears to be close agreement between the states. In 1954, Roe and Ayres73 conducted an data tabulated in this repon and other data from analysis of land already drainL-d and potcmialland sources that have Ix:en u.s<.--u to estimate original drainage nC(.'"<.kd to put the maximum area into or existing wetland acreage. "111e total wetland agricultural production. Theye.stimated that an acredge reported here for the 1980's is campara· area of 215 million acres or 24 percent of all ble with the findings of Frayer el al. 72 given the sta· IXltential agricultural land in the lower 48 states tistical range of variability. (Frayer et al. estimated would require drainage for optimum crop pro 99 million acres existl.."(l as ofthe mid·1970·s in the duction. Th k<; figure has been used as an original 7 contenninous US. ± 6.4%). Ik.>cause the tech· wetlands e.~timate in several national repons. -1.7i.76 niques for determining acreage totals for the vari· Hydric soils data have also been used in some ous estimates are very different, it is useful to instances to approximate wetland acreage. Hyd ric draw comparisons to Other national data sets on soils are those soils de.~rioc'(] by the Soil Conser· wetlands. vat ian SelVicc that arc saturated, fl OCK.k:d, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. Under normal circumstances, these soils ESTIMATES OF ORIGINAL support wetland vegetation and can be USl.x1 as an WETLAND ACREAGE indicator of wetlancls.n The National Technical Commiucc for Hyd ric Soils has developed criteria Estimates of original wetland acreage have been to identify hydriC soil series and has produced a made by a variety of fL~rchers and agendes list of soils v.ithin the Uni ted States that are (refer to 7abte 2). There are four sources that hydric. l he publication SoiL ·1iv.uNOMy76 lists soil B "' fi TLll i'l lJS L ______O SS E S / ,\' rilE w __I' H lrED s rllrE S FIGURE S, EXTENT AND LOCATION OF ARTIFICIALLY DRAlNED AGRICULTURAl. LAND IN THE UNITED 1985 ~;:;':';:::~~~::= :Icreage estimates for the United States. Because method was 21 7 million acres. soil characteristics change slowly, even following lhe final (bla set that is comparnble on a drainage, summation of the soil aCl'C'.lges indica national basis was also produced by the U.S. tive of wetland conditions should ,Ipproximate Department of Agricullure's Economic Research the wetland acreage that existed at the time of set Service. It dct.1i1s farm drninage trends in the tlement. Summing lhe acreage estimates of soils Unitt.'d Stales.81 Because a very high \X!rcentagc with aquic suOOrdcr:s· rt..osults in ,I total for the of wetland losses has been due to agricultural lower 48 Slates of2ll million 'ICres. TIlere are an corwer.;ion,Tl these data may be used to approxi :tdditional 165 million :tcn.. "!> of soils with aquic mate the percentage of wetland area lost to agri suborder:s in Alaska. (re/erlo 7(lble 2) cultural drainage over time. By adding drainage l1le U.s. Dep:mment of Agriculture's figures to estimall..-'d existing wetland acreage, this Economic Research Service"9 has also eslimau.. >d method indicatcs that a total of213 million acres original wetland acreages for the lower 48 Slates. once exist(.-'d in the comenninous 48 states. It is 11leir l..'Stimate was based upon L'md in drainage in interesting to note that three of the national daL1 1950, plus the ma'timum ofinvcntorit.-'d wetlands SCts hinge on estimates of agricultural drainage. based upon the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"s This is nOt unreasonable given that the vast ma;ar wetland trend., stud y"'~ or the U.S. Department of ity 01 wetland losses have been due to agncultural Agriculture's national resources inventory,BO conver:sion. Figure 5 illuslrntes the extent and which(.-'Ver was greater. 111e estimated total of location or artificially drained agricultural land in original wetlands in the lower 48 States USing this the Un itt.-'(I States . • AquIc.uOOnJoor . NATIONAL STATUS SUMMARY he national decline in wetlands from the 1780's to the 1980'5 is dramatic. Losses in particular regions of the coun 1:.try are even more startling. For example, the mid-western farm belt state.<; of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota. Ohio, and \x'isconsin 31.:'(:ount for over 36 million acres of wet· lan(l~ lost since the country \v:lS sen led. This amount.'i to rough ly one third of all wetlands lost in the history of our Nation. Alaska stands alone as the only state where well and resoUILes hal'e not been substantially reduced. Incomplete baseline data on the wetlands in the Nation pre vent an accurate appraisal of the "health" of these remaining resources. However, population growth and distribution and agricultur.ll development greatly affect bnd lIse patterns that impact wetlands. As evidenced by the data presented in this relXlrt, hundreds of thousands of acres have been drained annu ally, despite increa-;ed efforts to conserve wetlands through state and Federal legislation. Our Nation continu3lly faces the challellb>C of identifying and reconciling physical and environmcntallimil<; with the develop mem of its natura! resouILes. To meet the demand for resource development, the United States del'elops laws. regulations, and p::llicies to increase the benefiL<; of development while attempting to protect fish and wildlife, environmental quality, and socioe conomic f(.."5QUILe values. The stimulus for development of such protective me-J.Sures is provided by inSights regarding environ mental trends. While some trends are very subtle, thtse data on the Nation's wellands loss provide a dear indication that con tinued loss will jeopardize a V'aluable resource. Over a 200-year limespan, wetland acreage has diminished to the IXlint where environmental and even socio-economic benefits (I.e., ground water supply and water quality, shoreline erosion, floodwater Sloraf,'C and trapping of sediments, and climatic changes) are now seriously threatened. 10 Irl!TLA,'1l)j lOjSt'S------IN Till! /,,\'ITF.I) 5TATF.$ REFERENCES Mn)Ch, W,J andJ.G Gussc1lnk 1<)86 'X·hi1....,,'DS 'j Fl"~)-er. \It' I!.. I) J) I'I:lcrsand II R i')","'c11 L9t19 V~n NtI>lr.md R.."nhold Curnp,my, 1111.: 'Ilow 'ork. ~.P PI> 'ni1.ANI)'~CJl'TlI£CN1FORMA OoNI7W. VNJ.IT>rAn'S ANI) THM'DS. U.S fish and WikllJc Sc:n>('C l'unl:ind.OIt II '~ EL 19:'8 (X'R NIrTIO,v'\ 'X·h7UN/)$ · ,..,' 2111'P 1,"f1:·R·AGJ.~\'O·TA';A FOIKJ.: REPOKr CntJncil nn En\ironmenClJ Qwlll\ Ih. 6 J II Hall ltt.'K"'fUI Ih'tbnd$ Coordlll~'or. L' S I'L.Jl;mel TIncr.II.'tr Jr 19I15. WI:77AXDSOFDEl.AW/IN}' L!) Fish \II ,kll,f.., Senice A.~ ~IIUI ClImmunic-~,,,,,,. ~mlWi1dhfc Serlicc :mil Dt.-tav.-:m: 0..,,, u( ~3tur~1 'm Ik"''''rTl!'< ~nd Em-;ronmcnw Con:n~, N~","1nn Corner. MA ~nd 0."...... 1'1-: ""'1"-'<-''''-"'' - 1'1' Al:l.,b Dl.lxmrn,.. ,·l of Na, ur:d Re,o"un.'CS L9tl7, Alas~JWellan(l~ "o.Idc'l(h"" to the S(:rll"'" ,(Ie F1,-,IiII~ I kl~,nnlCnt or Na ,ural 1Ic.'\OUt<:tO'I 1981I \'i'c(llnds "·,,mprc hl~";"': (Ju!(k,or ....~'I'\:"'i()n pl:in, L)hi~"»l of " In FIIlridl An :&tlde.l(\um 10 ~1oriw'~ rumprchen>I,-..' Parb ~,wJ O ..",k>O' Rccrc:rtM,n, AndllJr:l~ P, "t !Junk,nr rl-'Creatlon pbn. [);.ision of 1Ir..'Cn.-~'k)ll and I"~fks 91 pp , IWL,JV 1988. Rt:>oun.:c :asscssm.:f1I· Ab-'k:llkwon 'Iational w~-dands priority conse"'atil)l\ plan U.s Sh:l. ... ,sP andCG fn-dlnc, 19';6'n71.ANfJSO" TlIE IkpanlTK'Ilt of th~ Int~-nur . f i>.h lnd \lt1killf" St.,...1CC I SffltJJ ~7An:5 u.s Dt-p::lnrncnt .:I.he Intcr;ur. n,b Ano:hongc. II pp and lli1dI,ft: Sl'n--.:c. Wa.,h,ngton. I) C C"T\l1ar J9 6-pp , l'nllUbk'l-he 1Io.:fner.j.\l andJD Brl.wIll 1964 Il·edandtrend.'lllltbe A. Yuen 1looIojpst. l',S fish 3nd lr,kU,fr: Sc"," " "''''lhea.... cm L"nl1l-d Stata WJ,7lh\'f)S VuI. ~ . pp I- I I 1l0000ul .. ,III Pcr.;on.tl communio.":IlIoo. 1990 OII,f()rma Depart""'''' of Parils ~nd Re<:rc:IIIQn 19t!a, llhrK ... IkpanlTK'Ilt ol<:onser.':llim 1988 A FlJ.;JJJGUlm:: " OIlIfum;a W..,tlands, S..cr:lllK... tO 381'1' 10 711£ 11:'1:71"""\'0501' IlliNOIS. Spring!k:kl, II. 2i ~ PI>. I:>..... nl>, N.B., M, L Marru ~. and II filII 1984, M Huhbell llirnol, lkpan rncm orCon.selV:;1l 1un, DJ\'1s1O!l Sta1US and ,rcndsofC:Jhfomia wetll'lIb, A reJX"" 10 "fPlannlnll and Information. Spli!1ifol!io.l. II. tl\c California A'i6C I1l~' IlcscHJn.'t.'lI SuIX'.lrnmiUec PCNIn;II ~~''"'rnumc:uiorl, 1990 125 PI' /I "'£Tt~.q).\ tOSSES------1'/ TIlE 1""lrIiO \r~TE.1 I",!hru Ocpanm<:mof'lalurJI fk..".lUra:- 19&1 N:n'aj!C dcrh't'tl~' combin;ng c: 'allONli lI'etiands InWfllOI) (10 dr~fI) W'I;77A\,D N~", Yo.ri; S!31e OffICe of Park.s, Rt.."C"'~tiun "nd IlislOl1< TRE\ '/l) IN THE SOl71IEIISff.'1IN / 'Nm7) STIITI-:S l'rcscf\':lIMItl ]961:'1 w,-"lands I'rut('t--iun In ... ~'" 'In: L!i ~'i,h ~nd lI,kllk s...... 'KC Atlinu. GA. ${;It... ]~Il]) TI"<...-. R.W Jr and, LM Vcnc:nun 196'" In1)RJCSOIIS SIMI 0.1flS(.,.,.-ation s.-."''K'C l·opubhshl.'ll dau Acrc:l~ of Of"NI:.'W £\·GIAW).l·oi\l....-s,'" "f ~4»>chUst.'tL~ '" " ....1..oi1,. ( Univcn.ny of Minnesota, 196] 111cma,.:; Map; ",,,Hall].., 511"""11, OP.. R.II' Smilh. :;UK! S 11'. Conrady 191'17, ,,"clIJfl(l< for Bio<:ncl'Fi p"rl>(-...o Cl'l1'Cr~". Urt,r.m and HII'ARJM' AJll-:M OF VC/iSrERN OKJA1/0MA USO!. lU.'lIkllUl AlfJirs. SI, P:tul. -'IN Fl>h and II-lklhfc ...... r.>cc and Oklahoo\3 DePI 1I'lklllfe Cunserv;lliofl. 7'J pp. 12 If.TLA"")S LOSStS------U Oklahoma Touri~m ~ I K! Rt.":""'.. 'M'" Oepanm.:m !987 \II1.",;on>tn DI."P"nnICIII of Naturdl Resources No dJle, Okl,hom.:I St:l,~.... 'iIle comprdll'lI";'''' "UII~ " '" n...:...,... ,iun 1Ji"I)CI)Il."n \1;'''"lI:mrn Priumy PIan·:o-\ :i Fr}'\.". ItG 198"'_ Rouornl;md ron"" ....ts ,rum.,,1 ,uppiv. 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